Foi estudado o efeito da variação do teor de cromo, em 3%, 6% e 9% em massa, na microestrutura, dureza e oxidação de um ferro fundido branco multicomponente. O Thermo-Calc versão 5 foi a ferramenta utilizada para cálculos termodinâmicos que resultaram na previsão das fases formadas para cada liga. Experimentalmente, foram realizados os seguintes estudos: i) caracterização microestrutural das ligas fundidas com os diferentes teores de cromo na condição bruta de fundição; ii) ensaio de dureza na matriz duplamente revenida em cinco diferentes temperaturas entre 400 °C e 600 °C; e iii) ensaio de termogravimetria em atmosfera controlada de 71,2 % N2 + 17,8 % O2 + 11% H2O, com temperatura constante em 650 °C e por um tempo de 240 minutos. O resultado da caracterização microestrutural permitiu identificar que, com o aumento do teor de cromo, houve aumento da fração volumétrica de carbonetos eutéticos e redução do espaçamento dendrítico secundário. Com as medidas de dureza da matriz após tratamento térmico verificou-se que, independentemente do teor de cromo, o pico de máxima dureza ocorre na temperatura de duplo revenimento de 550°C e, nessa temperatura, a amostra com 9% de cromo exibiu o maior valor de dureza. O ganho de massa das amostras submetidas ao ensaio de termogravimetria foi inversamente proporcional ao aumento de teor de cromo e todas as ligas apresentaram cinética de oxidação parabólica. A caracterização da seção transversal das amostras oxidadas, realizada por meio de um FIB, permitiu identificar, na amostra com 9% de cromo, uma nano camada de óxido de cromo, estrutura decisiva para a menor taxa de oxidação. Os resultados desse estudo permitem concluir que a variação do teor de cromo afeta de maneira significativa a resistência à oxidação, a dureza da matriz e a fração volumétrica de carbonetos eutéticos. / The effect of chromium variation, 3%, 6% and 9% Cr in mass in the microstructure, hardness and oxidation of a Multicomponent White Cast Iron was studied. The Thermo-Calc software version 5 was the tool used for thermodynamic calculations to predict the phases formed for each alloy. Experimentally, the following studies were carried out: i) microstructure characterization of the as cast alloys with the different chromium contents, ii) hardness test in the double tempered matrix at five different temperature between 400°C and 600° and iii) themogravimetric test with steam atmosphere composed of 71,2 % N2 + 17,8 % O2 + 11% H2O at constant temperature of 650° for 240 minutes. The result of the microstructure characterization allowed to observe that with increasing chromium content, there was an increase in the volume fraction of eutectic carbides and a reduction of the secondary dendritic spacing. Independently of the chromium content, a maximum hardness was observed always for double tempered at 550°C and the alloy with 9% of chromium exhibited the highest hardness average value. The final weight gain was inversely proportional to the increase in chromium content and all alloys showed parabolic oxidation kinetics. The alloy with 9% Cr showed the lowest final mass gain and the surface characterization of the sample after oxidation was carried out and the cross section of the sample was performed by FIB and was observed the formation of a nano-oxide layer on the alloy surface with 9% Cr. The results of this study leads to the conclusion that the chromium content variation significantly affects the oxidation resistance, the final hardness of the matrix and the volume fraction of eutectic carbides.

Orientador: Regina Maria Puppin Rontani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:48:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davidoff_DeniseCesardeOliveira_D.pdf: 3958488 bytes, checksum: 9a1e41592f3bdc48fc01bc4174934e72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os objetivos nesta tese, composta por 2 capítulos foram: (1) avaliar a influencia da proteção de superfície na dureza, rugosidade e morfologia de um cimento de ionômero de vidro submetidos a degradação química e mecânica; (2) avaliar os efeitos do desafio químico (ciclagem de pH) e mecânico (abrasão por escovação) na dureza e rugosidade de diferentes materiais restauradores. No capitulo 1, trinta e seis espécimes obtidos do CIV foram distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=8) de acordo com a proteção de superfície (com ou sem proteção de vaselina) e meio de armazenagem (ciclagem de pH e água deionizada). Todos os espécimes foram submetidos a mensuração de microdureza e rugosidade de superfície (Ra) em três momentos inicial, apos armazenagem por 15 dias e apos abrasão por escovação mecânica. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA 3 fatores para medidas repetidas e Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). Os resultados de ciclagem de pH evidenciaram que houve diminuição dos valores de dureza independente do fator proteção. A ciclagem de pH não promoveu alteração nos valores de rugosidade para o grupo sem proteção. O cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade apresentou diminuição na dureza apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH independente da proteção de superfície com vaselina. No capitulo 2, foram confeccionados dezesseis espécimes de cada material (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Ketac N100 e Filtek Z350) divididos em 8 grupos (n=8) de acordo com o material e o meio de armazenagem: ciclagem de pH e água deionizada. Foram mensuradas a microdureza e rugosidade de superfície de todos os materiais estudados em três momentos: inicial, apos armazenagem por 15 dias e apos abrasão por escovação mecânica. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA 3 fatores para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que todos os materiais avaliados apresentaram diminuição dos valores de dureza apos ciclagem de pH. O Filtek Z350 apos abrasão apresentou os maiores valores de dureza, e os demais materiais valores equivalentes. O Ketac N100 não apresentou alteração na dureza quando submetido a abrasão e ciclagem de pH. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix não apresentou alteração nos valores de rugosidade apos degradação química e mecânica, enquanto os Ketac N100, Filtek Z350 e Vitremer apresentaram aumento de rugosidade. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que a influencia da abrasão por escovação mecânica e da ciclagem de pH na degradação de superfície dos materiais restauradores estéticos esta relacionada ao tipo de material: o compósito Filtek Z350 foi o material que exibiu a maior resistência a degradação química e mecânica em relação a rugosidade e dureza, apresentando menores índices de rugosidade. O Ketac N100 apresentou valores equivalentes de dureza e rugosidade ao Vitremer apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix apresentou diminuição na dureza apos abrasão e ciclagem de pH, independente da proteção superficial com vaselina. O Ketac Molar Easy Mix sem proteção superficial com vaselina não apresentou diminuição de rugosidade apos abrasão associada a ciclagem de pH / Abstract: The objectives of this Thesis, consisting of two chapters, were: (1) to evaluate the effect of petroleum jelly used as a surface protection on hardness and surface roughness of Ketac Molar Easy Mix (KM), submitted to chemical and mechanical degradation; (2) to evaluate the effect of chemical challenges (pH-cycling) and mechanical degradation (toothbrush abrasion) in hardness and roughness surface of different restorative materials. In chapter one, thirty-two specimens obtained from KM were divided into four groups according to their surface protection (with or without protection) and chemical degradation (pH cycling or water). All specimens were subjected to measurement of microhardness and surface roughness at baseline, after storage and after abrasion. Data were submitted to a three-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey-Kramer's tests (p<0.05). After pH cycling, there was a decrease in hardness regardless the surface protection. The pH cycling did not promote changes in surface roughness for the group without protection. KM showed a decrease in hardness and abrasion after pH cycling, independently of surface protection. pH-cycling provided the lowest microhardness regardless surface protection or abrasion. The highest microhardness point was obtained when KM was protected and submitted to water storage and abrasion. The highest roughness point was obtained when unprotected KM was submitted to water immersion and/or abrasion compared with KM and submitted to pH cycling. Conclusion: Microhardness and surface roughness were influenced by surface protection and chemical degradation. There was an increase in surface roughness when KM was unprotected. In chapter 2, sixteen specimens were obtained from each material (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Ketac N100 and Filtek Z350) and were divided into 8 groups according to the material and the storage. All specimens were submitted to the measurement of hardness and roughness in three different treatments: initial, after storage and after abrasion. The data were submitted to repeated measures three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). Results showed that all materials presented a decrease in hardness after pH cycling. The Filtek Z350 after abrasion presented the highest surface hardness and the others did not present statistically significant difference. The Ketac N100 was the only material that showed no change in hardness when submitted to pH cycling and abrasion, while the others, KM, Vitremer and Filtek Z350, showed a decrease in hardness. The KM did not change the roughness after chemical and mechanical degradation, while Ketac N100, Filtek Z350 and Vitremer increased surface roughness. Filtek Z350 was the material that showed the best resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation. Based on the results it can be concluded that the influence of abrasion and pH cycling on surface degradation of aesthetic restorative materials is related to the type of material: Filtek Z350 exhibited the highest resistance to chemical and mechanical degradation concerning roughness and hardness. Ketac N100 and Vitremer showed similar values of hardness and roughness after abrasion and pH cycling. KM had a decrease in hardness and abrasion after pH cycling, independently of surface protection. KM with no surface protection did not show a decrease of roughness after abrasion associated with pH cycling / Doutorado / Materiais Dentarios / Doutor em Materiais Dentários

The system of upper high nickel alloying steel seal ring and lower high nickel alloying steel seal ring, installed in the grooves of turbine, can extend out and fit with the wall of valve cage, resulting in forming a good seal under the pressure. In the project, the failure steel seal ring is considered. This situation had threatened the safety of the whole steam turbine system. The purpose of this study is to identify the failure cause of the steel seal ring used in nuclear steam turbines. New high nickel steel alloy seal ring was compared with the failed seal ring. The dimensions of macroscopic ring with clearly plastic deformation were measured using calipers. Surface morphology of ring was observed by optical microscopy through metallographic analysis. There is a lot of precipitation in the grain boundaries of used seal ring, along with smaller grain size than the new seal ring. To explore the composition of precipitation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used. The results indicated that the concentration of titanium (Ti) and molybdenum (Mo) was higher in the precipitation of used seal ring. At the same time, the hardness and elastic modulus of used seal ring were reduced, measured by nanoindentation test. In-situ SEM tensile testing were used to record and analyze the generation of crack source and crack development under applied load. The reasons of the seal ring failure can be answered because of these experimental results at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The main reason of the seal ring failure is a combination of long-term stress and elevated temperature during turbine operation. Complex work environment caused recrystallization and recovery, resulting in grain refinement and secondary phase precipitation. Further embodiment, recrystallization and recovery caused the elastic modulus and hardness of used seal ring decrease. Moreover, a lot of secondary phase precipitates appeared at grain boundaries during use. The appearance of secondary phase precipitates become the weakest part of used seal ring. The applied load lead to seal ring failure from the formation of microvoids to microvoids aggregated becoming microcracks until to the appearance of cracks at macroscopic scale. These changes of microscopic structure ultimately reflected in critical plastic deformation of used seal ring.

In the thesis are analysed influences of three shield gases, based on literary pursuit. Compared was influence of the gas consisting of pure Ar, mixture Ar with 3vol.% CO2 and the mixture Ar with 18vol.% CO2 on mechanical properties of conduction laser welded blunt welds made from structural steel DC01 and S235JR with thickness 3mm and 2mm. Compared were strength properties of the welds in tension, weld hardness and hardness of the heat affected area under the low stress. Further was observed and compared stream of the gases during welding process and its influences on the appearance of the trial welds. On the metallographical cuts of the welds were evaluated mistakes and dimensions of the welds.

This diploma thesis deals with research and preparation of bulk materials based on the Mg–Al–Ti system. The theoretical part summarizes the basic knowledge about magnesium alloys, focusing mainly on Mg–Al and Mg–Ti systems. Furthermore, basic information on powder metallurgy methods was included here, from the production of powder materials, through their compaction, to heat treatment and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The theoretical part ends with literature review on the current research of the Mg–Al–Ti system. In the experimental part, bulk materials based on the Mg–Al–Ti system was prepared using traditional methods of powder metallurgy, as well as using the SPS method. The microstructure of the material, elemental and phase composition was examined in this thesis. Subsequently, Vickers hardness and flexural strength were measured, and fractographic observation of the fracture surface was performed. It was found that the aluminum was completely dissolved during the heat treatment, but the titanium particles remained almost intact in the material and worked as a particulate reinforcement. Materials prepared by methods of conventional powder metallurgy showed increased porosity compared to materials prepared by the SPS, resulting in lower hardness and flexural strength. The hardness increased with increasing the amount of aluminum and titanium and with the amount of magnesium phase . Fractographic observation of the fracture surface suggests that a diffuse connection between the reinforcement and the matrix may have occurred after the sintering process.

The subject of this Diploma thesis was study of wear resistant deposits, including appropriate basic and filler materials and welding technologies suitable for a particular application of hard carbide overlays of blade mixer for foundry sand. Analysis of suitable filler materials focused on extreme abrasion and select tungsten carbide hardfacing, together with a selection of appropriate overlays welding methods for welding tungsten carbide, including the conditions and parameters surfacing. The practical part deals with the design and evaluation of the experiment, three samples welding of non-alloy structural steel, tungsten-carbide hardfacing, technology MCAW - WC flux cored electrode in protective active gas.

The transportation industries are constantly striving to achieve minimum weight to cut fuel consumption and improve overall performance. Different innovative design strategies have been placed and directed toward weight saving combined with good mechanical behavior. Among different materials, aluminum-based alloys play a key role in modern engineering and are widely used in construction components because of their light weight and superior mechanical properties. Introduction of different nano-structure features can improve the service and the physical properties of such alloys. For intelligent microstructure design in the complex Al-based alloy, it is important to gain a deep physical understanding of the correlation between the microstructure and macroscopic properties, and thus atom probe tomography with its exceptional capabilities of spatially resolution and quantitative chemical analyses is presented as a sophisticated analytical tool to elucidate the underlying process of precipitation phenomena in aluminum alloys. A complete study examining the influence of common industrial heat treatment on the precipitation kinetics and phase transformations of complex aluminum alloy is performed. The qualitative evaluation results of the precipitation kinetics and phase transformation as functions of the heat treatment conditions are translated to engineer a complex aluminum alloy. The study demonstrates the ability to construct a robust microstructure with an excellent hardness behavior by applying a low-energy-consumption, cost-effective method. The proposed strategy to engineer complex aluminum alloys is based on both mechanical strategy and intelligent microstructural design. An intelligent microstructural design requires an investigation of the different strengthen phases, such as T1 (Al2CuLi), θ′(Al2Cu), β′(Al3Zr) and δ′(Al3Li). Therefore, the early stage of phase decomposition is examined in different binary Al-Li and Al-Cu alloys together with different ternary Al-Li-Cu alloys. Atom probe tomography and statistical testing are combined to investigate the fine scale segregation effects of dilute solutes in aluminum alloys. The optimum application of atom probe tomography in a wide range of materials is enabled by the integration of a laser pulse mode in the atom probe analysis. However, the nature of the laser mechanism used during atom probe tomography analyses is still debated. Systematic investigation of the microstructural change of δ′(Al3Li) precipitates influenced by different pulsed laser energies are used to describe the important phenome associated with the laser pulse mode. In this study, atom probe tomography presented a series of snapshots during in-situ reversion of δ′(Al3Li) precipitates, initiated by laser irradiation, using different laser energies for the first time. An estimation method to investigate real sample temperatures during laser-APT analyses using an interface reaction itself as a probe has been proposed. Finally, the considerable potential of aluminum liquid is demonstrated as a powerful synthesis solvent of important intermetallic phases such as: Mg2Si, Al2Mg and CaMgSi. The atom probe tomography technique is utilized to characterize the intermediate reaction steps of the flux-grown intermetallic phases. The study proposed a direct approach to investigate the involved reactions during the formation of the synthesized intermetallic phase.

The following report conducted by the theoretical research and experimental study in the University of Halmstad. The focus of the project is experimental investigation on weld characteristics for shield metal arc welding with SS304 &amp; SS409. Welding is a joining process of similar metals but nowadays it is also joined dissimilar metals by the application of heat. The different types of welding process are available in industry. Welding can be done with or without the application of pressure and filler materials in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), an arc between a covered electrode and a weld pool is used to accomplish a weld. As the welder steadily feeds the covered electrode into the weld pool, the decomposition of the covering evolves into gases that shield the pool. Austenitic stainless steel and Martensitic chrome alloys is widely used materials in the current industrial area including higher and lower temperature applications such as storage tanks, pressure cups, furnace equipment’s etc. This paper concentrated to the investigate the dissimilar material joining by using shield metal arc welding and study the welding characteristics and do the mechanical tests. The aim of this study performance of steel and maximum hardness of welded material, microstructure of steel on next phase of project. The results will be used to character of dissimilar material performance.

No description available.

High hardness steels (HHS) are vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement, which can lead to rapid degradation of mechanical properties. Improved resistance to hydrogen embrittlement would be beneficial to many industries including construction, automotive, and military. A comparison study was performed to assess the hydrogen susceptibility of select commercially available and in-house designed HHS alloys. Slow strain rate tensile tests, performed with specimens charged with various levels of hydrogen, provided a macroscopic view of the onset of hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen permeation and thermal desorption spectroscopy tests determined the uptake and diffusivity of hydrogen through the material. The evaluation of hydrogen susceptibility for various HHS alloys provided a baseline for the design of an HHS alloy containing hydrogen embrittlement mitigation strategies. By incorporating strong hydrogen traps, titanium carbide and epsilon carbide, a HHS was produced that demonstrated a lower sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement