Os principais impactos ambientais decorrentes de desmontes de rochas com explosivos estão associados à geração de vibrações no maciço circundante e pressão acústica. Para o monitoramento sismográfico apropriado, é fundamental que o sensor esteja bem acoplado ao meio, possibilitando a medição acurada da vibração do terreno. Devido à existência de diversas recomendações a respeito da montagem dos sensores de vibração (geofones) em campo, este estudo tem o intuito de avaliar os métodos de acoplamento de geofone mais comuns, determinando quais são aceitáveis para um adequado monitoramento sismográfico. Dessa forma, foi estudada a influência de quatro métodos de fixação nos parâmetros de vibração. Para este propósito, o primeiro geofone foi colocado sob um saco de areia, o segundo foi enterrado no solo, o terceiro foi cravado no solo e o quarto foi livremente colocado sobre o solo. Estes geofones foram dispostos lado a lado e as vibrações de desmontes com explosivos de uma mina de carvão a céu aberto foram monitoradas. As vibrações foram analisadas em termos de velocidade de vibração de partícula de pico, históricos temporais e frequência associada à vibração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram o desacoplamento do geofone sob saco de areia, descartando o método. O enterramento do geofone se mostrou preferível, entretanto, o uso de cravos registrou bom acoplamento. A colocação do geofone sobre o solo se mostrou aceitável de acordo com o nível de aceleração de vibração, decorrente do desmonte. / The main environmental impacts from rock blasting are ground vibrations and air overpressure. For proper blast vibration monitoring, it is critical that the sensor be coupled to the medium, enabling accurate measurement of ground vibration. Due to the existence of several recommendations regarding the mounting of vibration sensors (geophones) in the field, this study intends to evaluate the most common geophone coupling methods, determining which are acceptable for adequate vibration monitoring. The influence of four mounting methods on vibration parameters was studied. For this purpose, the first geophone was sandbagged, the second one was buried in soil, the third one was spiked and the fourth one was placed freely on the ground. These geophones were mounted side by side and ground vibrations at an opencast coal mine were monitored. The vibrations were analyzed in terms of peak particle velocity, time histories and frequency spectra. The results indicated the decoupling of the sandbagged geophone, discarding the method. The burial of the geophone proved to be preferable, however, the use of spikes recorded good coupling. The free placement of geophone proved to be acceptable according to the expected acceleration level.

With the development and expansion of traffic systems, problems associated with ground vibrations have required increased attention. Increasing vehicle loads,traffic volumes, and aging roads and railways,vibrations induced by traffic are gradually becoming acrucialproblem.Traffic induced vibrations have much smaller amplitude than those considered in seismic design, but may nevertheless cause annoyance for humans, damage to building, disturb sensitive equipment such as measurements devices, automated manufacturing in factories, etc. It is the purposeto study the effects of the in-filled trench (cell foamis usedas in-filled material in the test)as a wave barrieron the ground vibrationunder excitation of amechanicalvibrator(with an electric motor) in small scale laboratory tests. Laboratory methods are utilized for investigating the influence of cell foam on vibrations in sand by conducting vertical vibration tests with different thickness of cell foam.It is concluded that cell foam used as a wave barriermaterialis significantly working forhighfrequency rangeand for low frequency range the effect is not so effective and obvious.

Ground vibrations due to pile driving are part of a complex process. Vibration is generated from the pile driver to the pile. As the pile interacts with the surrounding soil, vibrations are transferred at the pile-soil interface. The vibration propagates through the ground and interacts with structures, both above ground and underground. The vibration continues into the structure where it may disturb occupants and/or damage the structure. In this thesis the study of the vibration transfer process due to pile driving is limited to the vibration source and the wave propagation in the soil. Vibration transmission to adjacent buildings and structures is not studied. However, impact of vibrations on buildings is briefly discussed in the literature study. It is important to accurately predict the magnitude of ground vibrations that result from pile driving in urban areas, both over- and underestimated vibration levels lead to increased costs. A lot of research has been performed within this field of knowledge, but a reliable and acknowledged prediction model for vibrations induced by pile or sheet pile driving is still needed. The objective of the research project is to increase the knowledge and understanding in the field of ground vibrations due to impact and vibratory driving of piles and sheet piles. This research project also aims to develop a reliable prediction model that can be used by practising engineers to estimate vibration due to pile driving. This licentiate thesis presents the first part of the research project and aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of the subject and to form a basis for continued research work. The most important findings and conclusions from this study are: The main factors influencing vibrations due to pile and sheet pile driving are; (1) the vibrations transferred from the pile to the soil, (2) the geotechnical conditions at the site and (3) the distance from the source. The vibrations transmitted from the pile to the soil depend on the vibrations transferred to the pile from the hammer, the pile-soil interaction and the wave propagation and attenuation in the plastic/elasto-plastic zone closest to the pile. There is today no prediction model that fulfils the criteria of the “perfect” prediction model; reliable but yet easy to apply. Future research should study the transfer of vibrations at the pile-soil interface, including the generation of a plastic/elasto-plastic zone in the area closest to the pile and how that affects the transfer of vibrations from the pile to the soil. / Markvibrationer på grund av pålning är del av en komplex process. Vibrationer genereras från pålmaskinen till pålen. När pålen kommer i kontakt med den omgivande jorden överförs vibrationer mellan påle och jord. Vibrationerna fortplantar sig som vågor genom marken och träffar byggnader och andra konstruktioner, både ovan och under jord. Vibrationerna fortsätter in i byggnaden där de kan orsaka störningar eller skador. I denna avhandling begränsas studien av vibrationsöverföringsprocessen till vibrationskällan och vågutbredningen i jord. Vibrationsöverföringen till intilliggande byggnader eller konstruktioner har inte studerats. Påverkan av vibrationer på byggnader diskuteras dock kort i litteraturstudien. Det är viktigt att på ett tillförlitligt sätt kunna förutsäga markvibrationerna på grund av pålning i stadsmiljö, både över- och underskattade vibrationsnivåer leder till ökade kostnader. Forskning har tidigare utförts inom detta område, men en tillförlitlig och allmänt accepterad prognosmodell för vibrationer på grund av pålning eller spontning saknas fortfarande. Syftet med forskningsprojektet är att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för markvibrationer som uppkommer vid installation genom slagning eller vibrering av pålar och spont. Forskningsprojektet syftar också till att utveckla en tillförlitlig prognosmodell som kan användas av yrkesverksamma ingenjörer för att uppskatta vibrationsnivåer orsakade av pålning. Denna licentiatavhandling presenterar den första delen av forskningsprojektet och syftar till att öka kunskapen och förståelsen inom ämnesområdet samt att skapa en plattform för det fortsatta forskningsarbetet. De viktigaste resultaten och slutsatserna från denna studie är: De huvudsakliga faktorer som påverkar vibrationer orsakade av pålning är; (1) de vibrationer som överförs från källan till jorden, (2) de geotekniska förhållandena på platsen och (3) avståndet från vibrationskällan (pålen). Vibrationerna som överförs från pålen till jorden beror på de vibrationer som överförs från pålmaskinen till pålen, påle-jord interaktionen samt vågutbredning och dämpning i den plastiska/elasto-plastiska zonen som bildas närmast pålen. Det finns idag ingen prognosmodell som uppfyller kriterierna för den ”perfekta” prognosmodellen; tillförlitlig men ändå lätt att tillämpa. Framtida forskning bör undersöka överföringen av vibrationer mellan påle och jord, innefattande uppkomsten av en plastisk/elasto-plastisk zon närmast pålen och hur det påverkar vibrationsöverföringen från påle till jord. / <p>QC 20130314</p>

Ground vibrations from blasting are acoustic waves that propagate through the earth. They are also termed seismic waves because their propagation characteristics are similar to the ground motions produced by earthquakes. Amplitude of ground vibration induced by blasting may vary significantly at or around an open pit mine depending on parameters such as the maximum amount of explosive detonating at a time interval and the physical distance between the shot and the location of concern, whereas the frequency of vibration mainly vary depending on the geology and blast delay intervals. Therefore evaluation and assessment of ground vibration condition at or around an open pit mine is necessary. The objective of the proposed research study is to monitor and record the ground vibration and to investigate and assess the vibration conditions at neighbouring districts that are induced by production blasting operations at Usak KiSladag Gold Mine. In this research study, several parameters such as the ground vibration velocity, the amount of charge per delay, the physical distance to the location of monitoring device or residential structures are recorded, analyzed and evaluated together with the frequencies of the seismic waves. The determined ground vibration velocities are compared with the allowable limits given in Turkish Regulation and US Federal Regulation. Thus, the compliance of the ground vibrations with the above mentioned regulations are discussed and assessed. Furthermore, the parameters which affect the ground vibration are discussed and determined. In this study, the monitored and the recorded ground vibrations are evaluated from structural damage potential and human disturbance points of views. It is determined that the ground vibration levels recorded during this study and analyzed from the past records comply with Turkish and US Federal regulations. It is concluded that no damage has been occurred in structures at surrounding settlements and the occupants were not disturbed by the direct effect of vibrations in the past and at present. The analysis proved that the blasting operations to be conducted in the future will not create any damage and disturbance provided that the charge detonated per delay is kept less than 155 kg&amp / #8217 / s.

Y&ouml / rg&uuml / &ccedil / village is within the close neighbourhood of the Western Lignite Corporation Y-3 panel. Although the nearest part of the mine is 1100 m and the farthest part is 2500 m from the village at present, some of the villagers complained about the ground vibration at the past. Therefore the assessment of damage risk and, if any, control and minimization of vibrations constitutes the aim and the scope of this research work. The researh work consists of monitoring of vibration, characterising of the seismic waves by full wave form analysis, and determination of magnitude and frequency of the waves from round blasting practice. Also dominant frequencies are determined, using single-hole blasting records by special software. The analyses are continued by a critical discussion and evaluation, and, proposals for new firing methods are made. The proposed firing methods are validated by further monitoring. As a result the best blasting practice was selected and offered to control and minimize the ground vibration.

Submitted by Adelmo Fernandes de Oliveira Junior null (ligley@gmail.com) on 2017-01-27T18:02:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Adelmo - 26-01-2017.pdf: 2029608 bytes, checksum: 09e6922ea4afa079b64bac18ef6882ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-31T16:02:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_af_me_guara.pdf: 2029608 bytes, checksum: 09e6922ea4afa079b64bac18ef6882ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T16:02:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_af_me_guara.pdf: 2029608 bytes, checksum: 09e6922ea4afa079b64bac18ef6882ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02 / A análise modal experimental é uma das técnicas mais importantes na caracterização dinâmica de estruturas. No setor aeroespacial a analise modal experimental é conhecida como Ground Vibration Test (GVT). Na Força Aérea Brasileira, o órgão responsável para executar o GVT é o Laboratório de Ensaios de Vibração (LEVI) da Divisão de Integração e Ensaio (AIE) do Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE). Esta pesquisa foi realizada neste laboratório que possui as facilidades para a execução de GVT. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aprimorar a metodologia de ensaio de análise modal aplicada a um modelo de aeronave em alumínio do tipo GARTEUR SM-AG-19. O estudo desenvolvido possibilita que em ensaios futuros os resultados sejam replicados, no intuito de avaliar a integridade do sistema de medição, levando em consideração aspectos da influência do torque na junta aparafusada entre a asa e a fuselagem. Para validar a metodologia os resultados obtidos neste estudo foram comparados com os resultados de dois estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil. A contribuição principal desta pesquisa é relacionada ao estudo do efeito da variação do torque na junta aparafusada entre a asa e a fuselagem sobre os parâmetros modais da estrutura. / The experimental modal analysis is one of the most important techniques in the dynamic characterization of structures. In the aerospace industry, the experimental modal analysis is known as Ground Vibration Test (GVT). In the Brazilian Air Force, the institution responsible for executing the GVT is the Laboratory of Vibration Testing (LEVI) of the Integration and Testing Division (AIE) of the Institute of Aeronautics and Space (IAE). This research was carried out on this laboratory that has the facilities to perform the GVT. The main objective of this study was to improve the modal analysis test methodology applied to an aluminium aircraft model named GARTEUR SM-AG-19. This study allows the results to be replicated in future tests in order to evaluate the integrity of the measurement system, taking into account aspects of the influence of the torque on the bolted joint between wing and fuselage. In order to validate the methodology the results obtained in this study were compared to the results of two studies developed in Brazil. The main contribution of this research is the study of the torque variation effect on the bolted joint between wing and fuselage on the modal parameters of the structure.

In many construction works in urban areas vibratory driving is the most widely used technique toinstall sheet piles. But due to vibration-sensitive equipment and structures the amount of inducedground vibration need to be minimized. Hence, it is important to select appropriate vibratorparameters that will minimize the level of induced ground vibration.The main objective of this thesis is to study the effect of the vibratory parameter eccentricmoment (vibrator displacement amplitude) on the induced ground vibration during sheet piledriving. To achieve the objective, a literature review and a full-scale field test has beenconducted. The literature review was conducted to provide guidance for the evaluation of thefield test results.The field study was performed in Uppsala in June 2018, where a series of six sheet pile drivingtests were conducted, the first three sheet piles were driven with lower vibrator displacementamplitude and the next three with higher vibrator displacement amplitude, but the same drivingfrequency was used for all six sheet piles. Five tri-axial accelerometers were used to measure thevibration amplitude on vibrator, sheet pile and ground.Important findings of the field study confirmed that, driving sheet piles with higher eccentricmoment will induce lower ground vibration and higher sheet pile penetration speed incomparison to driving with lower eccentric moment. Limitations and possible future researchworks are pointed out. / I många byggnadsarbeten i tätorter är vibrerade drivning den mest använda tekniken för attinstallera sponter. Men på grund av vibrationskänslig utrustning och konstruktioner måstemängden inducerad markvibration minimeras. Därför är det viktigt att välja lämpligavibratorparametrar som minimerar graden av inducerad markvibration.Huvudsyftet med detta examensarbete är att studera effekten av vibrationsparameternsexcentriskamoment (vibratorförskjutningsamplituden) på den inducerade markvibrationen underspontdrivning. För att uppnå målet har en litteraturöversikt och en fullskalig fältundersökning utförts. Litteraturstudien genomfördes för att ge underlag för utvärderingen av fältundersökningenresultanten.Fältstudien utfördes i Uppsala i juni 2018, där en serie av sex spontdrivnings test utfördes, deförsta tre sponten kördes med lägre vibrator-förskjutningsamplitud och de närmaste tre medhögre vibrator-förskjutningsamplitud, men samma körfrekvens användes för alla sex sponter.Fem treaxiala accelerometrar användes för att mäta vibrationsamplituden på vibratorn, spontenoch jorden.Slutsatserna från fältstudien bekräftade att körsponter med högre excentriskt moment kommer attinducera lägre vibrationer och högre penetrationshastighet för sponten i jämförelse med körningmed lägre excentriskt moment. Begränsningar och möjliga framtida forskningsarbeten påpekas.

Trafikinducerade vibrationer: En studie om busskuddars påverkan på vibrationsnivåer i mark och byggnader. Erika Johansson Kling I Uppsala används busskuddar som en form av medveten ojämnhet i vägbanan för att sänka hastigheten och öka trafiksäkerheten på olycksdrabbade vägsträckor. Boende i bostäder belägna nära busskuddar har dock rapporterat att de ibland kan uppleva vibrationer kopplade till då tunga fordon passerar busskuddar som störande. Denna studie syftade till att kvantifiera vibrationsnivåer i mark och byggnader nära busskuddar samt utreda centrala faktorer som kan påverka vibrationsnivån och vibrationsutbredningen. Genom vibrationsmätningar i fält på fyra platser i Uppsala samlades data in och analyserades utifrån angivna frågeställningar. Resultatet bekräftade det som litteraturstudien belyste, att det är svårt att på ett generellt sätt beskriva vibrationsutbredningen och att den tydligt är platsspecifik. Vid samtliga undersöka platser kunde dock konstateras att vibrationsnivån i marken tenderar att vara en faktor mellan 2,5–32 högre då ett tungt fordon passerar en busskudde, jämfört med då det passerar en opåverkad referenspunkt längs med samma väg. Generellt avtog dessutom vibrationsnivån i marken med ökat avstånd från källan. Vilken vibrationsled som dominerade varierade dock både mellan platserna och för olika avstånd från källan. Vid en av de fyra mätplatserna förstärktes vibrationsnivån i byggnaden, jämfört med i marken utanför. Vid samma mätplats överskreds dessutom känseltröskeln inomhus, och en skyddsvibrationsnivå på 0,5 mm/s kan behöva tillämpas vid busskudden för att förhindra detta. Mätningarna visade att både vibrationer med låga och höga frekvenser kan uppstå i marken nära busskudden då tunga fordon passerar. Dock var det enbart vibrationer med låga frekvenser som spreds vidare i marken vid ett ökat avstånd från källan. Studien visade dessutom att det kan krävas ett skyddsavstånd mellan busskudde och byggnad på cirka 100 meter för att känseltröskeln inte ska riskera att överskridas inomhus. Trots att ett sådant avstånd är platsspecifikt, belyser det vilka krav det skulle kunna ställa på samhällsbyggnaden i ett växande Uppsala. Det faktum att busskuddar kan förhöja vibrationsnivån i marken vid passage av tunga fordon ter sig något märkligt, då busskuddarna ska vara utformade på ett sätt som tillåter tunga fordon att passera relativt obehindrat. Fler studier kring busskuddarnas utformning och/eller grundläggning är därför av stor relevans. Det är vidare relevant att exempelvis utreda hur fordonens hastighet över busskuddar påverkar vibrationsnivån i marken, då litteraturstudien belyser att det främst är då tunga fordon passerar ojämnheter med hög hastighet som betydande vibrationer kan uppstå. Busskuddar anses vara en av de mest effektiva hastighetssänkande åtgärderna, men studien visar att det kan ske på bekostnad av ökade vibrationsnivåer. En grundläggande helhetsbedömning bör därför göras av busskuddarnas lämplighet vid kommande stadsplanering. Nyckelord: markvibration, vibrationsmätning, busskudde, trafik, samhällsbyggnad. Institutionen för geovetenskaper, Uppsala Universitet, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala. ISSN 1401–5765. / Traffic induced vibrations: A study on the effect of speed control cushions on vibration levels in surrounding land and buildings. Erika Johansson Kling In Uppsala, speed control cushions are used as a form of conscious unevenness in the road surface to reduce speed and increase road safety on accident-affected road sections. However, housing in residences located near speed control cushions have reported that they can sometimes experience vibrations linked to when heavy vehicles pass speed control cushions as disturbing. This study aimed to quantify vibration levels in land and buildings near speed control cushions and to investigate key factors that can affect the vibration level and vibration propagation. Through vibration measurements at four places in Uppsala, data was collected and analyzed based on the stated research questions. The result confirmed what the literature study highlighted, that it is difficult to describe the propagation of vibrations in a general way and that it is clearly site-specific. However, it was found at all the measurement sites that the vibration level in the ground tends to be a factor between 2.5 and 32 higher when a heavy vehicle passes a speed control cushion, compared to when it passes an unaffected reference point along the same road. Generally, the vibration level in the ground also decreased with increased distance from the source. However, the level of vibration that dominated varied between the locations and for different distances from the source. At one measurement site, the vibration level in the building was amplified compared to in the ground outside. At the same measurement site, the sensing threshold was also exceeded indoors, and a protection vibration level of 0.5 mm/s may have to be applied nearby the speed control cushions to prevent this from happening. The measurements showed that both vibrations with low and high frequencies can occur in the ground near the speed control cushions when heavy vehicles pass. However, it was only vibrations with low frequencies that propagated further in the ground at an increased distance from the source. The study also showed that a safety distance between speed control cushions and buildings of approximately 100 meters may be required in order for the sensitivity threshold not to be exceeded indoors. Although such a distance is sitespecific, it highlights what requirements it could put on the urban planning in a growing Uppsala. The fact that speed control cushions can increase the level of vibration in the ground when heavy vehicles pass seems somewhat strange, since the speed control cushions are supposed to be designed in a way that allows heavy vehicles to pass relatively unobstructed. Additional studies on the design and/or foundation of the speed control cushions are therefore of great relevance. It is furthermore relevant to investigate, for example, how the speed of the vehicles when passing over speed control cushions affects the vibration level in the ground, since the literature study highlights that it is primarily when heavy vehicles pass an unevenness in the road surface at high speed that significant vibrations can occur. Speed control cushions are considered to be one of the most effective speed reducing measures, but the study shows that they may lead to increased vibration levels. An overall 3 evaluation should therefore be made regarding the suitability of speed control cushions in future urban planning. Keywords: ground vibration, vibration measurement, speed control cushion, traffic, urban planning. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala. ISSN 1401–5765.