Nesta dissertação é apresentado o mapeamento geotécnico obtido para a região adjacente à obra de duplicação da rodovia BR101, entre os municípios de Osório a Torres, RS. A região apresenta uma grande variedade de materiais e complexidade de deposição, com interdigitação entre materiais de encosta e materiais de deposição flúvio-marinha. O trabalho utilizou a metodologia de mapeamento proposta por Davison Dias (1995), com cruzamento e análise das informações contidas nos mapas geológicos e pedológicos. Foi feita uma generalização taxonômica para agrupar classes de materiais com características geotécnicas semelhantes. Utilizando uma plataforma de SIG, foram introduzidas informações de topografia, geologia e pedologia para gerar 2 mapas de unidades geotécnicas: o Mapa Geotécnico Generalizado com 23 unidades e um Mapa Geotécnico Detalhado com 52 unidades geotécnicas. Foi confeccionado um Modelo Numérico do Terreno utilizado para a verificação das unidades mapeadas nas áreas de encosta e criado um banco de dados com informações de mapas de Geologia e Pedologia, sondagens do tipo SPT, dados de granulometria das jazidas utilizadas na obra e material fotográfico. A metodologia e os dados utilizados resultaram em um mapeamento de muito boa qualidade na identificação das classes de solos. / This dissertation presents the mapping obtained from the adjacent region of the BR101 highway duplication, between the towns of Osório and Torres, Rio Grande do Sul. The region presents great variety of materials and deposition complexity, with inter-stratification between slope materials and estuarine deposited materials. The work was carried out using the mapping methodology proposed by Davison Dias (1995), which analise and combine the informations contained in geological and pedological maps. Some classes of soils of similar geotechnical characteristics were grouped together by a taxonomic generalization. Collected information on topography, geology and pedology were introduced in a Geographical Information System (GIS), to produce 2 maps: a Simplified Geotechnical Map with 23 unities and a Detailed Geotechnical Map with 52 geotechnical unities. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was constructed and used for the checking the mapping unities in the slope areas. A digital database was also assembled with results of SPT soundings, grain-size distribution of the deposits used in the construction and photographic material. The methodology and the quality of information used resulted in maps with very good quality for the identification of the soil classes presented in the area.

The aim of my work was to evaluate the areal aspects of the selected forms of the tourism for seniors in Moravia. I used various methods. First I specifieded the area, then I chose forms (golf, spa, wellness and cultural tourism) and set up the database for calculations and analysis in the programme ArcGIS. At last I defined suggestions for the next development.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado o mapeamento geotécnico obtido para a região adjacente à obra de duplicação da rodovia BR101, entre os municípios de Osório a Torres, RS. A região apresenta uma grande variedade de materiais e complexidade de deposição, com interdigitação entre materiais de encosta e materiais de deposição flúvio-marinha. O trabalho utilizou a metodologia de mapeamento proposta por Davison Dias (1995), com cruzamento e análise das informações contidas nos mapas geológicos e pedológicos. Foi feita uma generalização taxonômica para agrupar classes de materiais com características geotécnicas semelhantes. Utilizando uma plataforma de SIG, foram introduzidas informações de topografia, geologia e pedologia para gerar 2 mapas de unidades geotécnicas: o Mapa Geotécnico Generalizado com 23 unidades e um Mapa Geotécnico Detalhado com 52 unidades geotécnicas. Foi confeccionado um Modelo Numérico do Terreno utilizado para a verificação das unidades mapeadas nas áreas de encosta e criado um banco de dados com informações de mapas de Geologia e Pedologia, sondagens do tipo SPT, dados de granulometria das jazidas utilizadas na obra e material fotográfico. A metodologia e os dados utilizados resultaram em um mapeamento de muito boa qualidade na identificação das classes de solos. / This dissertation presents the mapping obtained from the adjacent region of the BR101 highway duplication, between the towns of Osório and Torres, Rio Grande do Sul. The region presents great variety of materials and deposition complexity, with inter-stratification between slope materials and estuarine deposited materials. The work was carried out using the mapping methodology proposed by Davison Dias (1995), which analise and combine the informations contained in geological and pedological maps. Some classes of soils of similar geotechnical characteristics were grouped together by a taxonomic generalization. Collected information on topography, geology and pedology were introduced in a Geographical Information System (GIS), to produce 2 maps: a Simplified Geotechnical Map with 23 unities and a Detailed Geotechnical Map with 52 geotechnical unities. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was constructed and used for the checking the mapping unities in the slope areas. A digital database was also assembled with results of SPT soundings, grain-size distribution of the deposits used in the construction and photographic material. The methodology and the quality of information used resulted in maps with very good quality for the identification of the soil classes presented in the area.

Orientadores: Maria Cecilia Calani Baranauskas, Claudia Maria Bauzer Medeiros / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schimiguel_Juliano_D.pdf: 17588489 bytes, checksum: 9550a21b1f40b24668f4ab2d6d270dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) são categorias de software que permitem a manipulação, gerenciamento e visualização de dados geo referenciados. O termo georeferenciado denota associação a um sistema de coordenadas geográficas. Existem inúmeras categorias de aplicações SIG. em diferentes escalas e domínios, abrangendo desde temas urbanos até ambientais. Aplicações de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica na Web, neste trabalho denominadas "aplicações SIG Web", são sistemas onde a 'informação geográfica' pode estar dispersa em diferentes locais e sua manipulação via SIG ocorre através da Internet. A importância de SIG Web direcionados a sistemas agrícolas, foco deste trabalho, advém do fato de funcionarem como um ferramental útil para usuários que trabalham direta ou indiretamente no domínio: agricultores, agrônomos, cooperativas agrícolas, órgãos governamentais ligados à área. Interfaces de Usuário em SIG Web têm sido desenvolvidas sem o uso de práticas e critérios que considerem especificidades desse domínio de aplicação e a diversidade de usuários na web. A qualidade da interface dessas aplicações influencia diretamente o seu uso. Este trabalho se propõe a conceituar qualidade no contexto de interfaces de aplicações SIG Web. investigando tanto o produto - a interface de aplicações SIG Web - quanto o processo de design de interfaces de tais aplicações. Estas duas perspectivas formam a base de recomendações para a avaliação de suas interfaces de aplicações. O resultado principal do trabalho é a definição de um framework de bases semióticas para orientar designers e partes interessadas no design de aplicações SIG Web na avaliação de interfaces de tais aplicações. Esse framework organiza um espaço de análise que contém as recomendações identificadas nos contextos de avaliação do produto e de processo de design de aplicações SIG Web. Ele foi desenvolvido e testado utilizando um conjunto de aplicações e estudos de caso reais, no domínio agrícola. / Abstract: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are pieces of software that allow manipulation, management and visualization of georeferenced data, where the term "georeferencing" denotes association with geographic coordinates. There are countless kinds of applications that use GIS, for different domains and using distinct geographic scales, ranging from urban to environmental issues. This thesis uses the expression "Web GIS applications" to denote applications running on Geographic Information Systems. They are systems where the geographic information may be distributed over several sites, and is manipulated by users on the Internet, using a GIS. This work is centered on Web GIS applications for the agricultural domain. The relevance of these applications is based on the fact that they serve as a basic decision platform for users that directly or indirectly work in this domain: farmers, agronomers, cooperatives or government instances. Web GIS User Interfaces have long been developed without considering practices and criteria that take into account the domain's specificity, or the wide spectrum of Web users. The quality of these interfaces has a major impact in the use of these applications. This thesis is centered on analyzing the issue of the quality of Web GIS application interfaces, under two perspectives: the product - the interface itself: and the design process of these interfaces. The main contribution of this work is a definition of a framework based on semiotics that guides Web GIS application designers in the evaluation of the interfaces of these applications. This framework includes a set of procedures, as well as a set of recommendations to be followed by designers in order to improve interface quality. The framework was developed and validated using several real life applications, for the agricultural domain. / Doutorado / Sistemas de Informação / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter, Marcos Cesar Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franco_MartaMinussi_M.pdf: 3900210 bytes, checksum: acdd427fe2a8c8ef08760720cf647916 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Na dissertação é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um procedimento metodológicobaseado em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) e Análise Espacial, e sua aplicação na avaliação do potencial de produção de eletricidade a partir da biomassa residual da cana-de açúcar (bagaço e pontas e folhas), tendo como foco o estado de São Paulo. O horizonte de avaliação do potencial é 2015. Primeiramente foram avaliadas as áreas nas quais deve ocorrer a expansão do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. No procedimento foram considerados fatores condicionantes tais como uso da terra, aptidão do solo, propensão à erosão, fertilidade do solo, potencial de mecanização (sobretudo da colheita), disponibilidade de recursos hídricos e aptidão climática. O potencial foi calculado baseado na moagem estimada em diferentes usinas, em 2015, considerando tecnologias comerciais de sistemas de cogeração a vapor. Na avaliação do potencial foram considerados como fatores restritivos o acesso a rede elétrica e a disponibilidade de água na região. A dissertação demonstra a importância dos SIG em trabalhos de planejamento, sobretudo quando múltiplos fatores são considerados e sua características espaciais são relevantes na análise / Abstract: This dissertation presents the use of a methodological procedure based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and on Spatial Analysis and its application on the evaluation of the potential of electricity production using cogeneration systems based on residual biomass of sugarcane (bagasse and trash). The study was developed considering the state of São Paulo and 2015 as the horizon period. Firstly, the areas more adequate for sugarcane plantations were evaluated. Doing this, many factors were considered as potential constraints, such as land use patterns, soil adequacy, risk of erosion, soil fertility, the potential regarding mechanization (mainly regarding harvesting), availability of water resources and weather conditions. The potential of electricity production was estimated considering predicted sugarcane crushing in 2015 in each mill and commercial cogeneration technologies based on steam cycles. The potential evaluation was complemented with the consideration of additional potential constraints,as the distance of the power unit to the electric grid and water availability. This dissertationdemonstrates the importance of GIS in energy planning studies, mainly when many factorsshould be taken into account and when their spatial characteristics are a relevant aspect / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Um modelo dedicado ao planejamento da conservação e restauração de habitats deve incluir informações estratégicas para assegurar a eficácia e de fácil obtenção, para assegurar a agilidade necessária. Planos e estratégias para conservação usualmente são complexos e demandam informações detalhadas, difíceis de se obter, como inventários biológicos e certos tipos de mapeamento, o que traz limitações em termos de disponibilidade, qualidade e custo das informações. Assim, procurou-se testar a eficiência de métodos simples para a seleção, em escala local, de áreas prioritárias para conservação de habitats fortemente fragmentados e reduzidos, uma situação comum no sul do Brasil, usando dados de imagens LANDSAT e planos de informações disponíveis em mapeamentos comuns, e trabalho de campo. Inicialmente analisou-se a estrutura da paisagem e o padrão de fragmentação em parte da região norte do estado do Paraná, e testar se tamanho e forma são adequados para selecionar os fragmentos florestais mais importantes para a conservação, ou seja, as que contribuem para manter maior quantidade e melhor qualidade de habitats, bem como tenham maior impacto (positivo) na conectividade e em outras variáveis da paisagem. Os resultados mostram que a floresta madura cobre cerca de 3% da paisagem, e a cobertura florestal total atinge perto de 8%, consistindo principalmente de pequenos fragmentos (82% tem entre 1 e 10 ha). Fragmentos grandes (>100 ha) são apenas 1,4% dos remanescentes, mas somam 34% da área de floresta. Apesar de estarem sujeitos a efeitos de borda em toda ou quase toda a sua área, fragmentos pequenos mostraram ter um papel importante na conectividade da paisagem. Numa área maior, foi feita uma pré-seleção de áreas com potencial para estabelecimento de redes de conservação. A pré-seleção procurou responder às seguintes perguntas: 1-Quais são os sítios com maior potencial para a conservação da biodiversidade? 2-Quais são os sítios sob maior risco para objetivos de conservação? e 3-Quais sítios têm melhores oportunidades para o estabelecimento de zonas de conservação de uso múltiplo? Foi identificado um conjunto de 11 fragmentos pertencendo a 5 sub-regiões, sofrendo variados graus de pressão antrópica. Adicionalmente, usando medidas simples de estrutura da paisagem, relacionadas com tamanho, forma e conectividade dos fragmentos, procurou-se identificar tipos estruturais de fragmentos, como uma forma alternativa para auxiliar o estabelecimento de prioridades para conservação a partir do seu papel, efetivo ou potencial, na paisagem. Foram identificados 5 tipos de fragmentos, pequenos (ilhotas isoladas, trampolins), médios (núcleos auxiliares e corredores) e grandes (núcleos principais), que podem ser usados para subsidiar estratégias de conservação. Utilizando informações sobre a estrutura da paisagem, hidrografia e legislação ambiental, propõe-se aqui uma estratégia de conservação para o complexo das bacias dos ribeirões Apertados-Três Bocas (CATB), ordenando atividades de restauração e conservação de fragmentos florestais, criação e expansão de unidades de conservação, além da proposição de formas de uso do solo compatíveis com o entorno de unidades de conservação. / Models dedicated to habitat conservation, management and restoration planning must include information both strategic, to ensure effectiveness, and of easy collection, to ensure agility. Plans and strategies for conservation usually are complex and demand detailed data, such as biological inventories and fine scale mapping, which limits work due to information availability, quality and cost. Hence, as a first approach, we tested the efficacy of a simple methods for selection, in local scale, of conservation sites in strongly fragmented landscapes, a common situation in southern Brazil, using LANDSAT data, common mapping data layers, and fieldwork. First, we analyzed landscape structure and fragmentation patterns in the northern portion of Paraná state, looking for the suitability of using size and shape of forest fragments for selection of most important sites for conservation, i.e. fragments that contribute to encompass large and of best quality forest areas, as well have higher positive impact on connectivity and overall landscape structure. Results show that mature forest cover near 3% of landscape area, with total forest cover reaching near 8%, mostly small fragments (82% between 1 and 10 ha). Large fragments (>100 ha) are only 1,4% of fragment number, but encompass 34% of forest area. In spite of suffering of edge effects in almost or all their area, small fragments showed an important role in landscape connectivity. In a larger area we did a pre-selection of suitable areas for establishing conservation networks. Such pre-selection were intended to answer the following questions: 1-What sites have higher biodiversity conservation potential? 2-What sites have higher threats to conservation goals? and 3-What sites have better opportunity to establish multiple-use conservation zones? A set of 11 fragments over 500 ha were selected, being part of 5 conservation sites, of varying degree of development pressure. Using simple landscape structure measures, such as size, shape and connectivity, we tried to identify structural types of habitat fragments, as an alternative way of fragment prioritizing. We identified 5 fragment types, small (stepping-stones and small isolated islands), mid-sized (auxiliary nuclei and corridors) and large (main nuclei), that can be used for landscape conservation strategies. Finally, using information about landscape structure, hidrography, human impacts and environmental legislation, we proposed a integrated conservation strategy for the Apertados-Três Bocas river basin complex (CATB), near Londrina city, encompassing ordination of restoration activities, establishment of new conservation units and expansion of existing ones, as well as proposing land uses compatible with conservation goals.

In this thesis work, we compare the results obtained from two kinds of teams forming a hierarchical organization participating in a fire fighting simulation environment called as C3Fire. First kind of teams used paper-based maps for spatial reasoning of the command tool while the other kind of teams has GIS based maps with full access to positioning data of the fire fighting units as well as sensor information about fire break. The collected data was from 11 teams of each kind having 6 members in each team making a total of 132 participants belonging to different parts of the world. We made a statistical analysis on the data with help of T-Test statistical medhod and a tool is designed by using Java as programming language and PostgreSQL database for importing data from log files and then applying statistical T-Test method on the fetching data from log files.The results are stored in database as well as excel files. Then a comparison is done to analyze the unit performance, communication and efficiency of both kinds of teams.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / This thesis looks at aspects relating to vegetated open space in the quaternary catchment of the Lourens River, Cape Town, South Africa in 2005 and at GoogleEarth as a source of imagery for research. The research questions were: “Is GoogleEarth a suitable source of imagery for spatial analysis of landscapes?”; “What was the potential access (proximity) to vegetated open space of at least 900 m2 in the Lourens River quaternary catchment in 2005?”; “How many vegetated open spaces with an area of at least 900 m2 were present in the Lourens River quaternary catchment in 2005?” and “What spaces within the urban edge in the Lourens River quaternary catchment can be said to have some protection from development?” Open space has multiple benefits for humans in terms of health and social interaction.In urban areas, it is also important for biodiversity conservation. In Cape Town, this is critical since the city has critically endangered national vegetation types that only occur within its boundaries and 319 IUCN Red List species within its boundaries.Proximity does not reflect use of open space which is affected by the size of the open space, quality of the open space, neighbourhood attributes and individual and collective perceptions of the open space. Quality of vegetated open space is dependent on its facilities and maintenance which are largely determined by its management. In Cape Town, open space management is mainly mowing/brush cutting all spaces which has a negative impact on biodiversity retention. Mowing is continued because of popular demand so action needs to be taken to change popular perceptions.Google Earth is readily available and widely used. It is used for research in diverse disciplines. Local Internet connection problems complicated this study. Alignment and projection problems were encountered in this study. Thus Google Earth geospatial issues make it a poor choice of imagery source for large scale spatial analysis of landscapes.Open space was digitized in Google Earth and transferred to a propriety GIS for editing. Vegetated spaces with a minimum of 900 m2 and a width of at least 15 m were selected from the approximately 1025 digitised spaces. Google Earth imagery was used because it is readily available. Euclidean distances of 300 m, 500 m, 800 m and 900 m (taken from literature) were used to buffer the digitized vegetated open spaces and other data on schools, train stations, bus routes and taxi routes in and within 900 m of the catchment. Buffer analysis was carried out. Data from the City of Cape Town and a schools layer were used to determine the number of cemeteries,community parks, nature reserves and school grounds – space regarded as having some protection from development - within the urban edge of the city and what area they covered.Within or partially within the Lourens River quaternary catchment, 593 vegetated open spaces of at least 900 m2 were identified. The analysis showed that only two houses were beyond 300 m from a vegetated open space. There was vegetated open space within 300 m of all the schools, stations, bus and taxi routes within the catchment and in close proximity to the catchment. Within the urban edge, only 124 spaces were found to be protected, of which only one was a nature reserve.Most of the open spaces are not formally designated as open space and are vulnerable to development. Much development has taken place since 2005 in the Lourens River quaternary catchment so action is needed to ensure proximity to vegetated open space remains a positive feature of the area.Expanding the present research to cover a larger area would provide additional baseline data. Further research could consider the loss of open space over time and the impact of management on the quality of designated open space.

Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is of a particular importance in Finland, where its incidence is the highest in the world and still increasing. However, the aetiology of T1DM is not fully known. According to current knowledge, both genetic and environmental factors operate together, leading to an attack by the immune system on the insulin-producing beta cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the geographical variation in the incidence of T1DM among children aged up to 14 years in Finland. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Bayesian spatial statistics were applied in a search for unusual spatial patterns and risk factor associations. The incidence of T1DM among children aged up to 14 years showed clear geographical variations in Finland. Living in a rural environment increased the risk for T1DM, and the risk was particularly high among children living in rural heartland areas. There was no association between the variation in T1DM incidence and the zinc and nitrate concentrations of drinking water. A male excess in the incidence of T1DM was seen in the low-incidence areas. The geographical variation in the risk of T1DM was marked only among children aged up to 9 years. Because genetics is a necessary but not a sufficient cause of T1DM, it could be hypothesized that there are some thus far unknown environmental risk factors affecting particularly younger children in Finland. Some of those factors may be related to a rural environment. The geographical variation in the M/F ratio of T1DM was a challenging observation and warrants more analytical study.

Floods are caused by extreme meteorological and hydrological changes that are influenced directly or indirectly by human activities within the environment. The flood trends show that floods will reoccur and shall continue to affect the livelihoods, property, agriculture and the surrounding environment. This research has analyzed the riverine flood by integrating remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and hydraulic and/or hydrological modeling, to develop informed flood mapping for flood risk management. The application of Hydrological Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC RAS) and HEC HMS models, developed by the USA Hydrologic Engineering Center of the Army Corps of Engineers in a data-poor environment of a developing country were successful, as a flood modeling tools in early warning systems and land use planning. The methodology involved data collection, preparation, and model simulation using 30m Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) as a critical data input of HEC RAS model. The findings showed that modeling using HEC-RAS and HEC HMS models in a data-poor environment requires intensive data enhancements and adjustments; multiple utilization of open sources data; carrying out multiple model computation iterations and calibration; multiple field observation, which may be constrained with time and resources to get reasonable output.