A finalidade das áreas verdes é oferecer, à população dos grandes centros urbanos, oportunidades de lazer, recreação, bem-estar, aumentando, assim, sua qualidade de vida e seu contato com a natureza. O aumento do índice de áreas verdes nas cidades, expresso pela metragem quadrada de espaços livres de uso público em relação à sua população absoluta, induz a diversas manifestações sociais e culturais e amplia a integração da comunidade, inibindo o uso de tempo e energia com atividades danosas à sociedade, inclusive a violência. A recuperação e reabilitação das áreas degradadas pela mineração tornaram-se obrigatoriedade legal, a partir de 1988, com o advento da atual Constituição Brasileira. A existência de diversos sítios degradados nas áreas urbanas dos municípios, resultantes da extração mineral, constituindo espaços livres abandonados e a necessidade de cumprimento da legislação, incentiva a ocupação de tais locais por áreas verdes. A redestinação destes locais degradados pela mineração, em áreas verdes públicas, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes em aumentar o índice de áreas verdes das grandes cidades e ampliar suas opções de lazer. Com o objetivo de aliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas, com as funções primordiais da criação de áreas verdes, foram analisados três casos de áreas verdes públicas paulistas, que outrora foram mineradas para a extração de materiais aproveitados na construção civil e utilizaram o mesmo método de lavra. Os locais escolhidos para estudo foram o Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, o Parque do Varvito e a Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, localizados, respectivamente, nos Municípios de Ribeirão Preto, Itu e Campinas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de estudo de caso. A parte teórica do trabalho consistiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos regionais e locais sobre as áreas de estudo. A parte prática consistiu no levantamento de dados em campo sobre a situação atual de cada uma das áreas verdes estudadas, através de visitas técnicas para coleta dos dados primários, por meio da comunicação e da observação direta sistemática. A manutenção do Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali foi considerada altamente positiva. O local cumpre as funções primordiais de uma área verde, além de contribuir para o aumento do índice de áreas verdes do Município de Ribeirão Preto. O Parque do Varvito apresenta algumas benfeitorias mal conservadas, porém cumpre suas funções culturais e paisagísticas, elevando, também, o índice de áreas verdes do Município. A Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães encontra-se abandonada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas e, embora eleve o índice de áreas verdes do Município, não atinge os objetivos básicos de uma área verde municipal. Os sítios urbanos degradados pela mineração são potenciais opções de aumento do índice de áreas verdes num determinado Município. Contudo, somente atingirão tais funções, contemplando bemestar, lazer e recreação à população, quando a conservação e a manutenção forem bem conduzidas pelas políticas governamentais de gestão e fiscalizadas pela comunidade. / The purpose of a green area or public park is to offer the population of large urban centers an area where they can enjoy leisure and recreation, thus increasing their quality of life and contact with nature. The ratio of green in a city, expressed by the area of public space such as parks divided by the population, is linked to numerous social and cultural manifestations and increases community integration, inhibiting the use of time and energy with activities that can be considered harmful to society, including violence. The recovery and rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining are required by law since 1988, after the promulgation of the Brazilian Constitution. The fact that there is a great number of sites in cities’ urban areas that have been degraded as a result of mineral extraction and later become public areas covered by vegetation, has led to making public parks a common alternative when recovering an area, especially because of legal requirements. It is one of the most efficient alternatives when it comes to increasing green areas and leisure spots. It was with the objective of joining compliance with the current legislation on rehabilitation of degraded areas with the basic functions of increasing the number of green areas, that three such areas were analyzed; all in the State of São Paulo and all formerly mined for construction material using the same extraction procedures. The areas chosen for the study were the Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, the Parque do Varvito and the Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, located respectively in the Municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Itu and Campinas. The survey method used was the case study. The theoretical aspect of the study consisted in finding local and regional bibliographical data on the areas. The practical aspect consisted in gathering field data on the current situation of each one studied, by means of conducting technical visits for primary data collection through direct and systematic observation. Maintenance of the Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali was considered very positive. The location achieves the primary purposes of a green area, and also makes a contribution to the ratio of green in the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The Parque do Varvito presents a few positive aspects as far as what it offers, but maintenance has been fairly poor. It does, nonetheless, carry out its cultural and landscaping functions, also helping the ratio of green. The Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães has been abandoned by the Municipal Authorities and contributes only to the green area in Campinas, not achieving the primary goals of a Municipal green area. The recovery of a degraded mining is an option for increasing the area of green in a given Municipality; it will, however, only fulfill the purposes of urban green areas, i.e. to increase overall well-being of the population by offering leisure and recreation, when it is duly preserved and maintained with help from government policies and the community.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the estimation of the influence of green areas on real estate prices in Bratislava, SK. Being not a public good green areas are not market valuated which makes the decision about its size and placement in urban areas problematic. This thesis was written with an aim to evaluate the benefit of greenery and help future decision making concerning green urban areas in Bratislava. Theoretical part points out current situation of green urban areas in Bratislava and real estate market development. It also demonstrates some of the benefits coming from urban greenery and defines hedonic pricing method. Practical part is focused on greenery value estimation using HPM. It analyzes geografical data altogether with real estate data and based on five regression models using various groups of environmental variables estimates the impact of different types of greenery on the real estate prices in Bratislava.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-26T16:56:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdeazevedodornellas.pdf: 6283448 bytes, checksum: 204cd55f68b80c03946a50a43353e2c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-27T11:05:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdeazevedodornellas.pdf: 6283448 bytes, checksum: 204cd55f68b80c03946a50a43353e2c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-27T11:05:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdeazevedodornellas.pdf: 6283448 bytes, checksum: 204cd55f68b80c03946a50a43353e2c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-21 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / No Brasil, não é comum o uso de indicadores quantitativos na elaboração de políticas públicas urbanas que visem à melhoria da qualidade ambiental das cidades. Essa pesquisa visa trazer uma contribuição da área da Saúde Coletiva, mais especificamente da Epidemiologia, para o campo do Urbanismo valorizando uma forma mais quantitativa e sistematizada de avaliar os benefícios das Áreas Verdes (AV) para as populações urbanas. Este estudo objetiva verificar a hipótese de associação significativa entre a existência de áreas verdes livres públicas urbanas e a ocorrência de internações hospitalares por doenças do aparelho respiratório nas Regiões Urbanas da cidade de Juiz de Fora. Foram utilizados os dados de internação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) dos anos 2009, 2010 e 2011. Desses foi extraída a média trienal que foi transformada em taxas (por 100.000 hab.) e ainda foram aplicadas ao Método Direto de Padronização e ponderação de dados pelo Estimador Bayesiano Empírico Local. Como variável de exposição, foi usado o Índice de Áreas Verdes (IAV) categorizado. As associações foram controladas por variáveis de demografia, faixa etária, sexo, características socioeconômicas (Índice de Desenvolvimento Social - IDS) e acesso às Unidades de Atenção Primária de Saúde (UAPS) do SUS. Para esta análise foram utilizados métodos de Análise Espacial em saúde. Foi utilizado como Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) o software TerraView® 4.2.0; para testes estatísticos foram utilizados os softwares R e Epi InfoTM 3.5.2. Foram aplicados testes estatísticos não paramétricos Mann-Whitney, análise de correlação de Spearman, teste de Shapiro-Wilk para testes da distribuição normal das populações de dados. Os resultados indicaram não haver associação significativa entre as taxas de internação e a presença de AV nas Regiões Urbanas (RU) de Juiz de Fora e que tais taxas de morbidades estão significativamente associadas às condições socioeconômicas das RU por meio do IDS e com a presença de UAPS nas RU de menores condições socioeconômicas. Os resultados apontaram para grandes desigualdades sociais e econômicas e na distribuição das áreas verdes para Juiz de Fora. Percebeu-se que disparidades sociais tem influência para uma desigual distribuição das condições de saúde no espaço urbano. / In Brazil, it is not common to use quantitative indicators in the development of urban public policies that aim at improving the environmental quality of cities. This research has the purpose of making a contribution in the area of Public Health, Epidemiology more specifically, to the field of Urbanism valuing a more quantitative and systematic way of assessing the benefits of Green Areas (AV) for urban populations. This study has the objective of verifying the hypothesis of a significant association between the existence of free public urban green areas and the occurrence of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Urban Regions of Juiz de Fora. We used the datas of hospitalization Unified Health System (SUS) of the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. From these was extracted the three-year average which was transformed into rates (per 100,000 inhab.) and which were applied to the direct method of standardization and weighting of data Empirical Bayesian Estimator Location. As the independent variable, we used the Index of Green Areas (IAV) categorized. The associations were controlled by demographic variables, age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics (Index of Social Development - IDS) and access to the units of Primary Health Care (UAPS) SUS. For this analysis, methods of spatial analysis in health were used. TerraView ® 4.2.0 software was used as Geographical Information System (GIS); Statistical tests for R and Epi InfoTM 3.5.2 software were used. Nonparametric Mann - Whitney test, Spearman's correlation analysis, Shapiro-Wilk test to test the normal distribution of data population. The results showed no significant association between admission rates and the presence of AV in Urban Regions (UR) in Juiz de Fora, and that such rates of morbidities are significantly associated with socioeconomic conditions of the UR through the IDS and the presence of UAPS RU in lower socioeconomic conditions. The results pointed to major social and economic disparities and the bad distribution of green areas in Juiz de Fora. It was noticed that social disparities have influence to an unequal distribution of health conditions in the urban space.

The aim of this Master thesis was to create urban structure in the particular resident area of Brno that would revitalizing and activating that particular and at the same time keep on the original estate. The main target is also to design various facilities that would enhance current environment and provide new opportunities.

Green areas are important in people’s lives in many aspects such as physical, psychological, social and health. This study was carried out with the objective of examining if there are differences in green area accessibility and availability in the areas with different socioeconomic backgrounds using environmental justice (EJ) perspectives. The study used secondary data from the statistics department and the Environmental protection agency and used 30 DeSO areas (Demographic statistic areas in Sweden) in Stockholm with 15 low-income areas and 15 high-income areas. Variables such as the proportion of people with foreign background, the proportion of people with high education, the proportion of children and income levels selected for the analysis for green area availability and accessibility. The results show that the selected areas have adequate and recommended green area availability irrespective of the income level. But, when it comes to the green area per capita (amount of green area per person) in the neighbourhoods, a higher statistically significant negative effect was found for the proportion of people with a foreign background. By examining the green area per capita for the social group separately, the study did not find any significant differences, which emphasize that the low-income areas with a high proportion of people with foreign background have to share green areas with many people which are a problem of the existence of an environmental injustice issue. The study showed that in the buffer area there is a favourable per capita green area compared to within the neighbourhood, which could be a risk of increasing more socio-economic segregation. The study suggests that there should be more green area recreational facilities and quality to be established around the low-income neighbourhoods with a high proportion of foreign background people. The involvement of experts from different backgrounds will be advantageous to implement successful policy and regulations for green area development. In addition, green area planning, developing and policy enforcements to be done through the participation of citizens in order to take account of ethnic consideration and individual perceptions and attitudes. The study can be further extended to a successful field study as well as by using the advanced GIS-based systems to determine the accessibility for the ethnic and religious groups of the areas in this study.

Det pågår ett förtätningsarbete i Malmö stad, och i övriga delar av Sverige. Samtidigt har det i media uppmärksammats att det finns en generell oro kring att barn och barns platser i staden glöms bort i stadsplaneringen. I ett samarbete mellan Malmö Universitet och Malmö stad via ISU (Institutet för hållbar stadsutveckling) undersöker vi i denna studie barns utemiljöer i den pågående förtätningen av Malmö utifrån tre olika teman; svensk lagstiftning & riktlinjer, socioekonomiska skillnader & levnadsvillkor och barns behov av lek & rörelse. Resultatet visar på att kommunala aktörer i Malmö stad arbetar aktivt med barn och deras utemiljöer utifrån ett barnperspektiv. Trots att man inom förvaltningarna prioriterar olika intressen i den pågående förtätningen så anser vi att man inom stadens förvaltningar strävar efter ambitionen och visionen om att barns bästa ska vara i fokus. / The big cities in Sweden are growing, due to the phenomenon of densification. This also includes the city of Malmö. At the same time, it has been noted in the media that there is a general concern that children and children’s places in the city are forgotten in city-planning. In a collaboration between Malmö University and Malmö city via ISU (Institutet för hållbar stadsutveckling), we therefor chose to study children's outdoor environments in the ongoing densification of Malmö based on three different themes; Swedish legislation & guidelines, socioeconomic differences & living conditions, and children's needs for play & exercise. The result shows that the municipal of Malmö works actively with children and their outdoor environments from a child-perspective. Although the different informants in our study prioritizes different interests in the ongoing densification, we consider that the city have the ambition that the best interests of children should be in focus at all time.

This paper examines how green areas may be used as strategic recovery zones in the event of an earthquake and how these zones may strengthen the resilience for future quakes in Istanbul. The paper also refers to investigating why the planning system in Turkey can pose a threat for the provision of green areas. Green areas have proven to be an important feature in natural disaster stricken cities for coping with disasters by strengthening the city’s resilience. However due to rapid population growth and high demand for housing and infrastructure, green areas risk disappearing when the city expands. This problem is evident all major cities of turkey and particularly in the country’s largest city Istanbul, where green areas are benign exploited instead of preserved; leaving larger city’s such as Istanbul vulnerable for future earthquake disasters. The high demand for new housing and functioning infrastructure in conjunction with a complicated planning system in Turkey leads to a vaguely regulated planning system, which creates a threat to green areas. This creates an uncertain situation for the city's ability and resilience to withstand a future earthquake disaster. The study will be based on a qualitative method. The empirical material will be presented through a previous research overview and a case study, which is also based on previous research on the subject. Essay analysis will be performed based on a quantitative text analysis based on concepts; urban disaster resilience, green infrastructure, land use planning and governance, presented in the essays theoretical framework. The general conclusions of the study are that there is a lack of good governance in the planning system in Turkey, which creates restrictions for a sustainable and resilient urban planning in the city of Istanbul. Green areas are resilience and capacity building areas in the city to handle future earthquake disaster, by providing open recovery zones in a densely built city. It is therefore important to plan for a long-term land use and to regard the green areas in the city to uphold strong urban disaster resilience for future earthquakes in Istanbul.

Världens befolkning ökar idag i rask takt. Om cirka 30 år beräknas det bo närmare tio miljarder människor i världen, varav över sex miljarder beräknas bo urbant. Urbaniseringen ökar kraftigt vilket sätter stor press på den fysiska planeringen. För att kunna inhysa en ökande befolkning är det många kommuner som satsar på att förtäta städerna. Dock leder förtätning till att de grönområden som finns i städerna blir allt färre vilket gör att städerna blir fragmenterade och att invånarna får allt längre till rekreationsområden. Vilka är viktiga för människans hälsa och välbefinnande. Städer måste ha grönområden som klarar ett ökat besökstryck eftersom slitaget ökar. Slitage, förändrad markanvändning och fragmentering påverkar biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster negativt, både lokalt och regionalt. Ett samhälle med låg biologisk mångfald och få ekosystemtjänster har sämre förutsättningar för att klara chock och stress såsom pandemier och en ökad befolkning. I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks hur Järfälla kommun, Sollentuna kommun samt Sundbybergs stad i Stockholmsregionen arbetar med ett ökat besökstryck på sina grönområden. Samtliga kommuner har olika förutsättningar men gemensamt är att alla har en förväntad befolkningsökning samt hög befolkningstäthet. Empirin har samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer med kommunala tjänstemän samt dokumentanalys av kommunernas översiktsplaner. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av tidigare forskning kring ekosystemtjänster i urban miljö samt social-ekologiska system. Resultatet visar att samtliga kommuner i någon form har förändrat sitt arbete till följd av det ökade besökstrycket och det beräknade ökade invånarantalet. Förvaltning, planering, samverkan, kunskap och värdering är viktigt för att skapa ett hållbart och resilient samhälle. / The world's population is growing rapidly. It is estimated that almost ten billion people will live in the world in about 30 years, of which over 6 billion people are estimated to live in urban areas. Urbanization is increasing, which puts great pressure on urban planning. In order to accommodate an increasing population, many municipalities plan to densify the cities. However, densification leads to fewer green areas in the cities, which means that the cities become fragmented and that the inhabitants have longer distances to recreational areas. Which are important to human health and welfare. Cities must have green areas that can withstand an increased visitor pressure as wear and tear increases. Wear and tear, changes in land use and fragmentation have negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services, both locally and regionally. A society with low biodiversity and few ecosystem services is less able to cope with shock and stress such as pandemics and an increased population. This qualitative study examines how Järfälla municipality, Sollentuna municipality and the city of Sundbyberg in the Stockholm region work with increased visitor pressure in their green areas. All municipalities have different conditions, but they all have in common that they have an expected population increase and a high population density. The empirical data has been collected with the help of interviews with municipal officials and document analysis of the municipalities' general plans. The theoretical framework consists of previous research on ecosystem services in urban environments and social-ecological systems. The results show that all municipalities in some forms have changed their work because of the increased visitor pressure and the estimated increased number of inhabitants. Management, planning, collaboration, knowledge and evaluation are important for creating a sustainable and resilient society.

Parker och grönområden är betydelsefulla för en stad och har många viktiga egenskaper och funktioner för både enskilda människor och för att möta de klimatutmaningar som samhället står inför. För människor erbjuder de plats för att socialisera, koppla av och njuta samtidigt som den biologiska mångfalden främjas, dagvatten tas omhand samt att det skänker karaktär för dess stad. När dessa grönytor presenteras för allmänheten upphöjs dem som attraktiva, inbjudande och trygga där det finns möjlighet för olika aktiviteter under dagtid. Under kvälls- och nattetid riskeras deras karaktär att ändras när mörkret faller, platsen avfolkas och människors rörelsemönster förändrar. Detta arbete fokuserar på att studera människors uppfattning av trygghet i parker och grönområden i städerna under kvälls- och nattetid idag och vilka fysiska faktorer som ger upphov till denna uppfattning. Studien är upplagd som en enkätundersökning som har skickats ut via mejl och sociala medier till människor över hela Sverige. Enkäten ställer frågor om människors egen uppfattning om trygghet i städernas parker och grönområden under kvälls- och nattetid, vilka fysiska faktorer som påverkar, synen på kommunernas kommunikation och ordningsmaktens arbete. Resultatet visar att människor i städerna känner otrygghet i våra parker och grönområden under de mörka timmarna på dygnet. Det visar även att människor undviker att röra sig eller vistas i parker och grönområden under kvälls- och nattetid. Från undersökningen går att utläsa vilka fysiska faktorer som påverkar uppfattningen av otrygghet, som exempelvis vegetationens storlek och placering, belysning samt otydliga gångstråk. Från dessa påverkande fysiska faktorer visas att mörka platser är den största faktorn för otrygghet. Enkätens respondenter anger även att med högre närvaro av ordningsmakten och mer kameror utplacerade så skulle känslan av trygghet öka. Med allmänhetens åsikter av vad som ger otrygghet idag mot hur kommunernas trygghetsarbeten bevisas här att man inte har lyckats. Resultatet av studien ger utrymme för att kunna skapa en diskussion mot att stärka den fysiska miljön i våra parker och grönområden. / Parks and green areas are important to a city and have many different characteristics and functions, both for individuals and the climate challenges society is facing. For the people they offer a place to socialize, relax and enjoy while promoting biodiversity, taking care of stormwater and giving character to the city. When these green spaces are presented to the public, they are raised as attractive, inviting and safe where there is the opportunity for various activities during the day. But in the evening and night time, their character is at risk of changing as darkness falls, the place is depopulated and people's movement patterns change. This work focuses on studying people's perceptions on sense of safety today in parks and green areas in cities during the evening and night hours, and what physical factors that cause this perception. The study is designed as a survey that has been sent out by e-mails and social media to people all over Sweden. The survey asks questions about people's own perceptions on sense of safety in urban parks and green areas during the evening and night hours, what physical factors affect, the view of the municipalities' communication and the work of the authorities. The result shows that people in the cities are not feel safe in our parks and green areas during the dark hours of the day. It also shows that people avoid moving or staying in parks and green areas during the evening and night hours. From the survey it is possible to find out which physical factors that affect people perception of safety, such as the size and location of the vegetation, lighting and unclear walking paths. From these affecting physical factors it is shown that dark places are the larges factor for felling of safety. The survey respondents also state that with a higher presence of police and more cameras deployed, the feeling of safety would increase. With the public's views of what gives the felling of safety nowday agains municipalities' safety work proves here that they have not succeeded. The result of the study gives room to for a discussion about strengthening the physical environment in our parks and green areas.

In this thesis I have analyzed how the phenomenon level of contrast, a consequence of the relation between level of light and distribution of light, works within urban green areas. For this particular site, the too high level of contrast is a result of the high level of light distributed 1) in the direction of oncoming pedestrians and 2) in a single zone of light and 3) on a too condensed surface area and 4) in a space with multiple vertical elements (in a dark space with low reflectance values). Being in the only lighted area surrounded by trees (vertical elements absorbing or reflecting light), with eyes adapted to its level of light, consequently, makes it impossible to see beyond the path. This since our eyes always adapt to the brightest spot in our field of view, which in all directions is a spot very close to the user. And since adapting to the emitted and reflected light our eyes cannot also adapt to the darkness beyond this enclosed space. Another perspective on this, also related to the very basics of our vision has to do with the task oriented lighting solutions. We humans have two different types of vision - central and peripheral. The central vision is approximately 2% of our field of view, it is the small spot where our gaze focus, the rest is peripheral vision. The strange thing is that modern urban lighting design have focused almost solely on task lighting and the central vision, and left the peripheral vision literally disorientated. Because, in order for the peripheral vision to help us navigate and collect spatial information, it needs variable lightning with multiple zones of light, creating differences in shade, revealing form and depth. The main contribution of this thesis, beyond defining knowledge regarding how light acts in these specific situations, is the development of a lighting design method specifically for urban green areas from a practice based design perspective (see figure 16). And that I have started the work of creating practical knowledge and answers to the question: How can the method be used in practice?