The ability of different seedbed preparation treatments to enhance seedling establishment of 'Vaughn' sideoats graina (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.), 'A-130' blue panic (Panicum antidotale Retz.), 'A-68' Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) and 'Cochise' Atherstone lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees X E. tricophera Coss and Dur.) was determined in field and greenhouse experiments. Field experiments compared seed burial and seedling emergence on undisturbed plots with that of plots lightly or heavily trampled by cattle, furrowed with a land imprinter or plowed. Seed burial was nearly always greatest in plots disturbed by these 3 latter treatments compared to undisturbed or light-trampled plots. Summer thunderstorms increased burial on treated and undisturbed plots. These seedbed treatments likewise increased seedling emergence of all species during a moderately-wet summer but not during a dry summer when emergence was limited. Sideoats graina emergence was low all 3 years. Seed burial and emergence of the small-seeded lovegrasses was high in a wet year even on undisturbed plots. Greenhouse experiments were designed to determine effects of seedbed microsites, sowing depth and soil water on emergence, survival and morphology of sideoats graina, blue panic and Cochise lovegrass. Emergence of all species was highest from seeds under gravel, followed by seeds under litter, seeds in cracks and finally seeds on the bare soil surface. Cochise lovegrass had high emergence under gravel for both continuously-wet and drying seedbeds. Cochise lovegrass had greater survival, followed by blue panic and then sideoats graina. All 3 species initiated permanent roots from nodes near the soil surface regardless of sowing depth. Seedlings from deeper-sown seeds had shallower primary roots and less survival than seedlings from shallow-sown seeds. Although seedbed treatments may increase the number of seeds buried and thereby increase seedling emergence when summer storms are frequent, treatments which bury seeds too deep may decrease seedling emergence. Seedbed treatments do not ensure successful emergence in a dry year.