Les données phytogéographiques reflètent la variabilité spatiale de la diversité des espèces et constituent donc un outil important dans le développement des politiques de conservation. Afin de stimuler et de valoriser le concept des systèmes phytogéographiques, cette étude dont le thème est «Analyse des structures spatiales des données de distribution phytogéographique des Acanthaceae en Afrique centrale» s’est donnée pour but (1) d’analyser la distribution spatiale de la famille des Acanthaceae en Afrique Centrale (R.D. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi) ;(2) de comparer cette distribution avec les théories phytogéographiques de Robyns (1948), White (1979, 1986) et Ndjele (1988); (3) d’utiliser les modèles de distribution spatiale comme support (outil) pour évaluer l'impact humain sur le paysage et la diversité; (4) d’identifier les espèces indicatrices potentielles des territoires phytogéographiques; (5) de mettre en évidence le phénomène de vicariance; et (6) de quantifier l’impact de la fragmentation du paysage forestier en Afrique centrale. Dans cette étude, deux niveaux de résolution spatiale ont été considérés: les systèmes phytogéographiques et les systèmes de maillage. Un système d’information géographique a été utilisé pour réaliser des cartes de distribution spatiale de chaque espèce. Le choix des Acanthaceae de l’herbier du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique (BR), a été dicté par le faite qu’elle a subit une révision systématique et par le nombre important de ses échantillons. L’aspect floristique a révélé 9181 échantillons, récoltés de 1888 à 2001 par environ 427 collecteurs en R.D. Congo, au Rwanda et au Burundi représentant 48 genres, 310 espèces et 6362 localités. La carte de distribution spatiale de l’ensemble des échantillons a mis en évidence les niveaux de prospection. Certains territoires phytogéographiques ont été plus explorés que d’autres. Les entités phytogéographiques les plus explorées et donc les plus diversifiées sont le centre régional d’endémisme Afromontagnard, incluant la Mosaïque régional du lac Victoria, et le centre régional d’endémisme Zambézien. Les cartes de distribution de chaque espèce mettent en évidence les patrons de distribution spatiale. Certaines espèces ont une large distribution alors que d’autres sont inféodées à certaines zones spécifiques. Ces dernières, qualifiées « d’espèces uniques » ou « espèces caractéristiques » peuvent être utilisées comme des bio-indicateurs pour stimuler et valoriser le concept de systèmes phytogéographiques dans la politique de la conservation. En utilisant uniquement la famille des Acanthaceae, il a été montré que l’impact de la fragmentation du paysage forestier est très important. Les espèces inféodées à une région phytogéographique sont des espèces vulnérables. Elles peuvent disparaître si leur biotope est détruit. La distribution potentielle, basées sur les localités de récolte et les variables environnementales, ont été réalisées afin de mieux déterminer les niches écologiques des espèces et les cas de vicariance. Deux types de vicariance ont été mis en évidence à travers les systèmes phytogéographiques de Robyns (1948) et de White (1979, 1986), au niveau générique et spécifique: la vicariance écologique et la vicariance géographique. La vicariance écologique s’applique aux espèces ou sous-espèces récoltées dans les mêmes territoires phytogéographiques tandis que la vicariance géographique concerne les espèces ou sous-espèces récoltées dans des territoires phytogéographiques séparés. L’analyse des cas de vicariance a mis en relief les zones de spéciation. L'analyse de classification hiérarchique a montré que les Acanthaceae suivent mieux le système phytogéographique de White (1979, 1986) que ceux proposés par Robyns (1948) et Ndjele (1988). Pour mieux valoriser cette approche, cette méthodologie doit être appliquée à d’autres familles largement récoltée en R.D. Congo, au Rwanda et au Burundi comme la famille des Rubiaceae, des Mimosoideae, afin de (1) synchroniser toutes les bases de données pour mieux mettre en évidence le degré d’exploration, les espèces à amplitude écologique restreinte (espèces uniques) et (2) de permettre d’identifier des zones prioritaires pour la conservation. <p><p><p>Phytogeographic data reflect the spatial variability of plant diversity and constitute consequently a potential tool for conservation policy development. In order to stimulate and valorise the concept of phytogeographic systems, this dissertation entitled “Analysis of the spatial pattern of phytogeographic data of Acanthaceae in Central Africa” aims (1) to analyse the spatial distribution of the Acanthaceae family in Central Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi); (2) to compare this distribution with the known phytogeographic theories of Robyns (1948), White (1979, 1986) and Ndjele (1988); (3) to use the spatial distribution models as a tool for evaluating the human impact on landscapes and diversity; (4) to identify potential indicator species of the phytogeographic territories; (5) to evidence the phenomenon of vicariance; and (6) to quantify the impact of the fragmentation of forested landscapes in central Africa. In this study, two levels of spatial resolution have been considered: the phytogeographic systems themselves and a system of grid cells. A geographic information system has been used to draw maps of the spatial distribution of every species. The choice to analyse the Acanthaceae family of the herbarium of the National Botanical Garden of Belgium (BR) has been justified by the systematic revision of this collection and by its huge number of samples. The data set contained 9181 samples, collected between 1888 and 2001 by about 427 collectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi ;the samples represented 48 genera, 310 species and 6362 geographic positions. The maps showing the spatial distribution of all samples pooled evidenced the different levels of exploration of the study area. Certain phytogeographic territories have been explored more intensely than others. The mostly explored zones, consequently also denoted as the most diverse ones, were the Afromontane regional centre of endemism, including the regional mosaic of Lake Victoria, and the Zambezian regional center of endemism. Species distribution maps evidenced the spatial patterns of species presence. Certain species showed an overall distribution while others were clearly bound to particular territories. The latter species, denoted as “unique species” or “characteristic species” could be used as bio-indicators to stimulate and valorise the concept of the phytogeographic systems in the framework of conservation policy development. By means of the Acanthaceae family, it has been shown that the impact of forest fragmentation will be considerable; species bound to a specific phytogeographic zone are assumed vulnerable; they will disappear when their biotopes are destroyed. The potential distribution of the species, based on the geographic position of the samples and on environmental data, have been generated in order to describe more precisely the ecological niches of the species involved and to detect cases of vicariance. Two types of vicariance have been found using the phytogeographic territories of Robyns (1948) and White (1979, 1986) at the genus and the species levels: ecological vicariance and geographic vicariance; the former type involves species or subspecies observed in the same phytogeographic region while the latter type involves species and subspecies not found in the same territory. This analysis enabled us to identify zones of speciation. A cluster analyses showed that the spatial distribution of the Acanthaceae data corresponded more closely to the phytogeographic system of White (1979, 1986), than to those proposed by Robyns (1948) or Ndjele (1988). In order to valorise our approach, the current methodology should also be applied to other families widely collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, such as the Rubiaceae or Mimosoideae families, this (1) to synchronise all data bases for a more profound understanding of the degree of exploration and of the existence of species with a limited ecological amplitude (unique species), and (2) to enable the identification of zones that should be prioritised for conservation. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

When considering the large amount of work done on dune ecology, and that a number of the classical ecological theories originate from work on dunes, it is apparent that there remains a need for physiological and mechanistic explanations of dune plant phenomena. This thesis demonstrated that in the extreme coastal environment dune plants must survive both high rates of burial (disturbance), and low nutrient availability (stress). The ability of four species to respond to these two factors corresponded with their position in a vegetation gradient on the dunes. A low stem tissue density was shown to enhance the potential stem elongation rate of buried plants, but reduced the maximum height to which a plant could grow. Such a tradeoff implies that tall light-competitive plants are able to survive only in stable areas, while burial responsive mobile-dune plants are limited to areas of low vegetation height. This stem tissue density tradeoff was suggested as the mechanism determining the zonation that species show within the dune vegetation gradient present at various sites in South Africa. Finally, detailed investigations of dune plant ecophysiology found that: 1) The resources used in the response to burial derive from external sources of carbon and nitrogen, as well as simple physiological and physical mechanisms of resource allocation. 2) The leaves of dune plants were found to be operating at one extreme of the photosynthetic continuum; viz efficient use of leaf nitrogen at the expense of water loss. 3) Contrary to other ecosystems, the environmental characteristics of dunes may allow plants to occupy a high disturbance, high stress niche, through the maintenance of lowered competition. 4) At least two mobile-dune species form steep dunes, and are able to optimise growth, on steeper dunes, such that they have to grow less in response to burial than plants that form more shallow dunes. In this thesis, it was shown that the link between the carbon and nitrogen economies of dune plants was pivotal in determining species distributions and survival under extreme environmental conditions. As vast areas of the world’s surface are covered by sand dunes these observations are not just of passing interest.

The dispersal of freshwater fishes in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa has been attributed to river capture events and confluence of rivers during sea level regression. The role of low drainage divides and inter-basin water transfers have received less attention. A unique lineage of Galaxias zebratus (hereafter the Joubertina galaxias) occurs in two currently isolated river systems, the Gamtoos and Krom. The present study mapped the distribution of the Joubertina galaxias and used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences to assess the processes that could have influenced its current distribution pattern. Analyses of both mitochondrial cytochrome ♭ and nuclear (S7) sequences revealed that observed genetic differentiation cannot be explained by isolation between the Gamtoos and Krom River systems. No genetic differentiation was found between the Krom River System and the Twee River (a tributary of the Gamtoos River System). Shallow genetic differentiation (0.4% for cytochrome ♭ and 0.3% for S7) was found between the Krom and the remaining populations in the Gamtoos River System. High levels of genetic structuring were observed within the Gamtoos River System with most tributaries having one or more unique alleles. Inter-basin dispersal during pluvial periods or recent human mediated translocation seems to be the most plausible explanations for presence of the Joubertina galaxias in the Krom River System. The present study also assessed the threats and habitat preferences of the Joubertina galaxias, and an evaluation of the conservation status of this lineage was done. The Joubertina galaxias is threatened mainly by alien fish invasion, habitat loss and loss of genetic diversity due to fragmentation of its populations. Due to its very restricted geographic range, small known population sizes and the intensity of threats to this lineage’s survival, this lineage has been assessed as Endangered. The lineage has a restricted Area of Occupancy (AOO) and Extent of Occurrence (EOO). The extent of occurrence has declined in all tributaries and is continuing to decline in all except two tributaries that are secure. The lineage may have had natural fragmentation among its populations, but recent threats have completely isolated the populations. The threats affect the lineage’s survival potential in the four tributaries which have small populations that are not presently viable. The densities observed for the Joubertina galaxias ranged from 0.16 - 1.3 fish /m² and the number of mature individuals for the whole population seems to be less than 2500 mature individuals. There is therefore a need for specific conservation actions to ensure the long-term survival of this unique lineage.

The thesis deals with the motivations that are formative for the Danish foreign aid. Denmark is one of the most generous donors and it plays an active role on the field of international development cooperation. An analysis of his motives will help us to better understand which ideological concepts are decisive for the Danish willingness to help other nations and also to identify what interests take part in formulation of Danish development programmes. The identification of the specific dimensions of motivation is based on a broad theoretical framework, which divides motives into seven categories: security, power, wealth, enlightened self-interest, prestige, obligation and humanitarianism. The author of the study maintains that it is possible to discover a wider range of motivations in Danish development assistance. It is a great simplification to assess the Danish foreign aid only in reference to commonly shared values of international solidarity, altruism and moral obligation to help others, which are the most prominent explanations in the literature. An analysis of Danish strategies reveals that the poverty reduction and sustainable growth are the main objectives of the Danish foreign aid. Based on the quantitative analysis of four basic criteria related to the aid performance (total volume,...

Aquatic ecosystems continue to be increasingly affected by climate warming. For salmonids in the Pacific Northwest of North America, increasing temperatures pose tighter thermal constraints on their habitat use as well as aspects of their individual performance, such as disease resistance. This thesis examines the effect of temperature on the phenology of the Ceratomyxa shasta life cycle, the effect of thermal refugia on disease risk in juvenile salmonids in the Klamath River, CA, and the spatial and temporal distribution of C. shasta in the Willamette River, OR. We developed a biological model that predicts an acceleration of the C. shasta life cycle development due to climate shifts in the Klamath River, resulting in more generations per year and earlier seasonal parasite occurrence. We showed that in early summer the Beaver Creek-Klamath River confluence provides juvenile Chinook and coho salmon an area of lower parasite doses and cooler temperatures than the main stem, thus lessening disease risk. By accelerating the development of C. shasta in its hosts, increasing temperatures will result in earlier parasite transmission to juvenile salmonids and a longer season of infectivity. These fish may find disease refuge at cold tributary inflows to the main stem of the Klamath River in early summer, further adding to the benefit of these important thermal habitats. To determine if similar disease patterns occur in other rivers with the parasite, we described spatial and temporal occurrence of C. shasta in the Willamette River. By collecting weekly water sampling at four sites over 28 months we characterize seasonal and annual differences of parasite abundance, which varies with weekly temperature. We also collected samples along the length of the main stem and its tributaries and identified spatial differences in C. shasta spore densities. Identification of spatial and temporal variation of C. shasta in the Willamette River provides a foundation for understanding future patterns of disease occurrence in this river where conservation of anadromous fisheries is also of concern. This thesis identifies likely responses of C. shasta to climate warming in the Klamath River, with useful application to other rivers in the Pacific Northwest. / Graduation date: 2013

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The objective of this research is to examine the development of the California alcohol outlets over time and the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and densities of the alcohol outlets. Two types of advanced analyses were done after the usual preliminary description of data. Firstly, fixed and random effects linear regression were used for the county panel data across time (1945-2010) with a dummy variable added to capture the change in law regarding limitations on alcohol outlets density. Secondly, a Bayesian spatio-temporal Poisson regression of the census tract panel data was conducted to capture recent availability of population characteristics affecting outlet density. The spatial Conditional Autoregressive model was embedded in the Poisson regression to detect spatial dependency of unexplained variance of alcohol outlet density. The results show that the alcohol outlets density reduced under the limitation law over time. However, it was no more effective in reducing the growth of alcohol outlets after the limitation was modified to be more restrictive. Poorer, higher vacancy rate and lower percentage of Black neighborhoods tend to have higher alcohol outlet density (numbers of alcohol outlets to population ratio) for both on-sale general and off-sale general. Other characteristics like percentage of Hispanics, percentage of Asians, percentage of younger population and median income of adjacency neighbors were associated with densities of on-sale general and off sale general alcohol outlets. Some regions like the San Francisco Bay area and the Greater Los Angeles area have more alcohol outlets than the predictions of neighborhood characteristics included in the model.