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The frontier systems considered in the following work are defined as deliberately arranged preclusive cordons of forts and minor installations, generally supplemented in the second century by continuous barriers. It is argued that such systems only existed in the provinces of Britain, Upper Germany, Raetia and Dacia. Dacia is not treated in detail. The first chapter considers the date of origin and stages of development of the Upper German and Raetian land frontier before the Hadrianic period. Chapter 2 reviews the evidence for the daXe and existence of linear frontiers in Britain before Hadrian. A comparative study in Chapter 3 suggests the function and the historical significance of these earl .y linear systems. Chapter 4 discusses aspects of the Continental linear frontiers of the second century and presents a sector by sector description of the setting and distribution of their installations. This is complemented in Chapter 5 by a discussion of the Hadrianic and Antonine Walls in Britain. In particular the evidence for two periods of occupation in Antonine Scotland is examined in detail. It is concluded that the Antonine Wall was held for a single period. on the basis of the conclusions of Chapters 4 and 5, in Chapter 6 the second century frontiers are classified into types geared to varying intensities of frontier infiltration. Functions are suggested for individual frontier installations. The significance of the second century frontier walls is discussed, centring upon the question, broached in recent works on the subject, of whether these systems possessed any defensive or political rationale or were merely random by-products of aggressive Roman imperialism, military blunders and apathy. In Chapter 7 frontiers elsewhere in the empire are briefly examined to establish that (excepting Dacia), none displays a truly linear frontier system of the type characteristic of the provinces of northwest Europe.

Based on the author's Thesis (Doctoral), University of Durham (England), 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-222) and index.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94).

Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Title from t.p. of PDF file (viewed June 30, 2010). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94).

My work deals with current konwledge of Celts in Iron Age and Roman Britain (approximately from the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD), includes infromation about chronology and periodization, Celtic society, settlement, burial practices, economic life, art and religion. The attention is devoted to today's views on Britain's share in the process of ethnogenesis of Celts and the ethnic structure of the population in pre-Roman period and the influence of the migration from the continent. The thasis further focuses primarily on the period of Roman occupation between 43 - 410 AD and the influence of Roman occupation on other aspects of Celtic society and effort to capture the development of the agricultural settlement outside the central site and explore the influences of Roman civilization in this environment. Work should, inter alia, aim to complete assessment of the extent of the continuation, modification or extinction of indigenous cultural forms.

This thesis is a reassessment of the concept of the ‘fort community’ and analysis of the people who dwelled within it, utilising archaeological evidence from the northern frontier of Roman Britain. Traditional approaches which have focused on military functions or on military-civilian dichotomies cannot provide a full account of discrepant identities (Mattingly 2011). A holistic approach which acknowledges and incorporates non-military activities can provide an important alternative perspective into how the inhabitants of Roman fort communities related to one another. The thesis utilises Lewis Coser’s concept of the ‘greedy institution’ (1974) to resituate the imbalance of power affecting identity within the Roman military. The discussion is framed within nested layers of identity and community. In the first chapter, a historical overview of Roman military scholarship is presented that contextualises the current archaeological climate and illustrates key issues of bias. Three core forms of identity are analysed in the second chapter in the context of the Roman auxilia; socio-cultural, gender, and ethnicity. This discussion positions the auxiliaries as a group both empowered and subjugated, consisting of ‘martial races’ exploited within a military role. In the third chapter, the textual evidence for identity on the northern frontier is analysed, using epigraphy and the Vindolanda tablets. Within these the discrepant identities of members of the fort communities are identified. In the fourth chapter, I analyse the architectural underpinnings of military identity through an examination of the development and ideology of the ‘standard plan’ fort. In the fifth chapter, I analyse the material evidence for the habitus of fort community life, focusing on three activity contexts; military display, craft and industry, and bodily consumption. The thesis concludes by assessing the strengths of the ‘greedy institution’ approach and outlining its significance with regards to future research.

The theme of this master's thesis is the phenomenon of wall in international relations, the aim of the following text is to analyze the selected border walls and their impact on international relations. The first chapter deals with theoretical concepts which are necessary for the analysis such as border and border wall. The second chapter analyzes historical border walls which are considered relevant - Great Wall of China, Hadrian´s Wall, Czechoslovak border fortifications and Berlin Wall. The third part focuses on current border walls as US-Mexican wall, Ceuta and Melilla border walls and Israeli West-Bank barrier. Finally, the aim of the epilogue is to outline the problem of "wall in the head".