With new energy directives in place, the Swedish Social Service (SSS) stands before the challenge how to reduce the energy demand in its locales. It is a complex matter, as the locales are rented from various property owners and it becomes a question of how to reduce the operational electricity and influence the property owners to work more with energy efficiency. This thesis takes a balanced research approach in three parts. Firstly a qualitative part in form of interviews with personnel at the SSS and its property owners, secondly a quantitative part of descriptive nature in form of energy statistics and thirdly a literature review of Energy Management (EM) Supply Chain Management(SCM), Green Supply Chain Management(GSCM) and Enviromental Performance Indicators (EPI). This in order to be able to give normative recommendations of how the SSS should act to reduce its energy consumption in its locales and provide new insights on how EM, SCM, GSCM and EPI can be applied in effect. The results show that the Swedish Social Service should act in the following areas to control its energy efficiency: statistics and follow-up, locale strategy and operational electricity. To get efficient statistical material the SSS should update their registers of property owners, update guidelines for energy statistics reporting and continue with the same collection method for data (e-mail survey) to get continuity. The literature review and interviews show that a segmentation of suppliers (property owners) based on factors like area in property, good relations, area of local and energy performance indicators should be useful as to know how to distribute resources to enable energy efficiency. Finally, the study shows that various locales has high rates of idling loads and have a energy saving potential of 10-15%.

The objective with this thesis is to clarify the advantages - both economic and environmental - that companies in the Thai electronic manufacturing industry can draw from managing their supply chain and adding a green aspect to it. This through investigations of the concept known as Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The research will assist companies with scarce knowledge of green supply chain management in making decisions and priorities in that area. Semi-structured interviews were performed on sight in Bangkok, Thailand and surrounding region. These provided insight and knowledge of the situation and today-state regarding environmental awareness and GSCM implementation within the Thai Electrical and Electronics Industries. Interviews were performed with representatives and experts from different sectors – from universities, industry and supporting agencies and serve as the foundation for the research. A model has been developed out of previous research and findings that could suit the Thai industry. This model can be seen as guidelines in the work towards becoming green and aims at continuous improvement of the organizations environmental performance. In Thailand today companies do not see the benefits of themselves review their organizations environmental impact or developing in this area. Environmental awareness among the public is low and the lack of demand for green products result in few drivers for companies to become green. Also the lack of proper legislation and compliance audits are part of the problem. Missing environmental education and knowledge are extensive and improvements needed. The concept of GSCM is not wide spread but popularity is increasing steadily. Some environmental initiatives are though performed in the industry but not under the name of the concept. Customer demands, legislation and education should be the main focus areas for developing the industry. From the today state at a very basic low much is to be done. Fear of large investments, cost and the lack of knowledge are obstacles to the development. This research shows that these concerns are to be avoided. And by following the model in this thesis companies can find proper knowledge in the area of GSCM. Concluded is that with understanding of the concept and proper implementation from the right knowledge Thai companies can gain great advantages in the future - both economical and environmental.

隨著企業社會責任(CSR)議題的興起、綠色消費意識提高，以及國際環境管理系統與相關法規的日趨完善，社會大眾要求企業應擔負起社會與環境責任的呼聲漸劇；是故愈來愈多的企業開始投身綠色經營的行列。本研究從企業總體層級出發，以質化研究取向來探討全球領導品牌是如何形塑其影響動機、資源投入、利害關係人管理，及發展系統性的策略方案等綠色經營實務。 　　從本研究發現及所提出的延伸性管理意涵，企業應主動追求更積極的CSR作為，透過影響力及市場機制來回應利害關係人，始得滿足「三重盈餘」目標： 1.　創辦人或企業本身的環境經營、綠色管理等價值觀或信念將會形塑企業綠色經營動機，且應從總體層級並「內外兼顧」來推行，以一貫性地從企業願景、使命、策略方針等向下最終落實於日常營運活動中。 2.　企業綠色經營動機將影響其資源投入與利害關係人管理，透過「推動公司治理」、「維護社會公益」、「發展永續環境」及「生命週期成本管理」來創造綠色價值，架構性地支持綠色經營意識轉化為營運活動。 3.　企業綠色經營動機將影響實際推展的代表性措施、策略與計畫，透過「綠色供應鏈管理」、「綠色消費行為」、「綠色形象/品牌」及「綠色獲利模式」來實踐綠色價值，彈性因應市場需求並提高競爭者進入門檻。 4.　企業應加強綠色價值創造與綠色價值實踐兩構面間的連結性，並善盡利害關係人溝通機制，使架構性的措施得以轉化為實務作為。 5.　企業綠色價值創造與企業綠色價值實踐兩構面將會影響品牌領導地位，且若在環保、收益與成本間並無遭遇明顯的決策衝突或困難，則最終其企業綠色經營的商業可行性將反映在正向的財務績效表現中。 　　本研究歸納出影響企業執行綠色經營實務成效的各項因素及各構面間的交互關係；並提供有志發展綠色經營模式或期待更為精進者一個整體性參考架構。 / With the rise of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues, green consumer awareness, as well as the maturity of international environmental management system and relevant regulations, the community advocates companies should account for social and environmental responsibility; therefore more and more companies devote to green management. In this study, the qualitative research method is utilized from the corporate level to explore how the global leading brands to shape the influence and motivation, allocation of resources, stakeholders management, and the development of systematic strategy plans and other green management practices. 　　From the study results and proposed management implications, companies should pursue more proactive CSR actions through their influence and market mechanisms to respond to stakeholders to meet "Triple Bottom Line" objectives: 1.　The founder, values or beliefs of environment management and green management will shape the motivation of business green management from "both inside and outside" through the corporate level to implement consistently along with the corporate vision, mission, strategic direction and so on cascading to the fulfillment of daily operations. 2.　The motivation of business green management will affect allocation of resources and stakeholders management through "promoting corporate governance", "maintaining social welfare", "developing sustainable environment" and "managing life-cycle cost" to create green value and structurally support green management sense into business activities. 3.　The motivation of business green management will affect the actual promotion of representative measures, strategies and plans through "Green Supply Chain Management", "green consumer behavior", "green image / brand" and "green profit model" to fulfill green value and flexibly respond to market demand as well as to increase the entry barriers to competitors. 4.　Companies should strengthen the linkage between green value creation and green value realization and fulfill communication mechanism with stakeholders to transform the structural measures into actual practices. 5.　Both of business green value creation and business green value realization will affect the brand leadership, and if there is no decision-making conflict or significant difficulties among environment, benefits and costs, finally the commercial feasibility of business green management will be reflected on the positive financial performance. 　　The study induces the affecting factors of implementation effectiveness of green management practices and the interactions among the various aspects and also provides an overall reference structure to develop green management model or advance sophistication.

No description available.

Les enjeux environnementaux impactent de plus en plus le comportement des clients ainsi que les stratégies des entreprises. Dans ce contexte, l’optimisation de la chaine logistique en tenant compte des questions environnementales devient un enjeu critique. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à cette problématique. Une originalité de ce travail est de montrer que les décisions prises lors de la conception d’une chaine (localisation des sites, choix des processus de production, de transport,…) ont une influence sur la qualité environnementale d’un produit perçue par les clients, et influent donc sur le niveau de la demande et/ou prix de ces produits. La demande et le prix ne sont plus des variables exogènes comme pratiquement toujours considéré dans les travaux existants, mais bien des variables endogènes. Dans cette thèse nous proposons alors des modèles d’optimisation des activités logistiques en tenant compte de la qualité environnementale des produits élaborés et des préférences clients. Nous montrons grâce à des expérimentations sur un cas d’étude du secteur de textile, la pertinence de la considération de la qualité environnementale des produits dans les modèles d’optimisation des activités logistiques. / Environmental concerns are increasingly impacting customers’ behavior as well as companies’ strategies. In this context, optimizing the supply chain with environmental considerations is becoming a critical issue. In this thesis we focus on this issue. An originality of our work is to show that supply chain design decisions (facility location, choice of production processes, transportation modes, etc.) impact the environmental quality of a product and therefore affect the level of its demand and / or its selling price. Demand and price are no longer considered as exogenous variables as often done in supply chain optimization existing works, but rather as endogenous variables. In this work we propose a set of supply chain optimization models that take into account the product environmental quality and customers’ preferences towards product environmental quality. Based on a case study from the textile sector, we show the relevance of considering the products’ environmental quality in supply chain optimization models.

Empresas e fornecedores não só integram os processos produtivos e logísticos, mas também cooperam para prevenção da poluição, respondendo de forma mais próativa às questões ambientais. A literatura sobre Green Supply Chain Management demonstra que as empresas incentivam melhorias de desempenho ambiental dos fornecedores utilizando critérios ambientais no processo de seleção e de avaliação. Além disso, clientes corporativos promovem parcerias com membros da cadeia de suprimento para o desenvolvimento e implementação de novas tecnologias de prevenção da poluição, ou ainda, cooperam para a redução do uso de matériaprima, reutilização e reciclagem de materiais, e minimização de resíduos. Em geral, esses projetos estão ligados à logística reversa, ao desenvolvimento de produto e a modificações no processo produtivo. Entretanto, no Brasil são raras os casos de envolvimento de integrantes da cadeia de suprimentos em projetos de prevenção ou melhoria ambiental. Assim, é importante compreender como as ações ambientais são tratadas nas relações de integrantes da cadeia de suprimento. Portanto, esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar ações ambientais nas relações da díade cliente-fornecedor do setor metal-mecânico no Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo de caso múltiplo, descritivo, com a realização de entrevistas com os gestores da produção, da gestão ambiental, da gestão de projetos, do desenvolvimento de produto, compras e de logística. Nesta pesquisa, destacaram-se dois projetos: a implementação de um novo centro de pintura na empresa ALFA e a substituição de matéria-prima da empresa BETA. Ambos os casos demonstraram a importância da cooperação dos fornecedores para as respectivas mudanças em processo e produto das empresas, as quais envolveram a obtenção de benefícios econômicos (qualidade e custo), sociais (legitimidade, saúde e segurança) e ambientais (redução ou eliminação de materiais críticos e reaproveitamento de insumos). Contudo, esses processos cooperativos mostraram-se limitados pela complexidade e dificuldades técnicas dos projetos e pelo risco de oportunismo entre parceiros envolvidos. Ainda, a priorização de benefícios econômicos pelas organizações, a falta de conscientização socioambiental dos gestores e o desconhecimento sobre gestão sustentável da cadeia de suprimentos restringem os avanços em relação às parcerias socioambientais entre as firmas. / Firms and suppliers not only comprise the productive and logistical processes, but also cooperate in the prevention of pollution by responding pro-actively to environmental issues. The literature on Green Supply Chain Management shows that the firms encourage improvements in the suppliers environmental performance by establishing environmental criteria in their selection and evaluation processes. Moreover, corporative customers promote partnerships with members of the supply chain to further the implementation of new pollution prevention technologies, or even cooperate in working towards the reduction of the use of raw material, by reusing and recycling materials and minimizing waste. Generally, these projects are linked to reverse logistics, product development and modifications to the productive process. However, in Brazil there are few cases involving suppliers in projects that seek to pollution prevention or environmental performance improvement. Therefore, it is important to understand how environmental issues are dealt with, especially in the relationships among the members of the supply chain. This research aimed at analyzing the environmental initiatives in the customers and suppliers relationships in the metal-mechanic industry in Rio Grande do Sul. It is a descriptive multiple case study that included interviews with managers involved in the production, environmental, project, product, purchasing and logistic management. In this research two projects excelled the others: the modification of a painting process in ALFA´s Company and concerns the substitution of the raw materials in the BETA´s Company. The both cases showed the importance of suppliers cooperation in the respectives process and product changes, that involved economic (quality and cost), social (legitimacy, health and safety) and environmental (reduction or elimination of critical materials and reuse of inputs) benefits. However, these cooperative processes were limited by the technical difficulties and complexity of these projects, also by the opportunism risk among partners. Moreover, the economic benefits prioritization, a low level of socioenvironmental awareness and lack of information about supply chain sustainable management were restricted the socioenvironmental partnerships.

Empresas e fornecedores não só integram os processos produtivos e logísticos, mas também cooperam para prevenção da poluição, respondendo de forma mais próativa às questões ambientais. A literatura sobre Green Supply Chain Management demonstra que as empresas incentivam melhorias de desempenho ambiental dos fornecedores utilizando critérios ambientais no processo de seleção e de avaliação. Além disso, clientes corporativos promovem parcerias com membros da cadeia de suprimento para o desenvolvimento e implementação de novas tecnologias de prevenção da poluição, ou ainda, cooperam para a redução do uso de matériaprima, reutilização e reciclagem de materiais, e minimização de resíduos. Em geral, esses projetos estão ligados à logística reversa, ao desenvolvimento de produto e a modificações no processo produtivo. Entretanto, no Brasil são raras os casos de envolvimento de integrantes da cadeia de suprimentos em projetos de prevenção ou melhoria ambiental. Assim, é importante compreender como as ações ambientais são tratadas nas relações de integrantes da cadeia de suprimento. Portanto, esta pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar ações ambientais nas relações da díade cliente-fornecedor do setor metal-mecânico no Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo de caso múltiplo, descritivo, com a realização de entrevistas com os gestores da produção, da gestão ambiental, da gestão de projetos, do desenvolvimento de produto, compras e de logística. Nesta pesquisa, destacaram-se dois projetos: a implementação de um novo centro de pintura na empresa ALFA e a substituição de matéria-prima da empresa BETA. Ambos os casos demonstraram a importância da cooperação dos fornecedores para as respectivas mudanças em processo e produto das empresas, as quais envolveram a obtenção de benefícios econômicos (qualidade e custo), sociais (legitimidade, saúde e segurança) e ambientais (redução ou eliminação de materiais críticos e reaproveitamento de insumos). Contudo, esses processos cooperativos mostraram-se limitados pela complexidade e dificuldades técnicas dos projetos e pelo risco de oportunismo entre parceiros envolvidos. Ainda, a priorização de benefícios econômicos pelas organizações, a falta de conscientização socioambiental dos gestores e o desconhecimento sobre gestão sustentável da cadeia de suprimentos restringem os avanços em relação às parcerias socioambientais entre as firmas. / Firms and suppliers not only comprise the productive and logistical processes, but also cooperate in the prevention of pollution by responding pro-actively to environmental issues. The literature on Green Supply Chain Management shows that the firms encourage improvements in the suppliers environmental performance by establishing environmental criteria in their selection and evaluation processes. Moreover, corporative customers promote partnerships with members of the supply chain to further the implementation of new pollution prevention technologies, or even cooperate in working towards the reduction of the use of raw material, by reusing and recycling materials and minimizing waste. Generally, these projects are linked to reverse logistics, product development and modifications to the productive process. However, in Brazil there are few cases involving suppliers in projects that seek to pollution prevention or environmental performance improvement. Therefore, it is important to understand how environmental issues are dealt with, especially in the relationships among the members of the supply chain. This research aimed at analyzing the environmental initiatives in the customers and suppliers relationships in the metal-mechanic industry in Rio Grande do Sul. It is a descriptive multiple case study that included interviews with managers involved in the production, environmental, project, product, purchasing and logistic management. In this research two projects excelled the others: the modification of a painting process in ALFA´s Company and concerns the substitution of the raw materials in the BETA´s Company. The both cases showed the importance of suppliers cooperation in the respectives process and product changes, that involved economic (quality and cost), social (legitimacy, health and safety) and environmental (reduction or elimination of critical materials and reuse of inputs) benefits. However, these cooperative processes were limited by the technical difficulties and complexity of these projects, also by the opportunism risk among partners. Moreover, the economic benefits prioritization, a low level of socioenvironmental awareness and lack of information about supply chain sustainable management were restricted the socioenvironmental partnerships.

Den linjära Supply Chain modellen och fenomenet ‘Fast Fashion’ som idag karaktäriserar dagens textilmarknad är av ohållbar natur. För att utvärdera hur resurseffektiva de olika verksamheterna i försörjningskedjan är så skapade Carter och Ellram “avfallshierarkin” år 1998. Under 2008 uppdaterade Europaparlamentet och Europeiska Unionens Råd denna modell till det som idag refereras till som “avfallstrappan”. De olika stegen är utformade för att i en önskvärd ordning, minska mängden bortskaffat textilavfall. Ett steg mot en mer hållbar affärsmodell är implementeringen av en grön försörjningskedja (GSCM). De grundläggande förutsättningarna för att kunna använda avfallstrappan är att insamling och sortering av efter-konsument textilavfall (PtCTW) hanteras korrekt och effektivt. ‘ExtendedProducer Responsibility’ (EPR), innebär att företagen har ansvar för hantering av sitt PtCTW, vilket inkluderar insamlings- och sorteringsprocesser. Detta skapar en omvänd försörjningskedja, ‘reverse logistics’. Den omvända kedjan syftar till att skapa ett slutet materialflöde, vilket resulterar i noll avfall. För att kunna göra det måste nya hållbara återanvändnings- och återvinningsmetoder utvecklas. Undersökningen i denna studie syftar till att kartlägga ny teknik inom området för att få reda på huruvida användningen av dessa kan leda till minskad mängd bortskaffad PtCTW. / The linear supply chain model and the phenomena of fast fashion that today characterizes the textile industry is unsustainable. To evaluate how resource-efficient the various activities in the supply chain management are Carter and Ellram created the Waste Hierarchy in 1998. In 2008 the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union updated this model to what is today referred to as the waste-staircase (“avfallstrappan”). The different steps are designed for how to, in a desirable order, reduce the amount of textile waste disposed. A step towards a more sustainable business model is the implementation of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The basic prerequisites for using the staircase is that collecting and sorting of post-consumer textile waste (PtCTW) is handled correctly and efficiently. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) entails companies to handle their products post consumer phase, including processes such as collection and sorting. This creates a reverse supply chain, ‘reverse logistics’. This reverse supply chain aims to create a closed material flow, resulting in zero waste. In order to do so, new sustainable reuse- and recycle methods needs to be developed. The survey made in this study aims to map new technologies within the area, in order to find out whether the use of these could result in reduced amount of disposed PtCTW.

Le travail de thèse présenté dans ce mémoire porte sur des méthodes d'optimisation pour la conception conjointe des nomenclatures d'une famille de produits et de sa chaîne logistique. Dans les milieux industriels comme dans les services, le contexte commercial très concurrentiel oblige les entreprises à diversifier leurs offres pour mieux répondre aux demandes de leurs clients. La gestion de cette diversité est alors une problématique centrale : comment proposer une large variété de produits pour satisfaire les besoins des clients tout en maîtrisant les coûts de production, d'inventaire et de logistique ? Les réponses à ce problème relèvent des disciplines habituellement séparées : la conception des produits, la production et la logistique. Si une majorité des approches existantes traitent ces problématiques de façon séquentielle, l'interdisciplinarité apparaît cependant comme un élément essentiel dans la gestion de la diversité. L'objectif de cette thèse est de chercher comment améliorer les interactions entre la conception de familles de produits et l'optimisation des réseaux logistiques en proposant une étape de conception intermédiaire et en développant des outils mathématiques, avec un intérêt particulier porté aux problématiques de développement durable. / This PhD thesis addresses the problem of joint bills-of-materials and supply chain design for a product family. In industry as well as in services, the highly competitive business environment obliges companies to diversify their offers to meet the demands of their customers. Then, managing diversity is a central issue: how to offer a wide variety of products to meet customer needs while controlling costs of production, inventory and logistics? Answers to theses problems are usually in separate disciplines: product design, production and logistics. If most of existing approaches tackle these problems sequentially, interdisciplinarity, however, appears as a key aspect of diversity management. The objective of this thesis is to investigate how to improve the interaction between product families design and supply chain optimization and to develop mathematical tools, with a focus on sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate what a sustainable approach is to waste management and how to take actions in for-profit organisations when considering environmental and cost perspectives. This together with applying green supply chain management (GrSCM) to investigate these actions from multiple perspectives of a sustainable approach. A qualitative study has been performed, a study which has been using an abductive approach. This abductive approach helps to keep the study unbiased and open for an iterative process to achieve new theories. A case study has been done at Saab AB in Arboga, and a reference case study has been done at Saab AB in Malmslätt. The case studies have been built around semi-structured interviews together with observations and document gathering. The data from the case studies are then compared and analysed along with three described analytical tools to reach a discussion and several conclusions. This study have shown that waste management is important to address and utilise in several areas within a for-profit organisation. The main areas where it is important are regarding the operation, the employees, the actors, and the environment. It is found that issues like awareness and knowledge of the employees could be a key to find sustainable solutions with other actors to develop the waste management situation together with the green supply chain management. By addressing issues interconnected between environment and the operations on site, it is possible to conclude that every possible revision and change of the operations or the supply chain will mean a more significant initial cost. Costs that later on can be transformed into winnings for the organisation, either regarding money or terms of information, reputation, and attractiveness. / Syftet med den här studien är att hitta ett hållbart tillvägagångssätt gällande avfallshantering och hur vinstdrivande organisationer skall agera i frågor kopplade till miljömässiga och kostnadsmässiga perspektiv. Det tillsammans med att applicera en grön logistikkedja för att undersöka detta tillvägagångssätt utifrån flera perspektiv av ett hållbart synsätt. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts, en studie vars tillvägagångssätt har varit abduktivt. En abduktiv studie hjälper till att hålla studien opartisk och samtidigt öppen för en iterationsprocess för att hitta nya teorier. En fältstudie har gjorts på Saab AB i Arboga och en referensstudie är genomförd på Saab AB i Malmslätt. Fältstudierna har blivit byggda kring semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med observationer och dokumentinsamling. All data från fältstudierna har blivit jämförda och analyserade med hjälp av de tre analytiska verktyg som beskrivits för att nå en diskussion och flera slutsatser. Denna studie har visat att avfallshantering är viktigt att använda inom flera områden i en vinstdrivande organisation. Huvudområdena som har tagits upp som viktiga är operationer, anställda, aktörer och miljön. Problem kopplade till medvetenhet och kunskap hos de anställda kan vara en nyckel gällande att hitta hållbara lösningar tillsammans med andra aktörer för att kunna utveckla en avfallshanteringssituation tillsammans med en grön logistikkedja. Genom att ta itu med problem ihopkopplade mellan olika miljöer och operationerna på plats gör det möjligt att dra slutsatsen att varje förändring som sker innebär en högre initial kostnad men som senare kan komma att bli omvandlad till en vinst för organisationen, antingen i form av pengar eller i form av information, rykte eller attraktivitet.