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La joyeuse confusion qui règne en matière de libéralités s'explique par l'inadaptation des règles du régime juridique, élaboré en 1804 dans un esprit de défiance. Les libéralités ne pouvaient être que suspectes dans un système reposant sur l'échange intéressé. Progressivement, l'on a admis que ces actes à titre gratuit pouvaient être intéressés et l'on a même reconnu que la transmission anticipée du patrimoine était nécessaire en raison de l'allongement de la durée de vie, de sorte que ceux-ci ne sont, non seulement, plus suspects, mais encouragés. Le décalage existant alors entre la rigueur du régime juridique et la faveur pour les libéralités conduit le législateur et la jurisprudence à recourir à de nombreuses fictions juridiques. Celles-ci leur permettent tantôt d'exclure l'application du régime, tantôt de l'appliquer pour parvenir aux solutions qui leur semblent les plus équitables. Si le procédé est évidemment louable, il engendre une décadence de la notion de libéralité et ne permet plus de la définir, sauf à répondre qu'elle dépend de la règle appliquer. Un tel dépérissement des certitudes est dangereux, tant la qualification de libéralité engendre encore des conséquences civiles et fiscales redoutables. Il conduit à repenser la notion de libéralité. Dans un contexte de libéralisation du droit des libéralités, il y a donc lieu d'adopter une notion unitaire et conceptuelle de libéralité, composée de deux éléments matériel et intentionnel cumulatifs. / The joyful confusion that reigns in terms of liberalities is explained by the inadequacy of the rules of the legal regime, developed in 1804 in a spirit of mistrust. Liberalities were necessarily suspicious in a system derived from self-­interested exchange. Gradually, it was recognized that these gratuitous acts could be interested and it was even recognized that the early transmission of assets was necessary because of the longer life span, so that they were no longer suspect but encouraged. The gap then existing between the rigour of the legal regime and the favour for liberalities led the legislator and the case law to resort to numerous legal fictions. These fictions allowed judges to sometimes apply the legal regime for liberalities and other times, exclude it, only to reach solutions that seem most equitable to them. If the process is obviously commendable, it begets decline of the notion of liberality. There is no longer a clear definition of what a liberality is, if not by saying that it depends on the rule. The characterization of liberality still has formidable civil and fiscal consequences. So, the notion of liberality needs to be redesigned. ln a context of liberalization of the law of liberalities, it is therefore necessary to adopt a unitary and conceptual notion of liberality, made of two cumulative elements : material and intentional.

La présente étude vise à démontrer que l’ambiguïté qui tourmente l’existence de l’écrivain est, à la fois, salvatrice et destructrice, tout en explorant l’impact de celle-ci sur l’œuvre gidienne et les mœurs contemporaines. En étudiant les écrits de Gide, on a l’impression d’assister à un dialogue où s’affrontent des opinions opposées. L’ambiguïté qui émane du caractère ambivalent de Gide et qui laisse entrevoir ses expérimentations stylistiques à la quête du renouvellement de l’écriture classique, y est examinée. Dans L’Immoraliste, Gide pose la question de la liberté individuelle face à la contrainte sociale. Ensuite, La Porte étroite constitue la critique du protestantisme d’une part, et la critique de l’impuissance virile de l’autre. Quant aux Caves du Vatican, le catholicisme s’y trouve attaqué. Gide y assimile la puissance religieuse à l’argent et théorise l’acte gratuit. La Symphonie pastorale oppose la cécité physique à la cécité morale ; christianisme et paganisme s’y trouvent liés et confrontés à travers un amour impie et aberrant. Suivent les quatre dialogues socratiques de Corydon, un vrai plaidoyer en faveur de la pédérastie. Les Faux-Monnayeurs sont en quelque sorte la conclusion de l’œuvre romanesque et la somme de ses inquiétudes, donc le comble de son ambivalence. Un ensemble de thèmes qui touche à l’intégralité de la vie sociale y est abordé, mettant en relief la fausseté de ses contemporains. Enfin, Gide se livre à travers Si le grain ne meurt et revendique l’inscription de sa perversion dans la normale, tout en avouant que les autobiographies ne peuvent être qu’à demi-sincères. / The present study aims to demonstrate that the ambiguity which torments the writer's life is both redeeming and destructive, while exploring the impact of the latter on Gide's work and contemporary mores. By studying Gide's writings, we have the impression of attending a dialogue in which opposing opinions confront one another. The ambiguity that emanates from Gide's ambivalent character and enables to reveal his stylistic experiments in the quest for the renewal of classical writing, is also examined herein. In The Immoralist, Gide raises the question of the individual freedom towards the social constraint. Furthermore, Strait Is the Gate is the critique of Protestantism on the one hand, and the critique of virile powerlessness on the other. As for The Vatican Cellars, Catholicism is attacked. Gide likens the religious power to money and theorizes the gratuitous action. In The Pastoral Symphony physical blindness opposes to moral blindness; Christianity and paganism are bound therein and confronted through an impious and aberrant love. The four Socratic dialogues of Corydon follow, a real plea in favor of pederasty. The Counterfeiters are in a way the conclusion of the novel and the sum of his worries, therefore the summit of his ambivalence. An ensemble of themes touching the entirety of social life is also approached, highlighting the falsity of his contemporaries. Finally, Gide opens himself up through If the seed doesn’t die and claims the inscription of his perversion in the normal, while admitting that the autobiographies can only be half-sincere.

abstract: In this thesis, I discuss the philosophical problem of evil and, as a response, John Hick's soul making theodicy. First, I discuss the transformation of the problem. I examine how the problem has shifted from logical to evidential in recent history. Next, I offer a faithful rendition of Hick's position - one which states the existence of evil does not provide evidence against the existence of God. After reconstructing his argument, I go on to exposes its logical faults. I present four main contentions to Hick's theodicy. First, I analyze the psychology of dehumanization to question whether we have any evidence that soul making is happening in response to the suffering in the world. Second, I argue that Hick's theodicy is self-defeating if accepted because it undermines the central point on which his argument depends. Third, I claim that Hick's theodicy is self-defeating given his eschatological views. Finally, I discuss how Hick's theodicy does not account for the animal suffering that widely exists in the world now, and that exists in our evolutionary history. My hope is to show that Hick's theodicy fails to solve the problem of evil. I claim that the amount of gratuitous suffering in the world does provide evidence against the existence of God. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Philosophy 2018

La synthèse de protéines recombinantes chez les microorganismes est d'un intérêt majeur pour la production de produits biopharmaceutiques, thérapeutiques et enzymatiques industriels. Cependant, la surproduction de protéines a un effet néfaste sur la physiologie cellulaire. Les ressources cellulaires (métabolites, énergie, machinerie moléculaire, espace cytosolique, etc.) sont en effet partagées entre les protéines de l'hôte et la protéine "gratuite". Cette surcharge non naturelle entraîne une croissance plus lente et des rendements en protéines plus faibles, un phénomène connu sous le nom de "burden". Dans mon projet de doctorat, il s'agissait (1) de déchiffrer les conséquences de la surproduction de protéines gratuites sur la physiologie cellulaire, (2) d'identifier le type de ressources limitantes, et (3) de surmonter cette limitation pour améliorer la production de protéines. Afin de déchiffrer les conséquences de la surproduction de protéines (1), nous avons analysé le taux de croissance, la production de protéines d'intérêt et le protéome de souches de Bacillus subtilis surproduisant divers niveaux de protéines rapportrices. Les protéines rapportrices ont été choisies de manière à être facilement quantifiables par fluorescence et par des tests d'activité (i.e. GFP, mKate2, LacZ, etc.). Pour obtenir les différents niveaux d'expression, nous avons construit des séquences synthétiques par assemblage de promoteurs constitutifs et inductibles et de régions d'initiation de traduction (TIR, RBS) variés. Nous avons ainsi montré que plus la quantité (et la taille) de la protéine produite était élevée, plus les taux de croissance étaient faibles et plus la taille des cellules était élevée. Par exemple, le taux de croissance a diminué de plus de 20 % lorsque la GFP était surproduite à plus de 5 % de la quantité totale de protéines solubles, selon des quantifications biochimiques et de fluorescence. Pour identifier le type de ressources limitantes (2), nous avons effectué une quantification relative des protéines sur les souches surproductrices de GFP et montré que certaines protéines non essentielles étaient moins abondantes dans ces souches. Nous avons ensuite dégradé spécifiquement les protéines rapportrices à l'aide d'un outil de biologie de synthèse précédemment mis au point pour B. subtilis, afin que les acides aminés puissent être recyclés dans le pool de ressources cellulaires. Avec une dégradation de 50-60% de GFP et mKate2, nous avons observé une restauration de 50% du taux de croissance. Ces résultats suggèrent que la quantité d'acides aminés (et par conséquent leur utilisation dans la synthèse des protéines) est le principal type de ressources limitantes. Pour améliorer la production de protéines (3), nous avons cherché à développer un système synthétique de recyclage des acides aminés basé sur le système de dégradation mentionné ci-dessus en surproduisant les protéases d'E. coli et B. subtilis (ClpXP) avec une protéine adaptatrice (SspB) d'E. coli. Cet outil pourrait permettre de dégrader spécifiquement des protéines non essentielles pour économiser des ressources cellulaires. Nous avons montré que la surproduction de ClpXP ou de SspB/ClpXP était suffisante pour permettre une dégradation complète des protéines produites à des niveaux bas et intermédiaires, et jusqu'à 50% des protéines fortement produites. Comme ClpXP est une protéase impliquée dans la réponse au stress, nous avons cherché à savoir si la surproduction de ClpXP pouvait avoir des conséquences négatives sur la physiologie cellulaire. Une quantification relative des protéines sur une souche surproductrice de ClpXP a montré que la surproduction de ClpXP provoque une réorganisation globale du protéome sans toutefois affecter le taux de croissance de la cellule. / Recombinant protein production in microorganisms is of great interest for the production of biopharmaceuticals, therapeutics and industrial enzymes. However, recombinant protein production has always shown a harmful effect on the microorganism cell physiology when excessively produced. Cell resources (i.e. metabolites, energy, molecular machinery, cytosolic space, etc.) are used to produce the host's proteins and the overproduced gratuitous protein. As a result, this unnatural extra load typically leads to slower growth and lower protein yields, a phenomenon known as ʻburdenʼ. This burden comes from the fact that the recombinant protein has no benefit for the microorganism, and that it only uses cell resources at the expense of the production of the endogenous essential proteins. In my PhD project, the issues were (1) to decipher the consequences of gratuitous protein overproduction on the cell physiology, (2) to identify the limiting type of resources, and (3) to overcome this limitation to improve protein production. To address the first issue (1), we analyzed growth rates, production of several proteins of interest, and genome-wide proteomes of Bacillus subtilis strains overproducing various levels of reporter proteins. The reporter proteins were chosen so that they were easily quantifiable by fluorescence and β-galactosidase activity assays (i.e. GFP, mKate2, LacZ, etc.). To obtain the various levels of expression, we built synthetic sequences made of the assembly of various constitutive and inducible promoters and translation initiation regions (TIR, RBS). Hence, we showed that higher was the amount (and size) of the protein produced, lower were the rates of growth and higher were the cell sizes. For instance, the growth rate decreased down by over 20% when GFP was overproduced above 5% of the total soluble protein amount according to both biochemical and fluorescence assays. To further identify the limiting type of resources (2), we performed a relative protein quantification on the strains overproducing GFP at different levels. Hence, we showed that some non-essential proteins were less abundant in the strains overproducing GFP. We next targeted the reporter proteins for degradation using a synthetic tool previously engineered in B. subtilis, so that amino acids can be recycled back to the pool of cell resources. Degrading the reporter gratuitous protein should also relieve the constraint on the cytosolic density by liberating intracellular space. With a degradation of 50-60% of GFP and mKate2, we observed a 50% restoration of the growth rate. This result together with the proteome analysis suggested that the amount of amino acids (and consequently their utilization in protein synthesis) was the main limiting type of resources. To overcome this limitation and improve protein production (3), we aimed at exploring a synthetic, amino acid recycling system based on the above mentioned degradation system. We decided to improve the targeted degradation system by overproducing the E. coli and B. subtilis ClpXP proteases together with an E. coli adaptor protein SspB. This tool may allow to target proteins for degradation in order to save resources and improve the production of a protein of interest. We showed that the overproduction of either ClpXP or SspB/ ClpXP were sufficient to allow a complete degradation of the proteins produced low and intermediate levels, and up to 50% of degradation of the proteins highly produced. As ClpXP is a protease involved in stress responses, we aimed to know whether the overproduction of ClpXP may have negative consequences on the cell physiology. We therefore performed relative protein quantification on a strain overproducing ClpXP. The results showed that ClpXP overproduction causes a global reorganisation on the proteome without affecting the growth rate of the cell.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmmanuelSC_DISSERT.pdf: 1320670 bytes, checksum: 45f0ac5d53704afd77216d735f95b522 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / From the importance that the political science and the social sciences began to give the electoral programs on TV, were examined in that work academic the effects of research in electoral marketing strategies in Gratuitous Timetable of the Electoral Publicity of the marketing year the candidate Micarla de Sousa (PV) in 2008 for the prefecture of Natal. To analyze the marketing strategies of electoral candidate Micarla de Sousa were used three sources of data: the HGPE on the first part, The interview with the coordinator's marketing campaign of Micarla de Sousa, Jos? Ivan and the quantitative research carried out by the Office IBOPE before and during the period of HGPE. In the analysis of electoral programs, was used the qualitative and quantitative approach, taking as objective to verify whether there was some change in marketing strategy in the candidate Micarla HGPE. So the electoral programs that candidate were transcribed and analyzed and then faced with the results of researches electoral IBOPE carried out in the same period. The interview with the coordinator's marketing campaign the candidate Micarla de Sousa brought relevant information on the construction of public image at the time pre-electoral and electoral. In search of IBOPE, socioeconomic variables were regarded assex, age, education and income. With the collection of this data, there was an intersection of information about the voting intentions of Micarla candidate for mayor of Natal and it was checked how his candidacy has increased or decreased within the surveyed segments and how these oscillations marketing strategies directed at the candidate's HGPE for any specific audience. Also, do not forget that the electoral process is influenced by various factors, because this process is dynamic / A partir da relev?ncia que a ci?ncia pol?tica e as ci?ncias sociais come?aram a dar aos programas eleitorais na TV, foram examinados nesse trabalho acad?mico os efeitos das pesquisas eleitorais nas estrat?gias de marketing no Hor?rio Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral da campanha da candidata Micarla de Sousa (PV) em 2008 para a prefeitura de Natal. Para analisar as estrat?gias de marketing eleitoral da candidata Micarla de Sousa foram utilizadas tr?s fontes de dados: o HGPE referente ao primeiro turno, a entrevista com o coordenador de marketing da campanha de Micarla de Sousa, Jos? Ivan e as pesquisas quantitativas realizadas pelo Instituto IBOPE antes e durante o per?odo do HGPE. Na an?lise dos programas eleitorais foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, tendo como objetivo verificar se houve alguma mudan?a na estrat?gia de marketing da candidata Micarla no HGPE. Assim os programas eleitorais dessa candidata foram transcritos e analisados e depois confrontados com os resultados das pesquisas eleitorais do IBOPE realizadas no mesmo per?odo. A entrevista com o coordenador de marketing da campanha da candidata Micarla de Sousa trouxe informa??es relevantes sobre a constru??o da imagem p?blica no momento pr?-eleitoral e eleitoral. Na pesquisa do IBOPE foram consideradas as vari?veis socioecon?micas como: sexo; idade; escolaridade e renda. Com a coleta destes dados, houve um cruzamento das informa??es sobre a inten??o de voto da candidata Micarla ? prefeitura de Natal e foi verificado o quanto sua candidatura cresceu ou caiu dentro dos segmentos pesquisados e como essas oscila??es direcionaram as estrat?gias de marketing no HGPE da candidata para algum p?blico-alvo espec?fico. Al?m disso, n?o se pode esquecer que no processo eleitoral h? a influ?ncia de diversos fatores, pois esse processo ? din?mico