The thesis contains is familiar with the issues of renewable energy and global warming. Assessing the use of these resources in households in the Czech Republic. The selected family house, perform measurements on the existing heating system. In conclusion, there is suggestions for optimalization system houses, the possibility of linking the with renewable energy sources and an assessment of economic turn.

Das Lernsystem Thermopr@ctice stellt eine internetgestützte Lernumgebung für das Berechnen von Übungsaufgaben mit dem Computer-Algebrasystem Mathcad dar. Die veränderte Arbeitsweise des Lernenden besteht darin, das herkömmliche Arbeitsblatt durch den Mathcad-Arbeitsbildschirm zu ersetzen und die Aufgabenlösung unmittelbar auf diesem zu erledigen. Dem Lernenden werden die Übungsaufgaben – hier im Fach Technische Thermodynamik – in individuellen Varianten und mit individuellen Zahlenwerten im Mathcad-Format über Internet bereitgestellt. Die Lösung erfolgt in betreuten Übungen oder am heimischen PC. Für die Lösung benötigte Stoffwerte können der Stoffwertsammlung im Internet entnommen bzw. mit Programmbibliotheken, die an Mathcad angeschlossen sind, berechnet werden. Ergänzend wird eine Formelsammlung angeboten, aus der wichtige Formeln auf den Arbeitsbildschirm gezogen werden können. Nach der Berechnung jeder Teilaufgabe sendet der Lernende das Ergebnis an Thermopr@ctice. Im Fehlerfall werden Zwischenergebnisse angefordert. Realisiert wird die Lernumgebung über PHP-Skripte in Verbindung mit einer MySQL-Datenbank. Durch das Lernsystem werden die Studierenden an moderne Arbeitsweisen unter Nutzung eines Computer-Algebrasystems und fachbezogener Programmbibliotheken herangeführt. Da das System zum Selbststudium konzipiert ist, eignet es sich auch für die Weiterbildung und das Fernstudium. Es kann auf alle Lehrfächer übertragen werden, in denen die Aneignung oder Festigung von Wissen über das Berechnen von Übungsaufgaben erfolgt. Thermopr@ctice wurde im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes „Bildungsportal Sachsen“ des Sächsischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst entwickelt. Neue Technologien in der Energietechnik, insbesondere Verfahren mit CO2-Abscheidung, bedingen veränderte Arbeitsfluide. Neben reinen Stoffen kommen zunehmend fluide Stoffgemische zum Einsatz, deren thermodynamische Eigenschaften berechnet werden müssen. Dies betrifft feuchte Verbrennungsgasgemische einschließlich CO2/H2O-Gemische sowie feuchte Luft, auch bei hohen Drücken. Daneben sind die Eigenschaften von gasförmigen, flüssigen und festem Kohlendioxid und Mischungen mit verbliebenen Gasen zu berechnen. Auf Grund der Nutzung von Abwärme sind Absorptionskältemaschinen mit Ammoniak-Wasser-Gemischen und Wasser- Lithiumbromid-Gemischen nach wie vor von Interesse. Die Eigenschaften von Ammoniak/Wasser- Gemischen werden auch für die Berechnung des Kalina-Prozesses benötigt. Zur Konzipierung von ORC-Prozessen müssen die Eigenschaften von Silikonölen und Kohlenwasserstoffen berechenbar sein. Für die Optimierung von fortschrittlichen Dampfkraftwerken sind extrem schnelle Algorithmen für die Berechnung der thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von Wasser und Wasserdampf Voraussetzung. Die weltweit an Bedeutung gewinnende Meerwasserentsalzung bedingt eine immer genauere Modellierung der Verfahren, wofür die Eigenschaften von Meerwasser berechenbar sein müssen. Für die Berechnung solcher Prozesse wurden benutzerfreundliche Programmbibliotheken zur Ermittlung der thermodynamischen Zustandsgrößen einschl. Umkehrfunktionen und Transporteigenschaften der Arbeitsfluide erarbeitet. Zur komfortablen Nutzung der Stoffwert-Bibliotheken steht das Add-On FluidMAT für Mathcad® zur Verfügung. Versionen für Studierende der wichtigsten Programme sind verfügbar.

Due to rising energy costs and concerns about global climate change, high performance buildings are more in demand than ever before. With roughly 20% of the total energy consumption in the United States being devoted to residential use, this sector represents a significant opportunity for future savings. There are many guidelines and standards for reducing building energy consumption. One of the most stringent is the Passive House Standard. The standard requires that that air infiltration is less than or equal to 0.6 air changes per hour at a 50 Pascal pressure difference (ACH 50), annual heating energy is less than or equal to 15kWh/m2, and total annual source energy is less than or equal to 120 kWh/m2. For comparison, the typical West coast US residence has an ACH50 of 5 and annually uses more than 174 kWh/m2 of source energy according to the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey. With these challenging requirements, successful implementation of the Passive House Standard requires effective strategies to substantially reduce energy consumption for all end uses. Heating and cooling loads are low by necessity in a Passive House. As such this makes end uses like water heating a much larger fraction of total energy use than they would be in a typical building. When air to water heat pumps are employed the energy consumption by water heating is lowered significantly. By employing innovative heat recovery strategies the energy consumption for water heating and HVAC can be reduced even further. This study uses energy modeling and project cost analysis to evaluate three innovative control strategies. Results for a Passive House in Portland Oregon show a savings of about $70 annually with a payback period of 10 years. The same Passive House in Fairbanks Alaska with a different strategy would save $150 annually with a payback period of 5 years.

This work deals with the topic "Systems with wall heating". On this theme is elaborated theoretical part. Further experimental part, which deals with the measurement of wall heating and comparing the results with the software CalA. Subsequently, this topic is applied to the specified building in which the wall heating, among other things dealt with. The project addresses the design of central heating, water heating, water heater design power units and air tempering lawn for future newly built free-standing facilities football club. The project is designed in two versions. In the first variant of the heat source heat pumps air-water. In the second variant is the heat source hot water pipe which is connected to transfer water-water station with plate heat exchangers.

The electricity grids have become a key player in the society. An increased usage of electricity is both a result from the more electrified society, but also as a main solver in reaching the climate goals by reducing emissions. This thesis work explores some of the new features for the electricity grid from integration of electrification from renewable energy resources (RES) and from strategies for energy optimization related to the loads and specifically from thermal heat pumps. These strategies lie in the field of demand response, which takes advantage of the flexibility of loads in terms of willingness to switch or decrease their consumption at a particular moment of the day. This research proposes a three-step framework to harness the flexibility of Thermo-Statically controlled loads (TCLs) based on a simulated grey-box building model that uses historical outside temperature and prices data and learns the thermal parameters such as Thermal Resistance, Thermal Capacitance, but also price responsiveness (pth ) through a Differential Evolution (DE) based optimization algorithm. The price responsiveness is used to provide further insight into the flexibility of the loads and is employed in the last step to propose a price policy estimation algorithm also based on DE that minimizes the gap between supply and demand while preserving supplier and customer profitability. The proposed approach has proven to be accurate for a large number of parameters but also effective with reduced training data (prediction errors around 2.5% on the power average and standard deviation), as well as to be successful in providing a Day-Ahead Real-Time Price policy that maximizes supplier and customer utility. The price policy provides a lower total price for the customer compared with a tariff without demand response (reduction up to 53.63 %), reduces the gap between RES-based energy sources and heating demand, and respects grid technical constraints. / Elnätet har blivit en nyckelaktör i samhället. En ökad elanvändning är både ett resultat av det mer elektrifierade samhället, men också som en huvudlösare för att nå klimatmålen genom att minska utsläpp. Detta examensarbete undersöker några av de nya funktionerna för elnätet från integration av elektrifiering från förnybara energiresurser (RES) och från strategier för energioptimering relaterade till ellaster och specifikt från termiska värmepumpar. Dessa strategier ligger inom området för efterfrågerespons, som drar fördel av lasternas flexibilitet när det gäller viljan att byta eller minska sin konsumtion vid en viss tidpunkt på dagen. Den här forskningen föreslår ett ramverk i tre steg för att utnyttja flexibiliteten hos termostatiskt kontrollerade laster (TCL) baserat på en simulerad gråbox-byggnadsmodell som använder historisk utomhustemperatur och prisdata och lär sig de termiska parametrarna som termisk motstånd, termisk kapacitans , men också priskänslighet (pth) genom en Differential Evolution (DE) baserad optimeringsalgoritm. Priskänsligheten används för att ge ytterligare insikt om lasternas flexibilitet och används i det sista steget för att föreslå en prispolitisk uppskattningsalgoritm också baserad på DE som minimerar klyftan mellan utbud och efterfrågan samtidigt som leverantörs- och kundlönsamheten bevaras. Det föreslagna tillvägagångssättet har visat sig vara korrekt för ett stort antal parametrar men också effektivt med reducerad träningsdata (förutsägelsefel runt 2,5% på effektmedelvärde och standardavvikelse), samt vara framgångsrik i att tillhandahålla en Day-Ahead Real -Tidsprispolicy som maximerar leverantörs- och kundnyttan. Prispolicyn ger ett lägre totalpris för kunden jämfört med en tariff utan efterfrågerespons (reduktion upp till 53, 63 %), minskar gapet mellan RES-baserade energikällor och värmebehov samt följer nättekniska begränsningar.

Adsorption refrigeration systems and heat pumps still possess a relatively reduced market share as compared to the traditional compression systems. Despite having the great advantage of being powered by cheap heat (instead of expensive electric work), the implementation of systems based on adsorption principles remains limited to few specific applications. The main drawback that needs to be solved is their reduced specific power due to the low thermal conductivity and low stability of the adsorbents. The current state of the art of commercial adsorption cooling systems rely on adsorbers based on coated finned heat exchangers to optimize the cooling power. It is a well known result, that the reduction of the thickness of the coating derives in a reduction of the mass transport impedance, and that the increment of the ratio surface to volume of conductive structures increases the power without reducing the efficiency. The metallic fibres used in this work can offer a ratio of specific surface in the range of 2500–50,000 m²/ m³.Three methods of preparing very thin but stable salt-hydrate coatings on metallic surfaces, including metallic fibres, for the production of coated heat exchangers with high specific power, are presented for the first time. A surface treatment based on aluminium anodizing was chosen to create a stronger bond between coat and substrate. The microscopic structure of the resulting surface was analysed by Scan Electron Microscopy. To verify the presence of the desired species Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transformed Infrared and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed in the analysis. Their capacity to form hydrates was verified via simultaneous Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG). Over a mass difference of 0.07 g(water)/g(composite) was detected in the coating of MgSO₄, which showed signs of dehydration at temperatures around 60 °C, and repeatability after rehydration. Also positive results were obtained with SrCl₂ and ZnSO₄ with mass differences around 0.02 g/g below 100 °C. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose was chosen as additive to increase the stability and adherence of the coatings. The adsorption properties of the product were evaluated with simultaneous TGA-DTG, while their adherence was characterized by means of a procedure based on the test described in ISO2409. Coatings of CaCl₂ displayed a much improved consistency and adherence, while retaining its adsorption capacity, showing mass differences of around 0.1 g/g at temperatures below 100 °C. Also MgSO₄ retains the capacity of forming hydrates, showing a mass difference of more than 0.04 g/g below 100 °C. Finally, coated metallic fibres were investigated. Results show that the effective heat conductivity of a fibre structure coated with Al₂(SO₄)₃ can be up to 4.7 times higher as compared to a block of pure Al₂(SO₄)₃ . The coverage of the pursued coatings was visually investigated and the internal structure was evaluated by microscopic imaging of cross-sections. Coatings of around 50 μm of Al₂(SO₄)₃ were generated, but in general the process requires optimization to achieve a more uniform distribution.

Trafikverket operates about 12000 Switches and crossings (SnCs) of which 6800 are equipped with an electrical heating system of 10−30kW power to keep SnCs functional throughout the winters by keeping them free of Snow/Ice. The energy consumption is approximately 200−130GWh/year costing approximately 10−15 million Euros annually. Electricity demand is continuously rising in Sweden and if coupled with unpredictable events can highly impact the grid energy mix and electricity prices which can lead to a higher operating carbon footprint & expenses. This master thesis work is developed through a couple of research programs to investigate the power usage in wayside objects. Currently, work is in progress to make the wayside objects ‘smart’ so that they can operate fully autonomously with two objectives to reduce the overall power consumption and obtain it from local energy resources. Mathematical modeling of unsteady close contact melting of rectangular Ice/Snow blocks of different volumes on the horizontal surfaces has been solved using numerical methods to calculate the melting time and power requirement. A parametric study has been done for various sizes, and initial & hot surface temperatures. Further, using ANSYS Fluent, CFD simulations have been performed to calculate the heat transfer rate from the Rail body for various combinations of heat source & ambient temperature, and wind speeds. These results shall help to devise a control strategy for the dynamic power supply which can help to optimize the power consumption. Finally, evaluating the renewable resources potential; ground source heat pumps using borehole U-pipes appear to be the best option which can drastically reduce the electricity requirement for the optimized heating power requirement. Most of Sweden has granite bedrock which is one of the reasons for the successful deployment of heat pumps. It’s definitely worth expanding its usage in other sectors as well like Railways. / Trafikverket driver cirka 12 000 spårväxlar och spårkorsningar varav 6 800 är utrustade med ett elektriskt värmesystem på 10 - 30kW effekt för att hålla växlar och korsningar funktionella under hela vintrarna genom att hålla dem fria från snö/is. Energiförbrukningen är cirka 200-130 GW h/år och kostar cirka 10-15 miljoner euro per år. Efterfrågan på el ökar kontinuerligt i Sverige och kan i kombination med oförutsägbara händelser i hög grad påverka nätets energimix och elpris vilket i sin tur kan leda till ett högre koldioxidavtryck och högre driftskostnader. Detta examensarbete utvecklades genom ett par forskningsprogram med fokus på strömförbrukningen i järnvägssystemet. Just nu pågår ett arbete med att göra järnvägssystemet "smart" så att det kan fungera helt automatiskt med två mål: att minska den totala energiförbrukningen och få den från lokala energiresurser. Kontaktsmältning av rektangulärt is/snö-block av olika volymer på horisontella ytor har lösts med hjälp av numeriska metoder för att beräkna smälttid och effektbehov. En parametrisk studie har gjorts för olika storlekar och initiala och varma yttemperaturer. Vidare, med hjälp av ANSYS Fluent, har CFD-simuleringar utförts för att beräkna värmeöverföringshastighet från järnvägsspåret för olika kombinationer av värmekälla och omgivning temperatur och vindhastigheter. Dessa resultat ska bidra till att utforma en styrstrategi för den dynamiska strömförsörjningen som kan bidra till att optimera strömförbrukningen. Slutligen, för att utvärdera potentialen för förnybara resurser, verkar bergvärmepumpar som använder borrhåls U-rör vara det bästa alternativet som drastiskt kan minska elbehovet för det optimerade värmeeffektbehovet. Större delen av Sverige har berggrund av granit vilket är en av anledningarna till den framgångsrika utbyggnaden av värmepumpar. Det är definitivt värt att utöka användningen i andra sektorer också som järnvägar.

This Master's thesis deals with the evaluation of a current state of two-generation villa and its following proposal of the optimization. Evaluation includes calculation of heat loss of a current state. Optimization is based on the reduction of heat loss in the building, pressure balance of the system, change of heat source and installation of balanced ventilation. Chapter describing regulation of technology follows and in conclusion indicative price for the whole suggested technology is calculated.

The diploma thesis processes project documentation for the construction of a hotel building with a restaurant facility, which is situated on the outskirts of the western undeveloped part of the regional town Jihlava. The building has three floors and is covered by flat roofs. The hotel meets the conditions of a four-star (****) economic standard. It is designed with 24 accommodation units with a capacity of total 52 persons (4 persons with reduced mobility on the 3rd floor) and restaurant service for 92 guests, social facilities and kitchens. The apartments and guest rooms are located on the 2nd and 3rd floor. On the ground floor there is a representative space of the hotel composed of the entrance hall with reception , space for hotel management, space for technical facilities of the building and restaurant with its own kitchen. The building meets the requirements for zero-energy buildings with a combination of a high-quality construction solution with thermal insulation of building and other technological solutions such as photovoltaic power plants or deep boreholes for stepping pump heating The overall character of the building is emphasized by its architectural design in the light of modern lining of the ventilated facade using cement-fiber boards, whose two-color articulation emphasizes both simplicity and shape function of the building. This solution is combined with large glazed areas that give the building a feeling of spaciousness and evocative cleanliness.

The thermal response of a borehole field is often described by non‐dimensional response factors called gfunctions.The g‐function was firstly generated as a numerical solution based on SBM (Superposition BoreholeModel). An analytical approach, the FLS (Finite Line Source), is also accepted for generating the g‐function. In thiswork the potential to numerically produce g‐functions is studied for circular borehole fields using the commercialsoftware COMSOL. The numerical method is flexible and allows the generation of g‐functions for any boreholefield geometry. The approach is partially validated by comparing the solution for a square borehole field containing36 boreholes (6x6) with g‐functions generated with the FLS approach and with the program EED (Earth EnergyDesigner). The latter is based on Eskilsons SBM, one of the first documents where the concept of g‐functions wasintroduced. Once the approach is validated, the square COMSOL model is compared with a circular geometryborehole field developed by the same method, consisting of 3 concentric rings having 6, 12, and 18 boreholes.Finally the influence on the circular geometry g‐function is studied when connecting the boreholes in radial zoneswith different thermal loads. / Den termiska responsen för ett borrhålsfält beskrivs ofta med den dimensionslösa responsfunktionen kallad gfunktion.Responsfunktionen togs först fram som en numerisk lösning med SBM (Superposition Borehole Model).En analytisk metod, FLS (Finite Line Source) är också accepterad för framtagandet av g‐funktioner. I det här arbetetundersöks förutsättningarna att numeriskt ta fram g‐funktioner för cirkulära borrhålsfält genom att använda detkommersiella simuleringsprogrammet COMSOL Multiphysics. Den numeriska metoden är flexibel och kananvändas för alla typer av borrhålsgeometrier. Metoden att använda COMSOL valideras delvis genom att jämföraresultatet för ett kvadratiskt borrhålsfält innehållande 36 borrhål (6x6) med lösningar framtagna med FLS och meddimensioneringsprogrammet EED (Earth Energy Designer). Det senare har sin grund i Eskilsons SBM, ett av deförsta arbeten där begreppet g‐funktion introducerades. När metoden att använda COMSOL verifierats, jämförsden kvadratiska borrhålsmodellen med en cirkulär borrhålskonfiguration, upprättad med samma metod,innehållande 3 koncentriska ringar om vardera 6, 12, 18 borrhål. Slutligen undersöks hur den termiska responsenpåverkas då borrhålen i ett cirkulärt borrhålsfält kopplas samman och grupperas i radiella zoner med olika termiskalaster. / SEEC Scandinavian Energy Efficiency Co.