The pulmonary lesions accompanying shock were noted by early investigators (1) (2) (3 ) (4). Their attention was focused mainly on the anatomical description of the histopathology; namely, congestive atelectasis, pulmonary edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage and hemorrhagic pneumonitis (1) (2) (3) (4). [...]

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Kemcyklisk förbränning (CLC) involverar en icke komplex separation av den bildade koldioxiden (CO2) efter förbränningen eftersom syret (O2) överförs till bränslet via en syrebärare som cirkulerar mellan luft- och bränslereaktorn. Eftersom O2 separeras effektivt från kvävgasen (N2) i luftreaktorn, erhålls en produkt gas som till majoriteten består av CO2 och vatten (H2O). Detta resulterar således i mindre komplexa och energi-krävande rökgasreningssystem. Vid förbränning av biomassa inom kemcyklisk förbränning kan negativa CO2 utsläpp erhållas om den producerade CO2 gasen infångas och slutförvaras exempelvis i geologiska formationer. Den infångade CO2 gasen måste för att uppfylla stringenta reningskrav för att undvika diverse konsekvenser relaterade till transportkedjan och slutförvaringen. Förutom CO2 och H2O, kommer den genererade rökgasen från CLC innehålla mindre mängder av biprodukter som kväveoxider (NOx), svaveloxider (SOx) och övriga kontaminanter som behöver att reduceras ned till ppm nivåer för att möta reningskravet på CO2 gasen. På grund av en ofullständig förbränning i CLC erfordras en efterförbränningskammare med en extern tillsats av O2 för att uppnå en fullständig förbränning. Det kan därför förväntas att överskotts-O2 kommer att finnas i den utgående gasen efter post oxidationskammaren, som också behöver att renas ned till ppm koncentrationer. De föreslagna rökgasreningssystemen efter CLC involverar de mest konventionella rökgasreningssystem använda inom industrin idag. Till dessa tillhör bland annat elektrofilter (ESP), våt rökgasavsvavling (WFGD), selektiv katalytisk reduktion (SCR) och selektiv icke-katalytisk reduktion (SNCR) för kväveoxireducering. Två kylnings och CO2 förvätskningstekniker diskuteras i detta arbete: den förkylda Linde Hampson systemet och det kryogena destillationssystemet. Ett rökgasreningssystem har föreslagits för varje förvätskningsteknik. Bland de två föreslagna reningssystemen, enbart scenario 2 uppfyllde Northern Lights kravspecifikationen på CO2, med en reningsgrad på 99.998%. Denna studie anses vara unik då ingen litteratur rörande rökgasrening inom kemcyklisk förbränning var publicerad under skrivtiden av denna masteravhandling. / Chemical looping combustion (CLC) involves an inherent separation of carbon dioxide (CO2), since oxygen (O2) is transferred to the fuel via an oxygen carrier, circulating between the air and fuel reactor. With O2 being removed from nitrogen (N2) in the air reactor, a separate stream containing mostly CO2 and water (H2O) is produced in the fuel reactor, eliminating the need of expensive and energy-demanding gas separation technologies. The use of biomass as fuel in CLC may result in negative CO2 emissions if CO2 is captured and stored. The CO2 product gas must comply to certain purity levels depending on ways of CO2 transportation and where it will be stored. Besides H2O and CO2, the generated flue gas stream in CLC will also contain trace amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and other contaminants, thus requiring a deep removal to ppm levels to comply with the stringent CO2 purity criteria for storage in saline aquifers in this work. Due to an incomplete combustion of fuel gases in CLC, an oxy-polishing step is required for a full conversion to gas products CO2 and H2O. Therefore, pure O2 is required for the oxy-polishing step. Some residual O2 will also be expected in the flue gas stream and needs to be reduced to ppm levels. The downstream treatment in CLC involves the best available gas processing technologies practiced commercially today, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). Two CO2 processing systems are discussed in this work; the precooled Linde Hampson unit and the Distillation Separation unit. For each CO2 processing unit (CPU), a flue gas treatment is proposed. Amongst the two proposed scenarios, scenario 2, could with highest certainty, produce a liquid CO2 stream with a purity of 99.998%, complying to the CO2 criteria set by the Northern Lights Project in Norway. At the time of writing this thesis, no other literature has been published assessing flue gas treatment and CPU alternatives in in bio-CLC.

The overall purpose of this thesis is to illuminate and critically evaluate Christian theology of atonement and redemption, in order to contribute to contemporary theology of atonement and redemption. The purpose is reached through an analysis of the work of two contemporary feminist theologians; Daphne Hampson and Rita Nakashima Brock. Hampson has formulated a sharp post-Christian position. Brock has distinguished herself through her critique of the Christian concept of atonement and through her contributions to reconciliation and redemption. Both Daphne Hampson and Rita Nakashima Brock argue that Christian atonement-theology, primarily the so called objective model, is hurtful to children and victims of abuse and violence. They both argue that theological language is not innocent. At the same time, they illustrate broken relationships, sufferings, and problems they want to change, give theological interpretations of how that change is to take place and present methodologies on how to reach reconciliation between human beings and God as well as between human beings. In two steps I undertake a critical analysis of content and presuppositions in Daphne Hampson’s and Rita Nakashima Brock’s theologies of atonement and redemption. In the first step, I describe Hampson’s and Brock’s critique of Christian atonement-theology. I analyze their theological critique and theological construction in a model "from-transition-to". My critical analysis focuses especially on internal consistency. In the second part, the analysis of presuppositions, I explain basic principles upon which they shape their theology. The analysis is made up by the analytical concepts; theoretical arguments of knowledge, understandings of faith, and the position of the subject. I also analyze other essential concepts out of which gender is one. In the last chapter I present my own constructive contribution, structured by content and presuppositions. I argue that theology is both a critical and constructive discipline. In the content-response I discuss images of God, the tragic, the cross, and the hope. In the presuppositions-response I discuss the concept "space-in-between". In conclusion I propose that theology of atonement/redemption is shaped between post and Christian. I argue that space-in-between-perspectives are necessarily experimental and critical, a space on the border where marginalized voices are to be included.