En la presente tesis de investigación se busca encontrar las variaciones de parámetros como periodos, distorsiones y fuerzas internas al cambiar el número de pisos y condiciones geotécnicas cuando se realiza un análisis sísmico tradicional considerando empotrada la base y cuando se incorpora la interacción suelo–estructura por medio del modelo dinámico D.D. Barkan – O.A. Savinov en edificaciones comunes (hoteles). Para la obtención de los resultados de los parámetros se realizan análisis sísmicos de todos los modelos en el software SAP 2000. Asimismo, esta investigación se ha realizado porque en la actualidad no existen datos sobre en qué casos, según tipo de suelo y tamaño de edificación es representativo incluir la interacción suelo-estructura al realizar el análisis sísmico. Los modelos estructurales por utilizar son de 3, 5, 7 y 9 pisos en las condiciones geotécnicas S1 (suelos muy rígidos), S2 (suelos intermedios) y S3 (suelos blandos). Asimismo, el sistema estructural es una estructura aporticada sobre zapatas aisladas. Principalmente, se han encontrado que al incluir la interacción suelo – estructura en el análisis sísmico y a medida que la condición geotécnica se haga más desfavorable las variaciones de las distorsiones por cada modelo (3, 5, 7 y 9) aumentan. Adicionalmente, las variaciones de los periodos por cada tipo de suelo (S1, S2 y S3) disminuyen cuando se incrementa el número de pisos. Es decir, que la variación es mayor cuando son estructuras bajas. / This research thesis seeks to find the variations of parameters such as periods, distortions and internal forces by changing the number of floors and geotechnical conditions when a traditional seismic analysis is performed considering the base embedded and when the soil-structure interaction is incorporated by middle of the dynamic DD model Barkan - O.A. Savinov in common buildings (hotels). To obtain the results of the parameters, seismic analyzes of all the models are performed in the SAP 2000 software. Likewise, this research has been carried out because there are currently no data on in which cases, depending on the type of soil and size of the building, it is representative to include the soil-structure interaction when performing the seismic analysis. The structural models to be used are 3, 5, 7 and 9 floors in geotechnical conditions S1 (very rigid soils), S2 (intermediate soils) and S3 (soft soils). Likewise, the structural system is a structure contributed on isolated footings. Mainly, it has been found that by including the soil - structure interaction in the seismic analysis and as the geotechnical condition becomes more unfavorable, the variations of the distortions for each model (3, 5, 7 and 9) increase. Additionally, the variations of the periods for each type of soil (S1, S2 and S3) decrease when the number of floors increases. That is, the variation is greater when they are low structures. / Tesis

Ως θέμα της πραγματεύεται την Εργαστηριακή διερεύνηση των φυσικών και μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των μαλακών βράχων και των αμμωδών εδαφών με εξέταση χαρακτηριστικών παραδειγμάτων αργιλομαργαϊκής σύστασης πετρωμάτων καθώς και τις τεχνικογεωλογικές συνθήκες κατά τη διάνοιξη της οδικής σήραγγας του Πλατάνου. Πραγματοποιήθηκε δειγματοληψία από το μέτωπο εκσκαφής της σήραγγας του Πλατάνου και χρησιμοποιήσαμε 3 δείγματα για τις εργαστηριακές δοκιμές. / -

Η εργασία έχει πραγματοποιηθεί στην περιοχή της ΤΡΑΠΕΖΑ (ΔΙΑΚΟΦΤΟ). Κατά την διάρκεια της διαδικασίας είχαμε την ευκαιρία να μελετήσουμε όλες τις μεθόδους εκσκαφής της γαλαρίας και να παρθούν ορισμένα δείγματα για περαιτέρω εξέταση στο εργαστήριο. Έτσι σε γενικές γραμμές μπορούμε να πούμε ότι: Οι σχηματισμοί που συναντούμε είναι κυρίως από χαλικοπαγή - κροκαλοπαγή με στρώσεις μάργας και το αντίθετο. Δεν υπάρχει σημαντική παρουσία υπόγειων υδάτων, κυρίως συναντούμε μικρούς θύλακες νερού κατά την διάρκεια της εκσκαφής. Η μέθοδος που ακολουθήσαμε είναι η ΝΑΤΜ και σύμφωνα με αυτή έχουμε καταγράψει όλα τα αναγκαία μέτρα που έχουν ληφθεί. Επίσης πρέπει να αναφερθεί η γεωμηχανική ενοργάνωση που έχει εγκατασταθεί στην γαλαρία. Κλείνοντας όσον αναφορά τις εργαστηριακές δοκιμές που έχουν ολοκληρωθεί έχουμε καταλήξει στα κύρια φυσικά και μηχανικά χαρακτηριστικά της μάργας. Τα σχετικά αποτελέσματα των δοκιμών παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά στην εργασία. / This project has taken place in the area of TRAPEZA (Diakofto). During the process we had the opportunity to study all the excavation methods of the tunnel and to take some samples for further study in our lab. So in general lines we can say that: The formations that we encounter are mainly of gravel conglomerates with layers of marls and the opposite. There is not significant presence of underground water, mainly we introduce small pockets of water during the excavation process. The method that we followed is the NATM and according with this method we have recorded all the necessary measures that have been taken place. Also must be mentioned the geomechanical instrumentation that has been installed into the tunnel. In conclusion as far the lab tests we have conclude to the main physical and mechanical characteristics of the marl. A Thorough documentation of the obtained results is included in the project.

Η πτυχιακή εργασία αυτή περιέχει διαδικασίες που έλαβαν μέρος στην μελέτη για την ανέγερση ενός σχολικού συγκροτήματος στην περιοχή Ρουσσοσπιτίου Ρεθύμνου Κρήτης. Οι διαδικασίες αυτές περιλαμβάνουν τις ερευνητικές γεωτρήσεις που έλαβαν μέρος, τις επιτόπου δοκιμές (S.P.T), τις δοκιμές υδροπερατότητας και τις εργαστηριακές δοκιμές. Σο σύνολο των αποτελεσμάτων όλων αυτών των μετρήσεων μάς δίνει μία συνολική εικόνα της εγγύς περιοχής από γεωτεχνική άποψη. Οι παρακάτω εργασία είναι αποτέλεσμα προσωπικής εμπειρίας σε συνεργασία με το τμήμα Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας του Ινστιτούτου Γεωλογικών και Μεταλλευτικών Ερευνών (Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε). Τα εργαστηριακά αποτελέσματα πάρθηκαν με συνεργασία του εργαστηρίου του τμήματος Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας (Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε). Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η παρατήρηση των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών για την ανέγερση ενός κτιρίου μεγάλου εύρους. / -

iv Abstrakt anglicky Thesis is focused on subject of foundation engineering for undemanding constructions at construction sites with difficult basis conditions. In first part of thesis the selected methods for depth foundation construction are discussed. These methods were used or have potential to be used at examined locations. Examined locations with difficult basis conditions are described in second part of thesis. Final part of thesis contains preparation for detailed IGP for foundaton construction in locality Praha - Řeporyje. Main objective of thesis is to assess various methods of special foundation engineering in difficult basis conditions and to evaluate their suitability for using in given geological conditions.

Σκοπός της παρούσας Διατριβής Ειδίκευσης είναι η ανάλυση, η παρουσίαση και η αξιολόγηση των τεχνικογεωλογικών – γεωτεχνικών συνθηκών των οικισμών Καρυάς και Ν. Σουλίου του Δήμου Πατρέων, σε σχέση με την ευστάθεια των φυσικών πρανών και τις συνθήκες γεωλογικής καταλληλότητας για τις προς δόμηση περιοχές. Η εν λόγω περιοχή παρουσιάζει αξιόλογο ενδιαφέρον, λόγω των ιδιαίτερων και σύνθετων γεωλογικών συνθηκών, των συχνών και σημαντικών κατολισθητικών φαινομένων των τελευταίων ετών που προκάλεσαν σημαντικές καταστροφές σε τεχνικά έργα και ανθρώπινες περιουσίες, αλλά και λόγω της ραγδαίας οικιστικής ανάπτυξης που παρατηρείται τα τελευταία χρόνια στα περίχωρα της πόλης της Πάτρας. Στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής και της παράλληλης Έρευνας του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας στην περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά τα τη χρονική περίοδο 2003-2005 λεπτομερής γεωτεχνική έρευνα που περιελάμβανε ανόρυξη δειγματοληπτικών γεωτρήσεων σε επιλεγμένες θέσεις με ταυτόχρονη τοποθέτηση αποκλισιομέτρων, συστηματική λήψη αποκλισιομετρικών μετρήσεων, σειρά εργαστηριακών και επί τόπου δοκιμών σε κατάλληλα διαμορφωμένα δείγματα, λεπτομερή καταγραφή των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών της περιοχής με βάση κυρίως τη σύσταση, τη δομή των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών και τη γενικότερη φυσική τους κατάσταση και συμπεριφορά, αλλά και σε φαινόμενα ευστάθειας των φυσικών πρανών, ιδιαιτέρως λόγω του σημαντικού ιστορικού κατολισθητικών κινήσεων στην περιοχή της Καρυάς τα τελευταία χρόνια. Μέσω της κατασκευής αντιπροσωπευτικών εδαφικών προσομοιωμάτων έγινε διάκριση των σχηματισμών της περιοχής έρευνας σε επιμέρους Γεωτεχνικές Ενότητες και σχεδιάστηκαν αντιπροσωπευτικές γεωτεχνικές – τεχνικογεωλογικές διατομές με σκοπό τη σύνθεση και ερμηνεία του γεωτεχνικού περιβάλλοντος της περιοχής. Παράλληλα πραγματοποιήθηκαν αναλύσεις ευστάθειας πρανών με χρήση εξειδικευμένου λογισμικού σε επιλεγμένες διατομές κατά μήκος των γεωτρήσεων, τόσο στην κατολισθαίνουσα ζώνη της Καρυάς, όσο και στην οικιστική ζώνη. Η σύνθεση των αποτελεσμάτων της γεωλογικής και γεωτεχνικής έρευνας οδήγησε στον προκαταρκτικό διαχωρισμό της περιοχής σε ζώνες κατάλληλες, ακατάλληλες ή κατάλληλες για δόμηση υπό προϋποθέσεις με σκοπό τη διασφάλιση του δομημένου περιβάλλοντος από φυσικούς κινδύνους ή κινδύνους προερχόμενους από ανθρώπινες επεμβάσεις και δραστηριότητες. / The aim of this ΜSc. Project is the presentation, the analysis and assessment of the geological and geotechnical conditions of the sub-urban regions of N. Souli – Karya, Patras, Western Greece. The study area is an area with complex geological conditions and is well known especially for the important and large-scale landslide phenomena which have taken place during the last years near Karya village. This project was done along with survey of the Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Geology Department, University of Patras. The full survey program included geological mapping focused on the engineering properties of the soil and rock formations, fifteen (15) sampling boreholes, inclinometer installation and measurement and laboratory tests. Through laboratory testing and detailed description of soil and rock samples the formations were classified in several units and several geotechnical cross-sections were constructed to make a general geological-geotechnical model of the study area. The geological and geotechnical data were used to perform Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability analysis. The survey results were used to divide the regions of Karya and N. Souli in some zones according to soil suitability for construction purposes.

A estabilidade de taludes naturais é um tema de grande interesse ao engenheiro geotécnico, face às significativas perdas econômicas, e até mesmo humanas, resultantes da ruptura de taludes. Estima-se que a deflagração de escorregamentos já provocou milhares de mortes, e dezenas de bilhões de dólares em prejuízos anuais em todo o mundo. Os fenômenos de instabilização de encostas são condicionados por muitos fatores, como o clima, a litologia e as estruturas das rochas, a morfologia, a ação antrópica e outros. A análise dos condicionantes geológicos e geotécnicos de escorregamentos proporciona a apreciação de cada um dos fatores envolvidos nos processos de instabilização de encostas, permitindo a obtenção de resultados de interesse, no que diz respeito ao modo de atuação destes fatores. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a utilização da Lógica Nebulosa (Fuzzy) para criação de um Modelo que, de forma qualitativa, forneça uma previsão do risco de escorregamento de taludes em solos residuais. Para o cumprimento deste objetivo, foram estudados os fatores envolvidos nos processos de instabilização de encostas, e a forma como estes fatores se interrelacionam. Como experiência do especialista para a elaboração do modelo, foi analisado um extenso banco de dados de escorregamentos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, disponibilizado pela Fundação Geo-Rio. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, um caso histórico bem documentado para a validação do Modelo Fuzzy e análises paramétricas, realizadas com o objetivo verificar a coerência do modelo e a influência de cada um dos fatores adotados na previsão do risco de escorregamento. Dentre as principais conclusões, destaca-se a potencialidade da lógica nebulosa na previsão de risco de escorregamentos de taludes em solo residual, aparecendo como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar na detecção de áreas de risco. / The stability of slopes is a topic of great interest to the geotechnical engineer, given the significant economic losses, and even human, resulting from the slopes collapse. Its estimated that the landslides outbreak has already caused thousands of deaths and tens of billions of dollars in annual losses worldwide. The phenomena of instability of slopes are conditioned by many factors, such as climate, the lithology and structures of rock, the morphology, the anthropic and others. The analysis of geological and geotechnical conditions of landslides provides an appraisal of each of the factors involved in the processes of instability of slopes, allowing the achievement of results of interest with regard to the mode of action of factors. The current work aims at the use of Fuzzy Logic to create a model that, in qualitative form, provide an estimate of the risk of landslides on the slope of residual soil. To fulfill this objective, we studied the factors involved in the processes of instability of slopes, and how these factors are interrelated. As experience of the expert to the development of the model was examined an extensive database of landslides in Rio de Janeiro, provided by the Geo-Rio Foundation. It is presented in this work, one history case well documented for the validation of the Fuzzy Model and parametric analysis, conducted with the objective to verify the consistency of the model and influence of each of the factors used to predict the risk of landslides. Among the main findings includes the capability of Fuzzy Logic in predicting risk of landslides on the slope of residual soil, appearing as a tool capable of assisting in the detection of areas of risk.

A estabilidade de taludes naturais é um tema de grande interesse ao engenheiro geotécnico, face às significativas perdas econômicas, e até mesmo humanas, resultantes da ruptura de taludes. Estima-se que a deflagração de escorregamentos já provocou milhares de mortes, e dezenas de bilhões de dólares em prejuízos anuais em todo o mundo. Os fenômenos de instabilização de encostas são condicionados por muitos fatores, como o clima, a litologia e as estruturas das rochas, a morfologia, a ação antrópica e outros. A análise dos condicionantes geológicos e geotécnicos de escorregamentos proporciona a apreciação de cada um dos fatores envolvidos nos processos de instabilização de encostas, permitindo a obtenção de resultados de interesse, no que diz respeito ao modo de atuação destes fatores. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a utilização da Lógica Nebulosa (Fuzzy) para criação de um Modelo que, de forma qualitativa, forneça uma previsão do risco de escorregamento de taludes em solos residuais. Para o cumprimento deste objetivo, foram estudados os fatores envolvidos nos processos de instabilização de encostas, e a forma como estes fatores se interrelacionam. Como experiência do especialista para a elaboração do modelo, foi analisado um extenso banco de dados de escorregamentos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, disponibilizado pela Fundação Geo-Rio. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, um caso histórico bem documentado para a validação do Modelo Fuzzy e análises paramétricas, realizadas com o objetivo verificar a coerência do modelo e a influência de cada um dos fatores adotados na previsão do risco de escorregamento. Dentre as principais conclusões, destaca-se a potencialidade da lógica nebulosa na previsão de risco de escorregamentos de taludes em solo residual, aparecendo como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar na detecção de áreas de risco. / The stability of slopes is a topic of great interest to the geotechnical engineer, given the significant economic losses, and even human, resulting from the slopes collapse. Its estimated that the landslides outbreak has already caused thousands of deaths and tens of billions of dollars in annual losses worldwide. The phenomena of instability of slopes are conditioned by many factors, such as climate, the lithology and structures of rock, the morphology, the anthropic and others. The analysis of geological and geotechnical conditions of landslides provides an appraisal of each of the factors involved in the processes of instability of slopes, allowing the achievement of results of interest with regard to the mode of action of factors. The current work aims at the use of Fuzzy Logic to create a model that, in qualitative form, provide an estimate of the risk of landslides on the slope of residual soil. To fulfill this objective, we studied the factors involved in the processes of instability of slopes, and how these factors are interrelated. As experience of the expert to the development of the model was examined an extensive database of landslides in Rio de Janeiro, provided by the Geo-Rio Foundation. It is presented in this work, one history case well documented for the validation of the Fuzzy Model and parametric analysis, conducted with the objective to verify the consistency of the model and influence of each of the factors used to predict the risk of landslides. Among the main findings includes the capability of Fuzzy Logic in predicting risk of landslides on the slope of residual soil, appearing as a tool capable of assisting in the detection of areas of risk.

As the trend in environmental care grows, the emphasis on removing the old environmental burdens is bigger. This thesis is dedicated to the case when the soil was contaminated by products of gas industry in the area of Jihomoravská plynárenská, a.s. in Brno - Zábrdovice . The aim of this work is to select the appropriate remediation technology and shoring remediation pit in mentioned locality. Diploma thesis also includes design and assessment of selected construction sheeting calculated by the method of dependent pressures, technology design and implementation of construction drawings.