Percomorpha is the most diverse group of Acanthomorpha, and the interrelationships among the members are unsettled. Perciformes, one order of Percomorpha, is the largest fish order with 160 families placed in 20 suborders. The relationships among the suborders of Perciformes remain conflicting between the hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships based on different characters. Presently, major studies on relationships of higher taxa are from Japanese based on the mitogenome, and the other studies were based on nuclear gene sequences. Mok recently suggest a hypothesis of the Gobioidei, it is the sister group to a clade which includes the Callionymoidei, Dactylopteriformes, and possibly Pegasidae, based on osteological characters. Following this, a phylogenetic hypothesis of the Callionymoidei based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes was conducted, and the Taiwanese and Australian specimens of G. buergeri might be treated as different species. Morphological differentiation in the sagitta in these two groups points to the same conclusion. The Pempheridae is the sister group of the Glaucosomatidae that is demonstrated by molecular evidences. It is the same with the relationship based on the morphological characters, such as otolith and swimbladder, etc. The monophyly of Callionymoidei is not recovered in this study. The Syngnathoidei may be the closest group of Callionymidae, and the Gobiesocoidei is suggested to be closest with Draconettidae. In the application of mitogenomic information, the sequcences selected by Japanese have not been decided to be unsaturated, so I made statistical inference of the variation for mitochondrial sequences and selected nuclear genes. I have found out the variation-saturated genes and discuss the application of these sequences to phylogenetic studies derived from these datasets in this study.

Six sciaenid species including Johnius tingi, Johnius sina, Pennahia argentata, Pennahia pawak, Chrysochir aureus and Otolithes rubber from the western coast of Taiwan were studied. Pennahia argentata¡¦s disturbance sound was most distinct in which the pulse period is almost 2~3 times larger than that the other five sciaenid species. The dominant frequencies of C. aureus and O. rubber¡¦s disturbance calls were low (i.e. usually below 500 Hz). In the six sciaenids there was significant difference in the pulse repetition rate, which may be a useful parameter for recognition of sciaenid species. Among the other fishes surveyed in this study, the inter-pulse interval of pearlperch¡¦s (Glaucosoma buergeri) disturbance call is very short or nearly zero. The pulse is composed a low frequency and a high frequency parts, and the frequency range is wide. Most energy was concentrated in the 2nd and 3rd pulses of the Priacanthus macracanthus¡¦s disturbance soundand its pulse period is not stable. The special acoustic character of Pelates quadrilineatus¡¦s disturbance sound is the extremely short inter-pulse interval (< 1ms).The seacatfish Arius maculates¡¦s disturbance sound can be sorted into three types. Type¢¹is a low frequency sound and usually under 1000Hz; it is very similar to sciaenids¡¦ calls with stable pulse period and dominant frequency. Compared to Type¢¹, Type¢º and Type¢» were high-frequency sounds (i.e. usually up to 8kHz) and their pulse periods are less stable. Pomadasys kaakan¡¦s disturbance sound is emitted by stridulating of its pharyngeal teeth and these sounds were high frequency (i.e. usually higher than 10 kHz). Both Johnius tingi females and males possess extrinsic sonic muscles. The dominant frequency of the males¡¦ disturbance call is significant higher than that of females¡¦ and the length of males¡¦ sonic muscles are also significantly longer than that of females¡¦. It is hypothesized that a longer sonic muscle can generate higher tension leading to a higher frequency sound. Comparing my data to the eleven sound types collected from the western coast by other workers in which the sound producers are still unknown, Type A, Type F, and Type G are more similar to that of the disturbance sound of J. sina¡BP. pawak and J. belengerii, respectively.