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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 194-197). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

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This thesis takes up the question of the part played by Syriac sources in the composition of early Arabic translations of the Hippocratic Aphorisms. In it, I compare the four major extant Syriac and Arabic translations of the Aphorisms with continual reference to the content of Syriac lexicons composed by the translator Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq and his students and successors. Through detailed treatments of both the definitions and translations of scores of individual Greek terms found in these sources, as well as through analysis of the translations of the Aphorisms, I weigh the relative importance of Greek and Syriac scholarship for Ḥunayn's translation praxis. In doing so, I specify the value of the Syriac lexicons for the study of Greek-to-Arabic translation while clarifying several outstanding issues in the broader history of Syriac and Arabic medicine.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La cuestión principal que nos llevó a realizar este trabajo, fue el determinar un criterio para establecer la existencia de una contradicción entre el Estatuto y los Elementos de los Crímenes, criterio que nos permitirá así mismo establecer si en este caso específico, debemos aplicar tanto el Estatuto como los Elementos, o si en definitiva, debemos prescindir de este último.

L’organisation territoriale de l’Égypte « unifiée » a dans un premier consisté en un découpage des deux grandes entités géographiques qui la constituent, la Haute et la Basse-Égypte, en un nombre variable de régions nommées sp3.t (sépat). Chacune de ces divisions, que nous nommons « province », possède une histoire, une culture et des cultes qui lui sont propres mais qui s’inscrit malgré tout dans celle du pays.L’étude de la XVIe province de Haute-Égypte, ou province de l'Oryx, se fait sur trois niveaux. Tout d’abord la géographie humaine, qui traite de l’administration du territoire comme des ressources ainsi que de leur évolution, mais également des individus vécurent à ces époques et prirent part à l’histoire de la province. Ensuite, la topographie cultuelle qui s’intéresse à la répartition des nécropoles et des lieux de cultes dont l’intérêt concerne autant l’économie que l’influence cultuelle. Enfin la géographie religieuse s’appuie sur les conceptions mythologiques, comme les processions géographiques, qui reprennent des éléments de tradition cultuelle dans le but de développer une véritable somme cultuelle de chaque province alors que, durant le IIe millénaire AEC, le système provincial s’effondre. Dès lors, le découpage des provinces se maintient dans les temples, bien que certains éléments de ces sommes soient de pures inventions destinées à compléter des données inconnues ou inexistantes, mais créant alors de toutes nouvelles traditions.De cette manière, la province de l’Oryx se démarque par une importance relative durant l’Ancien Empire mais surtout durant le Moyen Empire. Au Nouvel Empire, le fractionnement de la province a conduit certaines des localités les plus importantes à nouer des relations avec une métropole voisine, Hermopolis. Ainsi, peu à peu, la province perd en puissance et finit par perdre son identité au profit du nouveau nome hermopolitain. En revanche, durant ce déclin, l’ancienne capitale, Hébénou, voit un regain de popularité à travers l’emblème de la province, l’oryx qui devient une bête séthienne et maléfique. Sa divinité poliade, Horus, acquiert alors un statut de chasseur d’oryx et de restaurateur de l’ordre cosmique, des traits qui deviennent le nouveau visage de cette province autrement oubliée. / The territorial organisation of the « united » Egypt consisted first in a division of the two great geographical entities composing it, Upper and Lower Egypt, in a varying number of regions called sp3.t (sepat). Each one of these divisions we call “province” has its own history, culture and cults which are included in the ones of the country.The study of the 16th Upper Egyptian province, or Oryx province, stands on three levels. First, human geography deals with territory administration and resources and their evolution, but also on the individuals who lived in those times and took action in the history of the province. Then, cultic topography focuses on the distribution of necropolises and sanctuaries, which interest is economy as well as cultic influence. At last, the religious geography is based on mythological constructions, such as geographical processions, which take elements from the cultic traditions in order to develop real cultic summas while, during the 2nd millennium BCE, the provincial system collapses. Therefore, the provincial division remains in the temples, even if some elements of these summas are pure inventions intended to complement unknown or inexistent data, creating so whole new traditions.In this way, the Oryx province stands out with a relative importance during the Old Kingdom, but especially during the Middle Kingdom. In the New Kingdom, the splitting of the province led some of the most important localities to bond with a neighbour metropolis, Hermopolis. Thus, progressively, the province loses power and ends up with losing its own identity in favour of the new Hermopolitan Nome. However, during this demise, the old capital, Hebenu, gets a popular revival through the province emblem, the oryx, which becomes a sethian and maleficent beast. Its poliad divinity, Horus, acquires a new status of oryx hunter and cosmic order restorer, features forming the new face of this otherwise forgotten province.

This dissertation attempts to answer two questions. First, what is the social function of the letter of James? Second, how does James design the structure of the text to align with its communicative goal? This study presumes the letter of James as a member of ancient wisdom literature. Contrary to common (mis)understandings, ancient wisdom literature shows a general tendency in its composition. A legitimate sage collects and evokes old sayings and proverbs. Then, the wisdom is reinterpreted and contemporized for the current situation. Through this process, the sage helps his readers develop a sense of right and wrong, develop moral reasoning skills, and cultivate virtues. I will argue that this pattern, moral formation, is present in the unfolding of James’s letter to his diasporic readers. Regarding the structure of the letter of James, after Dibelius, many attempts have been made to present the letter as a cohesive text with a literary structure, which is unified by a single global theme. In this framework, most of what have been proposed as a structure of the letter is more or less topic (or theme)-based. Unfortunately, however, neither a rigorous definition of topic nor a method for determining it has been clearly stated. The limits of the topic-based approach become problematic when applied to the structure of James whereby diverse topics are scattered here and there throughout the text. Attempts to draw intricate lines between these units through topical or thematic similarities make the structure of James very complicated (e.g., inclusio or chiasm). This study attempts to break this methodological impasse by employing Ruqaiya Hasan’s genre theory developed in a systemic functional framework. James’s letter is delimited in terms of function, not topic or theme. In search for the function of each segment, I explore textual (semantic chain and cohesive harmony), ideational (transitivity, verbal aspect, and voice), and interpersonal meanings (grammatical person and speech functions).

Summaries in Afrikaans and English. / Hierdie studie fokus op ‘n interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery en meegaande inskripsie wat in Graf BH3 in Egipte ontdek is. Die skildery dateer uit ongeveer 1892 v.C. en kom voor in die graftombe van die provinsiale goewerneur van die Oryxprovinsie – Khnum-hotep II. Met die muurskildery en inskripsie deur die koninklike hofskrywer Neferhotep as vertrekpunt en teoretiese raamwerk, word daar ‘n kwalitatiewe ondersoek gedoen na die herkoms, identiteit en rol van die handelaars en ander items, veral oogverf, wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word. Benewens die interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery, steun die studie ook op beskikbare inligting in eietydse teologiese- en argeologiese publikasies. Deur ‘n multi-dissiplinêre benadering te volg, word daar gepoog om meer inligting te bekom oor die geografiese ligging en argitektuur van Graf BH3, die belangrikheid van graf-outobiografie, die identiteit van die handelaars en die doel van hulle besoek. Dit blyk dat die muurskildery ‘n belangrike gebeurtenis in Egipte en die Semitiese wêreld van die pre-monargale tydperk uitbeeld, en meer spesifiek die tyd en konteks waarin verhale van die sogenaamde ‘aartsvaders’, soos hulle in die Hebreeuse Bybel beskryf word, afgespeel het. Aangesien daar ‘n gebrek aan argeologiese en geskrewe (Bybelse en buite-Bybelse) bronne oor die proto-Israelitiese samelewing bestaan, hoop die studie om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot navorsing oor die tydperk, en veral die verhouding tussen die Semiete en Egiptenare. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan die uiterlike voorkoms van die handelaars en goewerneur, en aan die aard en funksie van elke gebruiksartikel wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word, soos die kleredrag, donkies, wapens en musiek-instrumente. Omdat daar in die inskripsie spesifiek melding gemaak word van oogverf, word die belangrikheid van oogverf ten opsigte van magies-religieuse, kultiese, mediese, begrafnis-, ekonomiese (handels-) en kosmetiese gebruike, asook die vervaardiging en samestelling daarvan, breedvoerig ondersoek / This study focuses on an interpretation of the Beni Hasan mural and accompanying inscription discovered in Tomb BH3 in Egypt. The painting dates back to about 1892 BC and is found in the tomb of the provincial governor of the Oryx province - Khnum-hotep II. With the mural and inscription by the royal court writer Neferhotep as point of departure and theoretical framework, a qualitative inquiry is made into the provenance, identity and role of the merchants and other items, especially eye painting, depicted in the painting. In addition to interpreting the Beni Hasan mural, the study also relies on available information in contemporary theological and archaeological publications. By following a multi-disciplinary approach, an attempt is made to obtain more information about the geographical location and architecture of Tomb BH3, the importance of tomb autobiography, the identity of the merchants and the purpose of their visit. It appears that the mural depicts an important event in Egypt and the Semitic world of the pre-monarchic period, and more specifically the time and context in which stories of the so-called 'patriarchs', as described in the Hebrew Bible, played. As there is a lack of archaeological and written (biblical and extra-biblical) sources on proto-Israelite society, the study hopes to contribute to research on the period, and especially the relationship between the Semites and Egyptians. Special attention is paid to the external appearance of the merchants and the governor, and to the nature and function of each commodity depicted in the painting, such as the dress, donkeys, weapons and musical instruments. Because the inscription specifically mentions eye makeup, the importance of eye makeup with regard to magical-religious, cultural, medical, economic (trade) and cosmetic uses, as well as the manufacture and composition thereof, is extensively investigated. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (Godsdienswetenskap)