<i>Festuca hallii</i> [(Vasey) Piper] (plains rough fescue) is a dominant native grass species in the Fescue Prairie region of North America that has undergone dramatic range reduction in the past century. This research is undertaken to address the related issues associated with the effectiveness of sampling in capturing genetic diversity, the influence of habitat fragmentation on genetic variation, the geographic variation of seed germination characteristics, and the comparative genetic variation of differential germination. It was found that the tiller samples revealed slightly larger among-population variation than the seed samples. The fescue plant was genetically diverse, as revealed by the proportion of polymorphic bands, the mean band frequency, and the within-population variation. The genetic variation was not highly differentiated with only 6.5% of the total AFLP variation residing among populations. Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances and a spatial autocorrelation up to 60 km among populations was detected. Base temperatures (<i>T_b</i>, minimal or base temperature permitting germination) of the 15 populations fell into a narrow range within 2.2°C with an average of 1.1°C. High final germination percentage was reached at a wide temperature range from 5 to 20°C with the highest germination percentage at 10°C. Germination rate index increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C. <i>T_b</i> was positively correlated with latitude and negatively with longitude and the thermal time requirement for 50% germination was negatively correlated with latitude. The AFLP variation and germination responses were significantly associated with environmental attributes related to moisture, indicating local adaptation. However, the AFLP variation and germination was not significantly associated with the estimated population size and geographic distance to the nearest neighbor, suggesting that fragmentation has not generated considerable genetic and germination impact on the fescue populations. Marked differences in estimates of mean band frequency were observed for various groups of germinating seeds under different test temperatures. Comparisons of AFLP variation among 27 groups of seeds representing population, germination timing and test temperature indicates seed genotypes respond slightly differently to environmental variation, resulting in significant but small impact of germination timing and temperature on the genetic diversity of populations. These findings are significant not only for understanding and predicting the ecological adaptation of the species, but also for formulating effective restoration strategies for remnant populations.

<i>Festuca hallii</i> [(Vasey) Piper] (plains rough fescue) is a dominant native grass species in the Fescue Prairie region of North America that has undergone dramatic range reduction in the past century. This research is undertaken to address the related issues associated with the effectiveness of sampling in capturing genetic diversity, the influence of habitat fragmentation on genetic variation, the geographic variation of seed germination characteristics, and the comparative genetic variation of differential germination. It was found that the tiller samples revealed slightly larger among-population variation than the seed samples. The fescue plant was genetically diverse, as revealed by the proportion of polymorphic bands, the mean band frequency, and the within-population variation. The genetic variation was not highly differentiated with only 6.5% of the total AFLP variation residing among populations. Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances and a spatial autocorrelation up to 60 km among populations was detected. Base temperatures (<i>T_b</i>, minimal or base temperature permitting germination) of the 15 populations fell into a narrow range within 2.2°C with an average of 1.1°C. High final germination percentage was reached at a wide temperature range from 5 to 20°C with the highest germination percentage at 10°C. Germination rate index increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C. <i>T_b</i> was positively correlated with latitude and negatively with longitude and the thermal time requirement for 50% germination was negatively correlated with latitude. The AFLP variation and germination responses were significantly associated with environmental attributes related to moisture, indicating local adaptation. However, the AFLP variation and germination was not significantly associated with the estimated population size and geographic distance to the nearest neighbor, suggesting that fragmentation has not generated considerable genetic and germination impact on the fescue populations. Marked differences in estimates of mean band frequency were observed for various groups of germinating seeds under different test temperatures. Comparisons of AFLP variation among 27 groups of seeds representing population, germination timing and test temperature indicates seed genotypes respond slightly differently to environmental variation, resulting in significant but small impact of germination timing and temperature on the genetic diversity of populations. These findings are significant not only for understanding and predicting the ecological adaptation of the species, but also for formulating effective restoration strategies for remnant populations.

Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Drosanthemum micans and Drosanthemum hallii are endangered succulent shrubs of horticultural and medicinal value. They are restricted to the Succulent Karroo, which is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. The species risk extinction from illegal over-harvesting for water-wise gardens, erosion by occasional flush floods from ephemeral rivers, competition from alien invasive species, overgrazing and clearing of land for agriculture and human settlement. Although seeds and cuttings may be used in propagating these species, they often require seasonal collection and planting and cuttings struggle to establish, hence the need for in-vitro propagation as an alternative solution. Thus, the main objective of the study was to develop a method for rapid in-vitro shoot and root multiplication and acclimatization of D. micans and D. hallii. To initiate shoot formation, disinfected leaf and stem nodal explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (1962) media supplemented with different rates (0, 10, 20 or 30μM) of 2-isopentyladenine, 6-Benzyladenine and kinetin for D. hallii or 2-isopentyladenine, 6-Benzyladenine and Thiadiazuron for D. micans. Shoots from explants were rooted in varying rates (0, 10, 20 or 30μM) of IAA for root initiation. Three media, which were used in previous studies, were tested for acclimatization of rooted explants in i) vermiculite, ii) sand (50%): vermiculite (50%) or iii) sand (75%): perlite (25%). For quantitative evaluation of plant stress, chlorophyll fluorescence index (Fv/Fm) was measured as a proxy for plant stressf stress. It emerged that stem nodal explants of D. hallii tend to produce multiple shoots whilst leaf explants tended to produce callus when cultured in full-strength Murashige and Skoog (1962). Shoot multiplication was optimal in both D. hallii and D. micans at 10 μM of kinetin. Root formation in both D. hallii and D. micans only occurred when shoots were transferred to a full-strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) media without any phytohormones added. The intensity of tissue browning increased at higher levels of cytokinins, suggesting an interaction of plant growth regulators with exudates from explants. Different acclimatization media tested showed no significant differences in the level of stress (Fv/Fm). It is recommended that Murashige and Skoog (1962) media with10 μM kinetin be used for shoot development and multiplication, followed by transfer of the shoots to fresh full-strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) media without hormones for root development. Acclimatization of the rooted explants was possible in one of the following media: i) vermiculite, ii) sand (50%): vermiculite (50%) or iii) sand (75%): perlite (25%) and in a misted greenhouse (ca. 60% RH), with gradual weekly reductions in humidity by 10% over 2 weeks.

Burning and grazing are key processes in the natural disturbance regime of the Fescue Prairie. Burning, grazing and their interacting effects on plant species diversity (H¡¯), species richness, and heterogeneity in species composition were studied at two spatial scales for two years in a remnant Fescue Prairie near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Cattle distribution in relation to plant communities was also studied. At the plot scale (100 m2), burning increased H¡¯ (P<0.01) (x=1.75) compared to unburned treatments (x=1.54) (S.E.¡À0.058). Burning, grazing, and burning + grazing had no significant effect (P>0.10) on species richness; richness varied between years (P=0.04), averaging 14.2 species m-2 in year one versus 15.8 species m-2 in year two (S.E.¡À 0.65). Spatial heterogeneity (P>0.25; x=46%; S.E.¡À3.0) and temporal heterogeneity in species composition (P>0.21; x=42%; S.E.¡À3.8) were not affected by burning, grazing, or their interaction. Burning + grazing increased tiller densities in <i>Elymus lanceolatus</i> (68%) and those of <i>Festuca hallii</i> (11%) (P<0.001) compared to the control. Burning decreased total aboveground net primary production (ANPP) (P<0.001) (x=305 g m-2) compared to unburned treatments (x=500 g m-2; S.E.¡À30.8). Grazing and burning + grazing had no effect on total ANPP or graminoid ANPP (P¡Ý0.36). At the scale of Kernen Prairie (130 ha), H¡¯ increased between 1996 (P<0.05) (x=1.10) and 2005 (x=1.40; S.E.¡À0.094). Species richness increased from 5.2 species 0.25 m-2 in 1996, to 6.8 species 0.25 m-2 in 2005 (S.E.¡À0.505). Heterogeneity in plant species composition tended to increase after prescribed burning was started in 1986 and after grazing began in 2006. Cattle preferred <i>Bromus inermis-</i> and <i>Poa pratensis-</i>dominated plant communities, areas with intermediate amounts of total aboveground standing crop of plants, and areas in which shrub densities exceeded 16 stems 0.25 m-2. In the short term, burning and environmental conditions had greater effects on species diversity, richness, and heterogeneity in species composition than grazing or the interaction of burning and grazing. Different responses may be expected with different combinations of timing, frequency, and intensity of burning and grazing at different sites under ever changing environmental conditions.

Burning and grazing are key processes in the natural disturbance regime of the Fescue Prairie. Burning, grazing and their interacting effects on plant species diversity (H¡¯), species richness, and heterogeneity in species composition were studied at two spatial scales for two years in a remnant Fescue Prairie near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Cattle distribution in relation to plant communities was also studied. At the plot scale (100 m2), burning increased H¡¯ (P<0.01) (x=1.75) compared to unburned treatments (x=1.54) (S.E.¡À0.058). Burning, grazing, and burning + grazing had no significant effect (P>0.10) on species richness; richness varied between years (P=0.04), averaging 14.2 species m-2 in year one versus 15.8 species m-2 in year two (S.E.¡À 0.65). Spatial heterogeneity (P>0.25; x=46%; S.E.¡À3.0) and temporal heterogeneity in species composition (P>0.21; x=42%; S.E.¡À3.8) were not affected by burning, grazing, or their interaction. Burning + grazing increased tiller densities in <i>Elymus lanceolatus</i> (68%) and those of <i>Festuca hallii</i> (11%) (P<0.001) compared to the control. Burning decreased total aboveground net primary production (ANPP) (P<0.001) (x=305 g m-2) compared to unburned treatments (x=500 g m-2; S.E.¡À30.8). Grazing and burning + grazing had no effect on total ANPP or graminoid ANPP (P¡Ý0.36). At the scale of Kernen Prairie (130 ha), H¡¯ increased between 1996 (P<0.05) (x=1.10) and 2005 (x=1.40; S.E.¡À0.094). Species richness increased from 5.2 species 0.25 m-2 in 1996, to 6.8 species 0.25 m-2 in 2005 (S.E.¡À0.505). Heterogeneity in plant species composition tended to increase after prescribed burning was started in 1986 and after grazing began in 2006. Cattle preferred <i>Bromus inermis-</i> and <i>Poa pratensis-</i>dominated plant communities, areas with intermediate amounts of total aboveground standing crop of plants, and areas in which shrub densities exceeded 16 stems 0.25 m-2. In the short term, burning and environmental conditions had greater effects on species diversity, richness, and heterogeneity in species composition than grazing or the interaction of burning and grazing. Different responses may be expected with different combinations of timing, frequency, and intensity of burning and grazing at different sites under ever changing environmental conditions.

No description available.

Conserving structural and compositional diversity in Fescue Prairie requires reintroducing natural disturbances according to their historic regime. Fire is an important natural process that may be a source of spatial heterogeneity in Fescue Prairies. The effects of burning in all months of the year except January and February were evaluated in a Fescue Prairie in central Saskatchewan for 6 years following burning on 2 sites that had not been previously burned and 2 sites that had been burned 5 years earlier. Except for burning in March, burning reduced cover of litter (P<0.01) and <i>Festuca hallii </i> (Vasey) Piper (P=0.01) while increasing bare soil (P<0.01) for 1 to 5 years. Cover of <i>Elymus lanceolatus </i>(Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould (P<0.01), graminoids (P=0.02), and species evenness (P=0.01) increased with burning frequency. Burning in late-summer reduced cover of graminoids (P=0.03), plants other than the dominant grasses (P=0.03), and total plant cover (P=0.02). Burning increased the spatial variance (s2) in litter cover (P<0.01) and bare soil (P<0.01) for 1 to 3 years. Aside from burning in early spring, burning reduced s2 in total standing crop (P=0.02) and <i>F. hallii</i> (P=0.01). Variability in the cover of <i>E. lanceolatus </i>(P<0.01) and graminoids (P=0.04) increased with burning frequency. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that pre-burn history had a dominant effect on plant community composition, explaining 13% of the variation (P<0.01). The cumulative effects of repeated burning, annual variability in weather, and exposure to temperature extremes may have caused a shift in the composition of the plant community. The first 4 ordination axes explained 22% of the variation in plant community composition after burning, indicating that many other environmental or site variables controlled community composition. A range of burning dates and frequencies should be reintroduced or maintained in Fescue Prairie to create a mosaic of plant communities in various stages of recovery after burning. A mosaic will increase the structural and compositional diversity in remnant Fescue Prairies.

Conserving structural and compositional diversity in Fescue Prairie requires reintroducing natural disturbances according to their historic regime. Fire is an important natural process that may be a source of spatial heterogeneity in Fescue Prairies. The effects of burning in all months of the year except January and February were evaluated in a Fescue Prairie in central Saskatchewan for 6 years following burning on 2 sites that had not been previously burned and 2 sites that had been burned 5 years earlier. Except for burning in March, burning reduced cover of litter (P<0.01) and <i>Festuca hallii </i> (Vasey) Piper (P=0.01) while increasing bare soil (P<0.01) for 1 to 5 years. Cover of <i>Elymus lanceolatus </i>(Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould (P<0.01), graminoids (P=0.02), and species evenness (P=0.01) increased with burning frequency. Burning in late-summer reduced cover of graminoids (P=0.03), plants other than the dominant grasses (P=0.03), and total plant cover (P=0.02). Burning increased the spatial variance (s2) in litter cover (P<0.01) and bare soil (P<0.01) for 1 to 3 years. Aside from burning in early spring, burning reduced s2 in total standing crop (P=0.02) and <i>F. hallii</i> (P=0.01). Variability in the cover of <i>E. lanceolatus </i>(P<0.01) and graminoids (P=0.04) increased with burning frequency. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that pre-burn history had a dominant effect on plant community composition, explaining 13% of the variation (P<0.01). The cumulative effects of repeated burning, annual variability in weather, and exposure to temperature extremes may have caused a shift in the composition of the plant community. The first 4 ordination axes explained 22% of the variation in plant community composition after burning, indicating that many other environmental or site variables controlled community composition. A range of burning dates and frequencies should be reintroduced or maintained in Fescue Prairie to create a mosaic of plant communities in various stages of recovery after burning. A mosaic will increase the structural and compositional diversity in remnant Fescue Prairies.