Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Sexual victimization is a serious public health issue in the United States, particularly on its college campuses. Several attempts have been made to identify groups at high risks for exhibiting sexually aggressive behaviors. In the same vein, this study examines the relationship between athletic participation and sexual aggression with a focus on wrestlers. The author hypothesized that wrestling participation and athletic participation would be positively correlated with sexual aggression. However, it was also hypothesized that this relationship would be mediated by masculinity (gender role conflict) and masculinity related variables (sexual entitlement and competitiveness). A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc tests found no significant difference between Wrestlers and Non-Athletes on levels of sexual aggression at the Q = .05 level. Similarly, no significant differences were found between Other Athletes and Non-Athletes at the same alpha level. However, a near significant difference (Q = .058) was found between Multisport Athletes and Other Athletes. A regression analysis was also conducted, which found sexual entitlement, wrestling participation, and drinking intensity as significant predictors of sexual aggression. However, a partial correlation analysis found no mediating effects between wrestling participation and sexual aggression when sexual entitlement and drinking intensity were held constant. Recommendations for rape prevention programs were made based on these findings. / 2031-01-01

Orientadora: Rita Melissa Lepre / Banca: Leonardo Lemos de Souza / Banca: Antonio Francisco Marques / Resumo: A violência, fenômeno multifacetado e socialmente recorrente, há muito invadiu os muros das escolas. Diversos são os relatos sobre manifestações de violência na escola que vão desde a violência simbólica, verbal até a física. Sendo assim, este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer e analisar o que pensam professores do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de duas escolas públicas da cidade de Maringá (PR), localizadas em diferentes bairros e com diferentes históricos de violência, sobre a violência escolar e o desenvolvimento da moralidade humana e suas possíveis relações. A proposta de desenvolver este trabalho, baseado nos aportes da teoria do desenvolvimento moral, teve como alicerce a metodologia de cunho qualitativo hermenêutico. Na pesquisa qualitativa, a palavra hermenêutica refere-se à ciência da interpretação qualitativa do que é dito. Diferentemente das propostas quantitativas, nesse tipo de pesquisa o que mais interessa ao investigador é a análise aprofundada do fenômeno pesquisado. Como instrumento para a coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada. Este estudo traz uma breve discussão acerca da violência na escola, indisciplina, bullying, além de discutir as relações entre família e a escola. Aborda, também, a teoria moral de Piaget (1932/1994), resgatando, em especial, conceitos do seu livro O Juízo moral na criança e a teoria de Kohlberg (1992). Em torno da psicologia da moralidade humana, são discutidas brevemente algumas concepções acerca da moral e ética na atualidade, com destaque para as contribuições de La Taille (2006). São ainda retomados alguns conceitos da filosofia, como Kant (1785/2005) em Fundamentos da Metafísica dos Costumes. São estabelecidas, em especial, as possíveis relações entre a Psicologia da Moralidade e a violência na escola, que é o foco deste estudo. Enfim, o presente estudo permitiu concluir que as teorias do... / Abstract: Violence, multifaceted and socially recurring phenomenon, long raided the school walls. There are several reports of outbreaks of violence in school ranging from the symbolic, verbal to physical violence. Thus, this study aims to understand and analyze what teachers think of the 6th year of elementary school, two public schools in the city of Maringá (PR), located in different neighborhoods with different histories and violence on school violence and the development of human morality and their possible relationships. The proposal to develop this work according to the contributions of the theory of moral development has as its foundation the methodology of hermeneutic qualitative nature. In qualitative research the word hermeneutics refers to the science of qualitative interpretation of what is said. Unlike quantitative proposals, this type of research that most interests the investigator is in-depth analysis of the studied phenomenon. As a tool for data collection used the semi-structured interview. In the first chapter, we conducted a brief discussion about violence in school discipline, bullying, and discuss the relationship between family and school. The next chapter presents the moral theory of Piaget (1932/1994), mainly rescuing concepts from his book "moral judgment in children" and the theory Kohlberg (1992). Around the psychology of human morality, we also discuss what is moral and ethical to La Taille (2006), briefly cite some conceptions of morality and ethics today and resumed some concepts of philosophy, as Kant (1785/2005) in "Metaphysics of customs". In the third chapter, we present the possible relationships between psychology and morality of violence in school, which is the focus of this study. In the fourth chapter we describe the methodology and chapter five we present our results and analysis. Finally, we weave our final considerations. We conclude that theories of moral... / Mestre

Higher rates of sexual harassment in the military have been well documented in the existing literature. However, not much is known about how the deployment of women effects the odds of sexual harassment of females. This study used three public use datasets collected by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) in 2006, 2010, and 2012 from active duty soldiers in the Air Force, Army, Marines, and Navy to evaluate the effect of deployment on five different types of sexual harassment. Organizational factors such as sex-ratio, paygrade, masculinity, and organizational climate were also evaluated in relation to sexual harassment. Lastly, the interaction effects of organizational factors and deployment were evaluated in regards to sexual harassment. Females who had been deployed were more likely to experience all types of sexual harassment compared to non-deployed females. All organizational climate variables also had significant effects on odds of sexual harassment. The interactive effects of deployment and organizational factors on sexual harassment were less clear, with the only reliable interaction being paygrade with deployment. Future research should further evaluate the relationship between deployment and sexual harassment, especially for women serving in combat zones. The organizational factors that can mitigate sexual harassment in deployment situations need further investigation so that female soldiers can become more integrated into traditionally masculine combat roles without a corresponding increase in sexual harassment.

Workplace sexual harassment costs the government and companies millions of dollars a year. Women who experience sexual harassment in the workplace suffer from negative mental and physical health problems, lower career attainment, decreased productivity, and a higher rate of job turnover. Sexual harassment is both costly and unjust, however the exact cost to women who experience sexual harassment is unknown. This thesis will measure the impact of workplace sexual harassment on wages in different industries. Using data on claims filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, I calculate and analyze the impact of sexual harassment on wages, age, sex, and industry. I find that industries with high rates of women reporting sexual harassment have lower wages.

<p>The aim of this study is to describe what teachers and principals experience in schools regarding threats, violence and harassment towards teachers. A phenomenographical inspired approach has been used to describe and analyse the conceptions of five teachers and five principals. The findings of the study indicate that there is no impending risk for teachers to suffer from violence, threats or harassment. However, it does occasionally happen, and the findings of the study indicate that there are some factors that increase the risk. The major three factors are: fear, personality and inexperience. The conceptions also indicate that media can have a negative effect concerning violence in schools.</p><p> In order to prevent violence in schools, the findings of the study suggest three preventive measures: active relationship building, increased information, as well as increased authority for teachers. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of support where teachers have been violated. This support is required from principals and supporting authorities, and it is important that school violence is reported to the police to discourage the threat of future violent conduct in schools. The findings of our study indicate that the school of education needs to be reorganised, and new methods developed, in order to prepare teachers for their coming profession.</p>

<p>Earlier research has shown the difficulty of defining insulting behaviour in the workplace. It has been noted that the individual and subjective definition is connected to the specific situation in which the potentially insulting incidence occurred. In this study we designed a quantitative questionnaire in order to hopefully elucidate the comprehension of insulting behaviour and furthermore enable a more in-depth investigation on how important the contextual meaning is. This study examined 140 (n=140) working adult’s attitudes towards insulting behaviour in the workplace and the importance of the contextual variables. The results showed that improper contiguity (80,7 %), sexual insinuations (84,2 %) and being ignored (88,6 %) are what the respondents find most insulting. The results also show that the context in which the potentially insulting incidence occurred was not the sole determining factor when the respondents evaluated the incidence.</p>

Earlier research has shown the difficulty of defining insulting behaviour in the workplace. It has been noted that the individual and subjective definition is connected to the specific situation in which the potentially insulting incidence occurred. In this study we designed a quantitative questionnaire in order to hopefully elucidate the comprehension of insulting behaviour and furthermore enable a more in-depth investigation on how important the contextual meaning is. This study examined 140 (n=140) working adult’s attitudes towards insulting behaviour in the workplace and the importance of the contextual variables. The results showed that improper contiguity (80,7 %), sexual insinuations (84,2 %) and being ignored (88,6 %) are what the respondents find most insulting. The results also show that the context in which the potentially insulting incidence occurred was not the sole determining factor when the respondents evaluated the incidence.

The aim of this study is to describe what teachers and principals experience in schools regarding threats, violence and harassment towards teachers. A phenomenographical inspired approach has been used to describe and analyse the conceptions of five teachers and five principals. The findings of the study indicate that there is no impending risk for teachers to suffer from violence, threats or harassment. However, it does occasionally happen, and the findings of the study indicate that there are some factors that increase the risk. The major three factors are: fear, personality and inexperience. The conceptions also indicate that media can have a negative effect concerning violence in schools. In order to prevent violence in schools, the findings of the study suggest three preventive measures: active relationship building, increased information, as well as increased authority for teachers. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of support where teachers have been violated. This support is required from principals and supporting authorities, and it is important that school violence is reported to the police to discourage the threat of future violent conduct in schools. The findings of our study indicate that the school of education needs to be reorganised, and new methods developed, in order to prepare teachers for their coming profession.

Based on research involving an overview of 44 policies at Canadian universities and 21 interviews with anti-harassment practitioners across the country, this thesis explores the challenges faced by anti-harassment practitioners working with legally defined institutional harassment discrimination policies. Anti-harassment work at Canadian universities is complex because practitioners must negotiate institutional demands set out in policy as well as politicized demands from members of marginalized groups both inside and outside the institution. Interviews with practitioners reveal that their daily work in reactive investigation and mediation of complaints as well as their proactive work in educating campus communities may support the less powerful parties to complaints, rather than focusing only on limiting the institution’s legal liability. Therefore, although anti-harassment practitioners occupy a boundary role as defined by Fraser (1989), their work is not entirely “depoliticizing”. Practitioners’ identities, sense of marginalization, and commitment to activist politics contribute to their position as tempered radicals as defined by Meyerson and Scully (1995), helping to explain their commitment to both institutional prerogatives and to empowering marginalized members of the institution. The advent of neoliberalism has set the stage for the shift of discourses and practices away from those which value equity to those that underscore traditional divisions of power and challenge the demands of so-called “special interest groups’. This shift is underscored by concerns about “political correctness” that arise within institutional communities and the broader social context. Perhaps the most obvious of the changes relates to the shift from a focus on equity and human rights to what is termed the “respectful workplace model”. The inclusion of personal harassment issues in human rights policies shifts the focus of the policies to issues that are not tied to historical oppressions and can potentially deflect attention from the human rights component of these policies. The challenge is to move beyond a legalistic perspective regarding policy development and to consider changes in the broader social context that influence policy change and the work of anti-harassment practitioners.

This thesis will look at the international political economy of violence against women. The drastic increase of the case women murder (femicide) in Mexico since 1993 has attracted worldwide attention. It will focus on the influence of international economic institutions (e.g. IMF, World Bank, TNCs) toward the increasing cases of violence against women in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. This thesis will use case-study research strategy. Ciudad Juarez will be chosen as the case study because it is one of the largest border city in the Mexico and it can represent border cities in Mexico. The analysis will rely on the Galtung’s definition of violence against women and gender perspective of economic globalization. Violence against women will be consisted of wage exploitation, sexual harassment, pregnancy testing, poor safety standard, and domestic violence. The method for answering the research question is text analysis using secondary data sources. This thesis concludes that international economic institutions have significant roles in the gender-based violence in Ciudad Juárez.