Ph. D.

The study was undertaken as a replication of an earlier work of G.A. Hillery. It was his contention that within an organization, perceived deprivation of freedom increased conflict. He also found that a communal organization tends to maximize freedom, whereas a formal organization does not. The object of this study was to use the same procedures and methodology in an attempt to see if the author’s results were compatible with Hillery’s findings. Under the heading of formal organization, a total institution was chosen whereas under the heading of communal organization, an intentional community was chosen. The unit of analysis was each whole system. Two different methodological tools were used: participant-observation and a structured questionnaire. In the final analysis, it was concluded that freedom can be maximized in a communal organization for all its members, whereas in a formal organization, freedom can be maximized for a certain segment of its members who are superordinates rather than subordinates. It was also found that an essential criterion for maximizing freedom in an organization is whether or not the members are there under their own volition. With a particular social setting, therefore, perceived deprivation of freedom increases conflict. However, the relationship was found to be non-reversible, that is, members were violent that it is the attitude or position of those entering an organization that is essential toward a feeling of perceived deprivation of freedom. / Master of Science

Approximately 70 square miles of Roanoke, Botetourt, and Bedford counties and northern Roanoke were mapped in detail in an attempt to reconstruct the structural evolution of this critical area situated at the arcuate junction of the Southern and Central Appalachians. The area includes approximately 15,000 feet of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks which range in age from Early Cambrian to Early Mississippian. Most strata are allochthonous and comprise four imbricated thrust blocks delimited from northwest to southeast by the Pulaski, Salem, Max Meadows, and Blue. Ridge faults. Indigenous rocks comprise the Read-Coyner Mountain and Bonsack anticlinal fensters and a probable fenster in Roanoke. The Read-Coyner Mountain fenster effectively separates the Catawba syncline and related Pulaski block structures to the northwest from the Salem block to the southeast, whereas the Bonsack fenster intervenes between the Salem and Max Meadows blocks. The eastern part of the area contains salients of the Blue Ridge, Max Meadows, and Salem blocks and a cross-structure delineated by northwesterly trending allochthonous and indigenous structural elements. Reconstruction of pre-thrusting basin geometry from structural and stratigraphic evidence reveals the following arrangement of structural elements from southeast to northwest: (1) Blue Ridge anticlinorium, (2) ancestral Catawba syncline and related portions of the Pulaski block, (3) Read Mountain anticlinorium, now partially exposed in fensters, and (4) Blacksburg synclinorium. Stratigraphic evidence indicates that each of these structures evolved, at least in part, contemporaneously with deposition. Thrusting was probably initiated in Mississippian time with inception of the proto-Pulaski fault in the basement beneath the Blue Ridge anticlinorium. Subsequent thrusting apparently originated from within the proto-Pulaski and Pulaski blocks in a progressive sequence from northwest to southeast. The proto-Pulaski fault propagated from the basement to near the base of the Rome beneath the rooted Catawba syncline and then was deflected surfaceward along the southeastern flank of the Read Mountain anticlinorium. After initial movement by plunger-like stresses, the incompetent, structurally low Rome became detached from the sole of this thrust block and was left behind, while overlying beds continued to advance along the newly defined Pulaski fault. The Pulaski block was then forcibly shoved over the Read Mountain anticlinorium and into the Blacksburg synclinorium until it encountered the structural front to the northwest. Continued application of tangential stress through the impounded Blue Ridge anticlinorium and yoked Catawba syncline induced Salem thrusting within the Pulaski block over the southeastern flank of the Read Mountain anticline. The Max Meadows fault probably originated by resurrection of the original Rome-soled proto-Pulaski block over the Bonsack anticline. The final stages of thrusting probably involved movement of both the Max Meadows block and the dismembered anticlinal Blue Ridge block. After thrusting, both allochthonous and indigenous blocks were folded and locally faulted, and nearly 10,000 feet of structural relief was imparted on the Pulaski thrust and overlying Catawba syncline. The Tinker Mountain-Coyner Mountain cross-structure probably originated contemporaneously with deposition but developed largely after thrusting by vice-like lateral compression and contemporaneous downwarp generated in the structural, possibly primary embayment of the Roanoke area. / Ph. D.

Following the methodology of dialectology, this study was designed to investigate certain linguistic features of careful speech in a limited number of relatively homogeneous counties, each represented by an informant belonging to a certain age and social class, i.e., a 1975 high school graduate entering the job world immediately after graduation. The research procedure consisted of five major steps: (1) the analysis of language textbooks on the current state-adopted list, (2) a survey of teacher attitudes toward items of usage garnered from the textbook analysis, (3) interviews with five selected informants, (4) coding of the transcripts of the interviews in relation to the items on the postal survey and (5) analysis of the findings. The pretext of the interview with the five informants was the relevance of high school education to career preparation. The interview was conducted in a setting simulating a formal job interview so that the informant would employ careful or controlled usage suitable to the interview situation. The tapes of the interviews were transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed and coded in relation to items of usage garnered from the textbook analysis. A detailed description of the linguistic characteristics of each of the five informants served as the basis for a general description of the predominant linguistic characteristics of the careful speech of the five informants. In this study, the predominant nonstandard usages of careful speech were the introductory word-singular-verb-plural subject pattern as in "There is too many facts"; nonstandard variants of common irregular verbs such as "I seen"; and the use of the pleonastic subject such as "My father he died." The findings appeared to indicate that the informants classified as U, upward, in social mobility exercised strong conscious control of their linguistic behavior and that the speech of the upwardly mobile informants was more stilted and confined than that of the other informants. The researcher concluded that many linguistic features that serve as social markers are, in varying degrees, part of the linguistic behavior of speakers on all social levels; however, the difference appears to be quantitative rather than qualitative. / Ed. D.

Traditionally business education teachers have placed great emphasis on skill development. / Master of Science

Teachers are constantly confronted with the problem of how to present the subject matter of a course so that it can be easily and clearly understood by students. / Master of Science

This thesis was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service's Information Project in reaching an urban audience, as could be determined by analyzing results from a planned informational program involving chemical pesticide information. Data for the analyses were extracted from a primary study, "The Effect of a Planned Communications Program on Change of Attitude and Knowledge of the Urban Dweller Toward Chemicals and Pesticides," Budget Bureau No. 40-6673, financed by a grant from the Federal Extension Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The sample considered was comprised of 597 residents of Richmond, Virginia who were interviewed following conduct of the planned informational program, which used television, radio, newspapers, and a publication. Knowledge and attitude scores of people exposed to the program were tested against 12 variables for significant differences. Statistical methods included frequency distribution, percentage, and t test for significance. Analyses indicated that 140 individuals in the sample (23.45%)had been contacted by mass media. Television had the most contacts; 85 people (14.24%) saw information contained in the planned program. Radio contacted 11 people (1.84%); the newspaper contacted five people (.84%); the publication contacted 16 individuals (2.68%). Of the 48 score comparisons, five showed a significant difference at the 5% level of probability. These were explained as occurring in a chance, non-related pattern. The conclusion was that the planned communications program was ineffective in increasing knowledge and promoting favorable attitudes toward chemical pesticides in the urban audience for which it was designed. / Master of Science

Master of Science