The ability to design the rational structure in short terms is obvious economical demand hence the engineer must have at his disposal the methodology of optimization of such structures. Grillage structures are widely used in engineering practice, e. g. in construction of so-called grillage-type foundations (further grillages). Nowadays the good-performing optimization algorithms for topology optimization of grillages – separately investigating each beam in the grillage – are elaborated therefore the main attention of this work is devoted to the simultaneous topology and size optimization of grillages, which is obviously insufficiently explored so far. The optimal grillage should meet twofold criteria: the number of piles should be minimal, and the connecting beams should receive minimal feasible bending moments what leads to minimal consumption of concrete for beams. Obviously two separate optimization problems are considered here: determination of minimal number of piles and determination of minimal volume of beams. Whereas the carrying capacity of a single pile is known, the first optimization problem can be rendered as minimization of the maximal reactive force in piles among all set of piles. Analogously, the second problem corresponds to the minimization of the maximal bending moments in connecting beams. The bending moments depend also on stiffness of beams hence the cross-sectional dimensions of beams must be identified simultaneously. Both problems can be incorporated... [to full text] / Sijynų optimizavimo rezultatai turi didelę reikšmę ekonominiu požiūriu, nes ypatingai svarbu gebėti greitai suprojektuoti pigią ir tuo pačiu racionalią bei patvarią konstrukciją. Todėl inžineriniu požiūriu šios problemos sprendimo rezultatai turi didelę reikšmę kuriant efektyvią sijynų optimizavimo technologiją. Sijynai – sudaryti iš polių ir jungiančiųjų sijų – yra labai efektyvios ir paplitusios polinių pamatų inžinerinės konstrukcijos. Šiame darbe dėmesys bus skiriamas iki šiol dar nepakankamai išnagrinėtam sijynų topologijos ir matmenų sinchroniniam optimizavimui. Šioje disertacijoje topologijos optimizavimas suprantamas kaip optimalios polių išdėstymo po jungiančiosiomis sijomis schemos ieškojimas esant duotam polių skaičiui, o matmenų optimizavimas – kaip jungiančiųjų sijų skerspjūvio optimalių matmenų ieškojimas, laikant, kad visų sijų skerspjūvis vienodas. Darbe bus bandoma apjungti topologijos ir matmenų optimizavimą į vieną algoritmo žingsnį, tuo padidinant tikimybę gauti geresnį optimizavimo sprendinį. Ši problema yra daugiakriterio globalaus optimizavimo uždavinys. Iki šiol tokie didelės apimties uždaviniai nėra iki galo išspręsti, nes jie yra pakankamai sudėtingi: tenka optimizuoti nuo didelio projektavimo kintamųjų skaičiaus priklausančią kompromisinę tikslo funkciją. Apytikriai galima laikyti, kad sijynai, kurie turi mažiausią įmanomą polių skaičių bei kurių jungiančiosios sijos yra mažiausio skerspjūvio, yra pigiausi. Matematiniu požiūriu tokių sijynų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This work is turned to a structural element with a large number of scientific studies, waffle slab. The aim of this study was to elucidate two recommendations of the Brazilian codes that have different values of international codes. The first concerns the accidental loading to garage floor recommended by the Brazilian code, where there is not recommending the use of concentrated loads, the same being recommended by international codes. The second is related to the different recommendations between the Brazilian code and international codes regarding the calculation of the bending of the table of waffle slabs. To meet the objectives of this work, some numerical simulations of floors containing a single waffle slab, modeled as one-way waffle slab and two-way waffle slab, were made using the finite element method and grillage analysis using specific software. The focus of structural analysis turned to determining the maximum bending moments acting on the flange of waffle slabs and arrows. The answers to these simulations showed that for garage floors, it is important to consider concentrated loads (vehicles). As utilization in structural designs of concentrated loads is a process slow and complicated, were defined values of distributed loads to provide arrows and moments in the ribs equal to those generated by the concentrated loads. On the analysis of bending on the table of waffle slabs, some recommendations were found, some of these one being equal to the Brazilian code, and other to international codes and some different compared to all codes. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho está voltado para alguns pontos em aberto sobre verificações de serviço e dimensionamento das lajes nervuradas moldadas no local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e elucidar duas recomendações das normas brasileiras que apresentam valores diferentes das normas internacionais. A primeira diz respeito ao carregamento acidental para pavimentos garagem recomendado pela norma brasileira, onde não existe recomendação do uso de carregamentos concentrados, sendo o mesmo recomendado em normas internacionais. A segunda está relacionada às diferentes recomendações existentes entre a norma brasileira e as normas internacionais, no que tange ao cálculo da flexão da mesa das lajes nervuradas. Para atender aos objetivos deste trabalho, algumas simulações numéricas de pavimentos contendo uma única laje nervurada, lançadas como lajes nervuradas unidirecionais e bidirecionais, foram feitas, utilizando o método dos elementos finitos e grelha através de programas de análises específicos. O foco da análise estrutural, voltou-se para a determinação dos momentos fletores máximos atuantes nas mesas das lajes nervuradas e as flechas. As respostas dessas simulações mostraram que, para pavimentos garagem, considerando os carregamentos dos veículos atuais é necessária a consideração de carregamento acidental de cargas concentradas (veículos). Como a utilização em projetos estruturais dos carregamentos de cargas concentradas é um processo lento e complicado, foram definidos valores de carregamentos distribuídos que fornecessem flechas e momentos máximos nas nervuras iguais aos gerados, utilizando o carregamento acidental de cargas concentradas. Sobre as análises da flexão na mesa das lajes nervuradas, chegou-se a algumas recomendações, sendo parte destas em igualdade com a norma brasileira, outras com as normas internacionais e algumas diferentes em relação a todas as normas.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A utilização de lajes nervuradas nas edificações em geral vem crescendo no Brasil, pois,com o desenvolvimento da computação, a modelagem destas estruturas tornou-se mais acessível aos projetistas e as vantagens inerentes ao sistema tornaram-se visíveis. Por esta razão, vários trabalhos foram publicados nos últimos anos tendo como finalidade a análise deste tipo de laje, sempre utilizando e comparando diferentes métodos de análise, dentre os quais pode-se destacar: analogia de grelha e método dos elementos finitos. Uma das razões para isto é a utilização da analogia de grelha pelos principais programas comerciais de cálculo de concreto armado. Este trabalho faz uma análise paramétrica de um modelo de laje nervurada de concreto armado denominada REDUZCON e determina a influência de diversos parâmetros relevantes na análise elástico-linear destas lajes. O sistema de laje REDUZCON é um sistema de laje nervurada que utiliza cubas cilíndricas invertidas metálicas denominadas BRC (barrote redutor de concreto). Por meio do estudo paramétrico das lajes nervuradas de concreto armado do tipo REDUZCON são abordados fatores importantes para o modelo de analogia de grelha, como a condição do apoio (deslocável ou indeslocável) e o momento de inércia à torção. Também é estudada a influência da relação entre os vãos e do número de nervuras para uma laje cuja quantidade de nervuras é diferente nos dois sentidos. Investiga-se, ainda, a freqüência fundamental de algumas destas lajes, para comparação com os valores recomendados pela NBR-6118 (2003). Os resultados obtidos ao longo do estudo indicam claramente, que os parâmetros mais relevantes na analogia de grelha, tais como momento de inércia à torção e condição de apoio das lajes, modificam substancialmente os resultados de deslocamento e esforços do sistema estrutural. / The use of ribbed slabs in the constructions in general is growing in Brazil, because, with the development of the computation, the modelling of these structures became more accessible to the designers and the inherent advantages to the system became visible. For this reason, several works were published in the last years having as purpose the analysis of this slabs type, always using and comparing different methods, among them, grillage analogy are the most used, since it is also used in the main commercial programs of reinforced concrete. In this work a parametric analyzes of a model of ribbed slabs of reinforced concrete called REDUZCON is made and it determines the influence of several relevant parameters in the elastic-lineal analysis of these slabs. This system makes use of inverse cylinder metallic cap named BRC (reduced concrete cap). Through the parametric analysis of the ribbed slabs REDUZCON, important factors are approached for the model of grillage analogy, as the boundary conditions, torsional inertia of the system (ribs and board beams), geometry of the edge beams, and the number of transversal ribbings. It is also studied the influence of the sides ratio. Finally is also investigated the natural frequency of some of these slabs and compared with the values recommended in the design codes. The results obtained along the study indicate clearly, that the most relevant parameters in the grillage analogy, such as torsional inertia and condition of support of the slabs, they modify the displacement results and efforts of the structural system substantially.

Le blé est la seconde céréale la plus cultivée dans le monde et constitue un apport majeur de l’alimentation quotidienne. L’effort consenti à continuellement améliorer les qualités meunière et boulangère du blé tendre, s’est fait au détriment du caractère nutritionnel du grain. Ainsi la plupart des produits industriels dérivés des grains de blé sont produits à partir de farines blanches raffinées qui ne contiennent ni le germe ni les sons. Cependant, dans ces différents tissus qui sont éliminés et qui servent essentiellement à nourrir les animaux, se concentrent les principaux micronutriments tels que les vitamines, les minéraux, les fibres et des substances phytochimiques. Les différentes enquêtes épidémiologiques ont bien mis en évidence les conséquences négatives de la déplétion en micronutriments des produits céréaliers raffinés. Dans l’objectif d’une alimentation plus saine voir même préventive, la consommation d’aliments enrichis en micronutriments naturellement présents dans le grain de blé tendre semble être une démarche efficace. Dans cette optique, ce travail de thèse a permis de consolider et d’accroitre les connaissances concernant les voies d’amélioration des teneurs en vitamines des grains de blés tendres ainsi que des produits industriels qui en sont dérivés. En premier, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une méthode simple et rapide basée sur la spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide pour la détermination simultanée de sept vitamines hydrosolubles dans divers matériels végétaux. Les vitamines présentes dans les différents matériels végétaux furent séparées en moins de 15 min grâce à l’utilisation d’une colonne C18 en phase inverse, et analysées en mode ElectroSpray positif et MRM. La réponse pour toutes les vitamines a été linéaire sur l’ensemble des concentrations étudiées (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) avec des coefficients de corrélation compris entre 0.991 et 1. Les limites de quantification de la méthode analytique ont été évaluées entre 0.09 et 3.5 μg/g. Les précisions intra-journalière et inter-journalière étaient satisfaisantes. La deuxième partie de nos travaux a concerné l’impact des procédés de transformation du grain (production d’une nouvelle fraction de mouture et grillage) sur la teneur en vitamines. Afin de réaliser cette objectif, la méthode développée a été appliquée pour l’analyse simultanée des concentrations en vitamines hydrosolubles contenues dans différentes farines semi-complètes ainsi que dans les pâtons, pains et pains grillés qui en sont dérivés. En parallèle, les concentrations endogènes des vitamines E, de la Lutéine et du β-sitostérol ont également été évaluées dans le même matériel. Nous avons mis en évidence que les concentrations en acide nicotinique, pyridoxale, pyridoxine et acide pantothénique étaient significativement plus élevées dans les gros sons que dans les autres fractions de moutures, alors que les concentrations en β-sitostérol, lutéine, α-tocotriénol, α-tocophérol et thiamine (20.87 μg/g DM)étaient plus importantes dans la fraction de mouture enrichie. L’étape de grillage induit une augmentation significative en α-tocophérol (+216%), β-γ-tocophérol (+52%), α-tocotriénol (+83%), β-γ-tocotriénol (+32%), acide nicotinique (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) et en pyridoxine (+77%). L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de montrer qu’un enrichissement de farine blanche par la fraction de mouture dite enrichie pourrait potentiellement permettre d’accroître les produits qui en dérive en vitamine E. De plus le grillage pourrait libérer des composés bioactifs, augmentant ainsi leur biodisponibilité et la valeur nutritionnelle des pains. (...) / Wheat is the second largest crop cultivated around the world and constitutes a major part of the daily diet in Europe. During the course of improving the baking quality of wheat cultivar, most of the nutritional attributes have been underestimated. It is therefore unfortunate that most of wheat-based food products are mostly produced from refined white flour from which peripheral tissues (germ and envelopes) are removed. However, these tissues, which are eliminated and serve mainly for animal feeding, contain most of the vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals of the grain. It is becoming evident that many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, relate to the enhanced intake of micronutrients, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. In the context of consuming wheat derived foods with enhanced nutritional value, as part of a healthy diet, this thesis provide results which strengthen the knowledge of vitamins accumulation in common wheat and in wheat-based food products. Firstly, we have developed a simple and rapid method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous screening of seven water soluble vitamins in various wheat-based food materials. The vitamins present in the test materials were separated in less than 15 min by using a reverse-phase C18 column, and analyzed by positive ion electrospray selected reaction monitoring MS/MS. The MS response for all the vitamins was linear over the working range (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.991 and 1. Limits of quantification in the different food materials ranged from 0.09 to 3.5 μg/g. Intra-day and inter-day precision was found satisfactory. The second part of our research, have focused on monitoring the levels of vitamins upon the wheat-based foods processing operations, such as production of new wheat milling fraction (consisting in enriched fraction) and breadmaking toasted bread. In order to achieve this goal, the developed method was applied for the simultaneous analysis of the water-soluble vitamin natural content of different semi-coarse wheat flours and in their corresponding baking products. In addition the vitamin E, Lutein and β-sitosterol natural content was also measured in the same materials. It was shown that the concentration of nicotinic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid were significantly higher in the coarse bran than in the other milling fractions, while the concentration of β-sitosterol, lutein, α-tocotrienol, α-tocopherol and thiamin (20.87 μg/g DM) were the highest in the enriched fraction. The toasting step induced a significant increased of α-tocopherol (+216%), β-γ-tocopherol (+52%), α-tocotrienol (+83%), β-γ-tocotrienol (+32%), nicotinic acid (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) and of pyridoxine (+77%). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the enriched fraction could be a functional ingredient in order to enrich wheat-based products in fat soluble vitamins and that the toasting process could release bound bioactive compounds and led to enhance the nutritional quality of bread. (...)

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A utilização de lajes nervuradas nas edificações em geral vem crescendo no Brasil, pois,com o desenvolvimento da computação, a modelagem destas estruturas tornou-se mais acessível aos projetistas e as vantagens inerentes ao sistema tornaram-se visíveis. Por esta razão, vários trabalhos foram publicados nos últimos anos tendo como finalidade a análise deste tipo de laje, sempre utilizando e comparando diferentes métodos de análise, dentre os quais pode-se destacar: analogia de grelha e método dos elementos finitos. Uma das razões para isto é a utilização da analogia de grelha pelos principais programas comerciais de cálculo de concreto armado. Este trabalho faz uma análise paramétrica de um modelo de laje nervurada de concreto armado denominada REDUZCON e determina a influência de diversos parâmetros relevantes na análise elástico-linear destas lajes. O sistema de laje REDUZCON é um sistema de laje nervurada que utiliza cubas cilíndricas invertidas metálicas denominadas BRC (barrote redutor de concreto). Por meio do estudo paramétrico das lajes nervuradas de concreto armado do tipo REDUZCON são abordados fatores importantes para o modelo de analogia de grelha, como a condição do apoio (deslocável ou indeslocável) e o momento de inércia à torção. Também é estudada a influência da relação entre os vãos e do número de nervuras para uma laje cuja quantidade de nervuras é diferente nos dois sentidos. Investiga-se, ainda, a freqüência fundamental de algumas destas lajes, para comparação com os valores recomendados pela NBR-6118 (2003). Os resultados obtidos ao longo do estudo indicam claramente, que os parâmetros mais relevantes na analogia de grelha, tais como momento de inércia à torção e condição de apoio das lajes, modificam substancialmente os resultados de deslocamento e esforços do sistema estrutural. / The use of ribbed slabs in the constructions in general is growing in Brazil, because, with the development of the computation, the modelling of these structures became more accessible to the designers and the inherent advantages to the system became visible. For this reason, several works were published in the last years having as purpose the analysis of this slabs type, always using and comparing different methods, among them, grillage analogy are the most used, since it is also used in the main commercial programs of reinforced concrete. In this work a parametric analyzes of a model of ribbed slabs of reinforced concrete called REDUZCON is made and it determines the influence of several relevant parameters in the elastic-lineal analysis of these slabs. This system makes use of inverse cylinder metallic cap named BRC (reduced concrete cap). Through the parametric analysis of the ribbed slabs REDUZCON, important factors are approached for the model of grillage analogy, as the boundary conditions, torsional inertia of the system (ribs and board beams), geometry of the edge beams, and the number of transversal ribbings. It is also studied the influence of the sides ratio. Finally is also investigated the natural frequency of some of these slabs and compared with the values recommended in the design codes. The results obtained along the study indicate clearly, that the most relevant parameters in the grillage analogy, such as torsional inertia and condition of support of the slabs, they modify the displacement results and efforts of the structural system substantially.

Neste trabalho é enfocada a análise estrutural de lajes pré-moldadas formadas por vigotas treliçadas. Esta análise foi realizada mediante o modelo de grelha, considerando a não-linearidade do concreto armado utilizando-se a relação momento x curvatura e carregamento incremental. O modelo da não-linearidade do concreto armado foi avaliado com resultados experimentais de vigas bi-apoiadas e painéis de laje contínua. O trabalho inclui uma análise teórico-experimental de uma laje pré-moldada bidirecional isolada e simulações numéricas de casos representativos de arranjos estruturais das lajes treliçadas. As principais conclusões do trabalho foram: a) o modelo de grelha é bastante adequado para a análise de lajes nervuradas pré-moldadas; b) os resultados da análise teórico-experimental da laje pré-moldada indicam que os deslocamentos foram fortemente influenciados pela rigidez à torção e c) a redistribuição de momentos fletores nas lajes contínuas é relativamente pequena. / This work aims the structural analysis in precast slabs made by lattice joist. The scheme was carried out by using the grillage model considering the non-linear of the reinforced concrete through the relationship moment x curvature and incremental loads. The non-linear model of the reinforced concrete was appraised with experimental of simply supported beams and panels of continuos slabs. The work includes a theoretical-experimental analysis of a isolated bidirectional precast slabs and numeric simulations of representative cases of structural arrangements of the slabs witch lattice joist. The main conclusions of the work were: a) the grillage model is quite appropriate for precast ribbed slabs; b) the results of theoretical-experimental analysis of the precast slabs point out the relevance the torsional in the deflections and c) the bending moments redistribution in the continuous slabs are quite small.

This thesis describes a design of a travel agency headquarters building. It is a four storey building without a basement made of longitudinal cast-in-place concrete frame system. The building is roofed with non-walkable flat roof and two terraces. Two flats are located in the facility in addition to offices, a café, a shop, a tour saleroom, a small storage, a departure waiting room and other facilities providing quality operation of a travel agency. The land on which the building is located is designed as a car park and parking areas for smooth departure of the travel agency clients.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to elaborate the project documentation of an office building in Brno with nearly zero energy consumption. This building consists of 2 parts. First part is a two-storey building with a basement. In the basement are storages and mechanical rooms. On the first floor is a cafe and sanitary facilities. On the second floor is an open-space, two meeting rooms and a manager's office. Second part of the building are garages that has one above ground floor and one underground floor. The structural system of the building is RC frame, and it stands on grillage foundation. The office part is roofed with warm flat roof and external walls are insulated with insulating panels made of mineral wool. The garage part is roofed with green roof. This master’s thesis consists of 3 parts. First one processes the application for a building permit. Second part deals with technical equipment of the building namely design of boiler, ventilation and photovoltaic panels. Third part deals with life cycle assessment of different composition of floors. It compares these floors and evaluates them. And in the end the floor which has the best results is implemented back into the project.

The thesis deals with new building of the basement multifunctional building with flat roof in town Klatovy. The building has four aboveground and one underground floor. The whole building offers barrier free access. The entrance to the residental part of the building and the stores are on the east side. The entrance to the wine is situated on the west. There are collective garages on the first basement floor. On the first abovegroung floor are selling space, a wine and technical facilities of the building. On the second floor one flat for disabled people and five flats. Six flats are situated od third floor and four flats on fourth floor. The combined construction is made from support system Porotherm and reinforced concrete. The building is based on grillage base from reinforced concrete. The structure of ceiling is made from reinforced concrete. Two elevators and two reinforced concrete monollithic staircases can be found in the building. The roof over the whole building is single-layer with aggravating gravel. The parking is situated in the undergroung part and on the plot belonging to the building and is designed for physiccally disabled people.

How can principles found in textile behaviour be translated into architectural expression? With water as a program in context of a new bath in Vanadislunden, Stockholm, this project studies how a rigid material can be percieved as soft and flexible.