The purpose with this essay is to study if the exhibition, Maria-Drömmen om kvinnan has a gender perspective and if it contributes to the history of art. The study shows what kind of women the exhibition illustrates and what kind of perspective it has. By telling about the black Madonna I also show that there is another representation of the middle age women in the Roman Catholic Church at this time that the exhibition not have included. The study is also going to illustrate the difference between a genderperspektiv in art and a women’s perspective. I use the world of art and a study from the government to explain how the gender perspective can be used.

The inclusion of a gender perspective in medicine has shown that gender is an essential factor in health and disease, in medical encounters and also in medical students’ educational environment. The aim of this study was to explore attitudes, preconceptions and norms regarding gender within medical education and processes of gender bias. First, we explored medical students gendered beliefs about patients. Second, we examined the medical students ideas about their future careers. Third, we compared awareness on gender issues among medical students in Sweden and the Netherlands. Method and material The analyses were based on data from two different sources: one experimental study based on authentic patient narratives about being diagnosed with cancer and one extensive questionaire exploring different aspects of gender issues in medical education. Both studies had a design which enabled both qualitative and quantitative research and mixed methods was used. Study I (Paper I and II): Eighty-one anonymous letters from patients were read by 130 students of medicine and psychology. For each letter the students were asked to state the patient’s sex and explain their choice. In paper I the students’ success rates were analysed statistically and the explanations to four letters were used to illustrate the students’ reasoning. Paper II examined the 87 medical students’ explanations closer to examine gender beliefs about patients. Study II (Paper III and IV): The questionaire started with an open question where medical students were asked to describe their ideal future, it also included a validated scale designed to estimate gender awareness. Paper III examined 507 swedish medical students descriptions about their ideal future and compared answers from male and female students in the beginning and at the end of medical school. Paper IV compared gender awareness among 1096 Swedish and Dutch medical students in first term. Findings with reflections Paper I showed that the patient’s sex was correctly identified in 62% of the cases. There were no difference between the results of male and female students. However, large differences between letters were observed, i.e. there were some letters were almost all students correctly identified the patient´s sex, others were almost all students were incorrect and most letters were found somewhere in the middle. Another significant finding was that the same expressions were interpreted differently depending on which initial guess the medical student had made regarding the sex of the patient. Paper II identified 21 categories of justifications within the students’ explanations, twelve of which were significantly associated with an assumption of either a male or female patient. Only three categories led to more correct identifications of the patients’ sex and two were more often associated with incorrect assignments. The results illustrate how beliefs about gender difference, even though they might be recognizable on a group level, are not applicable on individuals. Furthermore, the results show that medical students enter the education with beliefs about male and female patients, which could have consequenses and cause bias in their future work as doctors. Paper III found that almost all students, both male and female, were work-oriented. However, the female students even more so than their male counterparts. This result is particularly interesting in regards to the debate about the “feminization of medicine” in which the increasing number of female students has been adressed as a problem. When reflecting on their own lifes and their future its obvious that medical students nowadays, male and female, expect more to life than work, especially those who are on the doorstep to their professional life. Paper IV found that the national and cultural setting was the most crucial impact factor in relation to the medical students preconceptions and awareness about gender. The Swedish students expressed less stereotypic thinking about patients and doctors, while the Dutch students were more sensitive to gender difference. In both countries, the students’ sex mattered for gender stereotyping, with male students agreeing more to stereotypes. Conclusions A gender perspective is important in medical education. Our studies show that such initiatives needs to take cultural aspects, gender attitudes and students’ gender into account. Moreover, reflections on assumptions about men and women, patients as well as doctors, need to be included in medical curricula and the impact of implicit gender beliefs needs to be included in discussions on gender bias in health care. Also, the next generation of doctors want more to life than work. Future Swedish doctors, both female and male, intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure. This attitudinal change towards their future work as doctors will provide the health care system with a challenge to establish more adaptive and flexible work conditions.

Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats är att vidga kunskapen om ett relativt utforskade ämne, nämligen genus inom fältet styrketräning. Detta undersöks genom analysera bilder på vältränade människor med rådande teorier inom ämnet för att på så vis bidra till ny kunskap. Mer specifikt så är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur föreställningen om manligt respektive kvinnligt reproduceras i form av bilder på två webbsidor som behandlar styrketräning. De olika typer av bilder som återfinns på hemsidorna präglas av tydliga genusskillnader som på ett extremt sätt framhäver männens makt över kvinnorna genom att porträttera dem på både tydliga och mer subtila sätt vilket har lyfts fram i analysen. Genom att belysa dessa aspekter så har ett relativt outforskat område nu fått en mer nyanserad och genomskinlig bild genom att rikta ljus på hur genus skapas genom bilder i fältet för styrketräning. Frågor som uppsatsen ställer sig är: Hur framställs genus i bild på kvinnor respektive män som i varierande grad utövar styrketräning och kroppsbyggning på utvalda webbsidor? Vilka olika typer av bilder av kroppen återfinns på webbsidorna? Hur framställs de och vilka skillnader finns mellan könen vad gäller dessa bilder? Analysen av bilder på två olika nätsidor som riktar sig till kvinnor och män som styrketränar visar att det verkar finnas ett större behov av att skilja män och kvinnor åt i just styrketräningssammanhang, detta eftersom kvinnan här närmar sig vad som anses vara männens sfär.

Migration is a current subject in today's society. Many people are forced to migrate to a new country, but many of them are moving for other reasons, for example to study, to work or start a family. The aim of this paper is to gain an increased understanding of Arabic speaking female immigrant’s experiences of the adaptation process and whether there is a change in gender identity. The selection consists of Arabic speaking women who have lived in Sweden for a maximum of five years. A qualitative approach has been used and data were collected through interviews and analyzed within the themes that were presented by the research. In analysis, four such themes were identified, such as identity, social relations, cultural differences and migration processes. The result of the study shows that the majority of the respondents perceive that they have been affected by migration, that they have experienced cultural differences in Sweden compared with their homelands and that they are influenced by their social relations. / Migration är ett aktuellt ämne i dagens samhälle. Många människor tvingas fly, men många flyttar även av andra skäl, för att exempelvis studera, arbeta eller bilda familj. Syftet med arbetet är att få en ökad förståelse kring arabisktalande kvinnliga immigranters upplevelser av anpassningsprocessen och huruvida det sker en förändring gällande deras könsidentitet. Urvalet består av arabisktalande kvinnor som flytt från sina hemländer och som har bott i Sverige i högst fem år. En kvalitativ ansats har använts och data samlades in genom intervjuer och analyserades med tematisk analys. Vid analys framkom fyra övergripande teman som var identitet, sociala relationer, kulturella skillnader och migrationsprocessen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar på att majoriteten av respondenterna upplever att de har påverkats av migrationen, att de har upplevt kulturella skillnader i Sverige jämfört med deras hemländer och att de har influerats av deras sociala relationer.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interrogation transcripts of interviews with girls between the age of 11 and 16 who are alleged victims of sexual crimes. The examination is done from a gender perspective, by comparing six interrogations by male interrogators and eight interrogations by female interrogators. The study has used linguistic indicators relating to the interrogation methodological guidelines, in order to highlight how the interrogators give girls the opportunity and space to share their experience of the alleged sexual offense. Text material is categorized based on themes and analyzed in detail to find any gender-specific patterns of hearing leaders and if the girls are given space and opportunity for a free storytelling. The results show that in several themes, differences between the male and the female interrogators can be discerned. It has emerged that male interrogators in this study have a greater use of social support, that there are various techniques used by men and women between how the names of sexual words are created and that the female interrogation leaders questioning on average are longer and have a higher frequency of issues. In other dimensions, that has been investigated the differences are not significant.

The aim of this study is to analyze how eight women, through autobiographies, describe their experiences of leaving a relationship with a violent male partner. Furthermore, the purpose was also to illustrate factors that kept women from leaving the relationship and factors that encouraged them to leave. The study is mainly based on a gender perspective. In order to create a deeper understanding for the process of women leaving violent men,we included two theories in the study. The two theories are Eva Lundgren’s (2004) theory of The Normalization Process of Violence and Holmberg och Enander’s (2010) theory of the Process of Leaving Violent Men. The result shows that mens violence against women in intimate partner relationships. The result shows that women from the autobiographies tended to get used to the violence coming from their men and considered it to be a part of the relationship. Furthermore, result shows that men’s control and power over women go hand in hand, which leads to women adapting to the violent relation.

Inom sociologins, miljöpsykologins och kulturgeografins verksamhetsområde undersöks det bland annat hur människan påverkas av den byggda miljön. Det är därför väsentligt att undersöka hur människor förhåller sig till den byggda miljön och framför allt till byggnader genom att lyfta fram strukturer som kan användas i arbetet för jämställdhet. Ett sätt att bidra positivt i jämställdhetsintegrering vid byggnadsutformning är att lyfta fram genusperspektivet i samtliga processer vid ett byggnads- utformningsprojekt. För att lyckas med att utforma genusanpassade byggnader som tar hänsyn till brukarens olika behov, är tillgång till könsuppdelade data en förutsättning för att utformning av byggnader ska ske på ett jämställt sätt. Idag finns det brist på genusuppdelade data i många områden vilket leder till konsekvenser av olika grader.  Studien syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse om hur brist på könsuppdelade data leder till byggnadsutformningar som inte är lämpliga för brukaren med olika kön. Målet är därmed att identifiera vilka utrymmen samt vilka byggnadsdelar i en byggnad som kan tänkas vara genuskritiska och beroende av könsuppdelade data. Ett annat syfte med arbetet är att undersöka hur bör data samlas in och användas för att byggnader utformas på ett sätt som passar bra för båda könen.  Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie samt en intervjustudie. Intervjustudien utgörs av fyra perspektiv varav en arkitekt, en politiker, en SIS:s projektledare inom bostadsutformning samt två byggherrar. Intervjuerna syftade till att undersöka hur ovannämnda aktörer förhåller sig till genusperspektivet inom byggnadsutformning och vilka utrymmen och delar i byggnader kan vara viktiga gällande genus- perspektivet, samt vad de ser för utmaningar och möjligheter med att samla in och använda köns- uppdelade data vid utformning av byggnader. Litteraturstudien utfördes delvis för att få en förståelse för ämnet samt för att kunna jämföra information från intervjustudien med resultatet från litteraturen.  Resultatet från studien visar att det är brukarens behov i form av genusuppdelade data som avgör hur en jämställd byggnad ska se ut. Litteraturstudien visade att trots byggnadsplanerarnas försök till en genusanpassad byggnadsutformning och implementering, kan upplevelse och användning av byggnader skiljas mellan män och kvinnor. Analysen av intervjustudien och dess jämförelse med litteraturstudien visade att byggnadsdelar så som kök, hygienrum, sovrum, gemensamma ytor samt toaletter på offentliga platser kan tänkas vara könskritiska utrymmen i en byggnad. Detta för att antropometriska mått hos män och kvinnor ökades något efter flera decennier då måttsättning av flesta byggnadsdelar är baserad på antropometriska studien som utfördes i slutet av 1960-talet. Dessutom biologiska förutsättningar så som graviditet, förlossning, klimakteriet, menstruation och så vidare ger upphov till att kvinnor har andra behov när det gäller användning av olika utrymmen och byggnadsdelar och därmed är de i behov av mer bättre anpassad utformning än dagens byggnadsutformning. En annan faktor som gör byggnadsdelar könskänsliga är styrkor hos olika kön. Analysen visade att faktorer så som köksinredning, fönstersättning, balkongens säkerhet, dörröppning, ljudisolering av sovrumsväggar samt termiska komforten kan leda till byggnadsfunktioner som kan ha könsspecifika betydelse.  Resultatet visar att det är centralt att man använder sig av data som är könsuppdelad och fri från partiskhet för att kunna uppnå byggnadsutformning som passar bra för båda könen. För att uppnå detta är det viktigt att det ska finnas konkreta byggregler som tar hänsyn till genusperspektivet, att aktörer har kommunikation och samråd genom en genomförandestrategi och processordning, att involvera brukaren i projektet vid ett tidigt skede samt att det finns en maktbalans mellan manliga och kvinnliga aktörer där jämnt antal män och kvinnor har beslutfattande och ledande roller, vilka ska ha relevanta kompetens och kunskap om genus- och jämställdhetsfrågor. Det är viktigt att ta fram ett verktyg som man kan kontrollera genuskvalitéerna på ett mätbart sätt eller i form av en checklista.  Forskningsområdet som har belysts i denna studie är under utveckling och kompletterande forskning är nödvändigt. Förslagsvis skulle fortsatta studier kunna undersöka om det finns skillnader på män och kvinnor med samma funktionsnedsättning vid användning av olika byggnadsdelar. Ett annat förslag skulle kunna vara att undersöka hur försäkringsbolagen och bankväsendet ser på genuskvalitéer inom en byggnadsutformning då de håller på att ta över bostadspolitiken. / In the field of sociology, environmental psychology, and cultural geography, it is investigated, among other things, how humans are affected by the built environment. It is therefore important to examine how people relate to the built environment and, especially to buildings by highlighting structures that can be used in the work for gender equality. One way to make a positive contribution to gender integration in building design is to highlight the gender perspective in all processes in a building design project. To succeed in designing buildings based on gender equality that consider the user's different needs, access to gender data is a prerequisite for the design of buildings to take place in an equal manner. Today, there is gender data gap in many areas, which leads to consequences with different degrees.  The aim of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of how a gender data gap leads to building designs that are not suitable for the user with different genders. The goal is therefore to identify which spaces and components in a building may be gender critical and dependent on gender data and how data should be collected and used to ensure that buildings are designed in a way that is suitable for both sexes.  The study is based on a literature study and an interview study. The interview study considers the perspective of four actors which are an architect, a politician, a project manager in housing design from Swedish institute for standard and two investors. The interviews aimed to examine how the above- mentioned actors relate to the gender perspective in building design and what spaces, parts and functions in buildings can be important regarding the gender perspective and what they see as challenges and opportunities in collecting and using gender data in building design. The literature study was done to gain an understanding of the subject and to compare information from the interview study with the results from the literature.  The results from the study show that it is the user's needs in the form of gender data that determine what a gender-equal building should look like. The literature study showed that despite the building planners' attempts at a gender-adapted building design and implementation, the experience and use of buildings can be distinguished between men and women. The analysis of the interview study and its comparison with the literature study showed that spaces such as kitchens, hygiene rooms, bedrooms, common areas and toilets in public places can be considered gender-critical building components. This may be because anthropometric measurements in men and women increased slightly after several decades, as the measurement of most building components is based on the anthropometric study carried out in the late 1960s. In addition, biological conditions such as pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, menstruation and so on leads to women having different needs during using of different building components; therefore, they need different building designs than today's designs. Another factor that makes building components gender sensitive is the strengths of different genders. The analysis showed that factors such as kitchen interior design, window replacement, balcony security, door opening, sound insulation of bedroom walls and comfort temperature can lead to building functions that can have gender-specific significance.  The results show that it is pivotal to use gender data that is free from bias to achieve building designs that are suitable for both sexes. To accomplish this, it is important that there are specified building rules that consider the gender perspective; communication and consultation between actors through an implementation strategy and process order; to involve the user of the building in the project at an early stage and that there is a balance of power between men and women actors. An equal number of men and women that have decision-making and leadership roles, who must have relevant skills and knowledge of gender and equality issues are important factors for achieving gender-adapted building. It is necessary to have tool that enable checking the gender qualities in a measurable way or in the form of a checklist.  The research area in this study is under development and additional research is needed. For example, further studies could investigate whether there are differences between men and women with the same disability when using different building components or how insurance companies and the banking system view gender qualities in a building design when they are taking over housing policy.

The aim of this study was to investigate how conceptions of gender are expressed in the construction of women and men in judgments on the Care of Substance Abusers (Special Provisions) Act (LVM). According to Swedish law everyone must be treated equally, regardless of gender. In addition, the social services have an important responsibility to promote gender equality. At the same time there are conceptions of gender in our society that have been shown to influence the treatment of women and men. It is therefore important to examine, from a gender perspective, whether and how conceptions of gender are expressed in judgments. The empirical material consisted of 30 court cases, whereof 14 cases concerned women and 16 cases concerned men. The data has been analysed through the method “critical discourse analysis”, which focuses on the implicit rather than the explicit. The method allowed us to examine the language in judgments. The main results showed that, despite of a neutral law, women and men were described different. Through the descriptions, four discourses were found. Two on each gender, which acted as opposites. Women as passive victims versus men as active agents. Women as deviant versus men as the norm. The gender discourses showed conceptions of gender that expressed a separation and a hierarchy between women and men.

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar att utifrån ett genusperspektiv undersöka hur tre kvinnor tagit sig ur nära relationer till våldsutövande män. Vidare undersöks de möjligheter och hinder som återfinns i processen samt hur uppbrottet kan förstås i relation till samhällets genusordning. Empirin består av tre våldsutsatta kvinnors självbiografier och har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska verktyg utgörs av Lundgrens (2004) teori om normaliseringsprocessen, Holmberg och Enanders (2011) teori om uppbrottsprocessen samt Hirdmans (2003) teori om genussystemet. Resultatet visar att kvinnors uppbrottsprocess präglas av ett starkt emotionellt band samt mannens växling mellan värme och våld. Dessa faktorer samt mannens makt- och kontrollstrategier bidrar till maktobalansen i relationen. För att återfå kontroll har kvinnorna olika anpassnings- och motståndsstrategier. Trots att detta i de flesta fall leder till gränsförskjutning och normalisering av våldet, påvisar det att kvinnorna inte är "passiva offer" som stereotypen av den våldsutsatta kvnnan lyder. Denna kvalitativa studie visar mäns våld mot kvinnor kopplat till genusperspektiv. Dock har vi funnit att detta perspektiv inte visar hur kvinnor inte är underordnade i alla lägen samt att dem på en individuell nivå utövar motstånd mot makt och förtryck. / This qualitative study aims to examine three women's processes of leaving relationships to violent men from a gender perspective. Furthermore, this study examines the possibilities and obstacles that may arise during the process, as well as how leaving a violent relationship can be understood in regard to society's gender system. The data consists of three autobiographies of women who are victims of domestic violence and analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's theoretical tools are provided by Lundgren's (2004) theory of the normalization process, Holmberg and Enander's (2011) theory of the leaving process and Hirdman's (2003) theory of the gender system. The results show that the leaving process features a strong emotional bond and the man's transition from love to violence. It is these factors that along with the man's power and control strategies that together contribute to the imbalance of power in the relationship. To regain control, women have different strategies of adaption and resistance. Although in most cases this leads to a shift of boundries and a normalization of the violence, it shows that women are not "passive victims" like the stereotypical abused woman. This qualitative study shows men's violence against women in relation to gender perspective. However, we have found that the theory does not provide a perspective that shows how women are not always subordinated and that on an individual level exert resistance against power and oppression.