Working with genomic information in cattle breeding has become a standard procedure. This study is focused on completion of missing genetic markers - SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) - on genetic chips. More specifically completion of missing values in datasets which contain pieces of information about SNP occurence in cattle genome. These polymorfisms are used for evaluation of genomic relationship, prediction of genomic breeding values and for the valuation of tested animals. The most common chips used for genotyping are Illumina and Affymetrix. Each company develops its own techniques of genotype obtaining. Affymetrix has unified coding type of SNPs among chips of different generations and thus even older data can be used. Illumina uses many coding types between different generations of chips. Thus, direct comparison of SNPs is not possible. Illumina has chips of different density and financial costingness. Illumina chips have become a standard all over the world and it is used by all breeding companies. The most used software programs for imputations are Beagle, AlphaImpute, Impute 2, FindHap, DAGPHASE, FImputePedImpute and MaCH. Each software requires a relationship between genotyped individuals. In common breeding business the genotyping is not in train of generations. That is why our own methodological process was used. The aim of this study is to map the current research about the completion of missing genetic markers on genetic chips and to verify the calculation process. In total, it was created 8 models with different amount of tested SNPs. From 10 to 100 neighbouring loci was tested. The testing was processed at chosen loci in two datasets. Dataset A contained 260 bull genotypes of different breeds from the Czech Republic. Dataset B contained 3982 genotypes of pure Holstein bulls from nine countries. In the first case a very good results were obtained. The prediction of missing values was almost accurate with model reliability 100%. The only exception was for almost entirely homozygous loci where the reliability reached only 55%. When the second dataset was tested, the most extensive model reached the reliability of 80 90% even in case of homozygous loci. The prediction error value was higher than in the first case. It was proven that missing values prediction is possible to calculate using the neighbouring SNPs. The outputs of this study are to be the base for further study of genomic data.

Hybridization is an important phenomenon in plant evolution because it is one of the sources of new genetic variability. Hybridization is the merging of genomes of formerly isolated evolutionary lineages. In many taxonomic groups, the detection of plants of hybrid origin is challenging. A wide spectrum of methods for their detection has been employed since the beginning of botanical research. The introduction of genomic in situ hybridization has had a great impact on the study plants of hybrid origin. This molecular cytogenetic approach allows to reveal the genomic contributions of particular parental species to hybrid taxa. The tribe Triticeae is a prime example of a group whose present-day diversity has been strongly influenced by hybridization (together with polyploidy). The majority of its species are allopolyploids resulting from frequent interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. The structure of relationships within the tribe is therefore highly reticulate. This thesis includes three papers dealing with the hybrid complex of Elytrigia repens - E. ×mucronata - E. intermedia: (1) The representatives of this hybrid complex are morphologically poorly differentiated, and only two morphological characters are used to their distinguishing. Among anatomical characters on the leaf blade, some...

In the framework of this thesis was performed genotyping of 46 specimens of the breed Czech red cattle from the University farm in Czech Budejovice, which monitored the incidence of autosomal recessive genetic disorders, specifically bovine citrullinemia (BC) in exon 5 and deficiency of blood coagulation factor XI (FXI) in exon 9 and 12. Genotyping for BC was done using PCR/RFLP methods and for the disorder FXI in both exons genotypes were determined on the basis of different length of fragments using PCR technology and horizontal agarose electrophoresis. The presence of mutant allele was detected only in the locus for BC and that is in 7 heterozygous carriers, who produced three bands with a length of 185 bp fragments, 103 bp and 82 bp. The frequency of mutant allele and the frequency of heterozygous carriers to 7.6% and 15.2%. Results of the study show that the presence of mutant allele for BC in our tested panel of animals is relatively high. In the future it will be necessary to adopt measures that will lead to the elimination of this allele. Otherwise, its further dissemination would have a negative impact on the health of the population and there might occur complications in the regeneration of Czech red cattle, which is one of our farm animal genetic resources. The literature review deals with the problems of congenital disorders and discusses the importance of health heredity and understanding of the genomic information of cattle.

This diploma project is showen possibilities in classification of genomic sequences with CGR and FCGR methods in pictures. From this picture is computed classificator with BCM. Next here is written about the programme and its opportunities for classification. In the end is compared many of sequences computed in different options of programme.