O estudo da responsabilidade civil dos administradores de companhias abertas na doutrina nacional trata usualmente dos deveres fiduciários, do ato regular de gestão e da teoria ultra vires, da culpa ou dolo do administrador, das ações ut universi e ut singuli e da solidariedade entre a responsabilidade do administrador e a da companhia. Poucos abordam as causas extintivas dessa responsabilidade, e raro são os que tratam da hipótese de exclusão de responsabilidade do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76. Como a disciplina dos deveres fiduciários prevista na lei societária brasileira tem forte influência do Direito norte-americano, buscou-se na legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência daquele país os fundamentos necessários à melhor interpretação e aplicação da regra de exclusão e, em especial, na business judgment rule, doutrina que protege os administradores contra responsabilização por prejuízos à companhia decorrentes de decisões por eles adotadas, proteção esta também conferida pela hipótese do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76, ao administrador leal e de boa-fé. / The study of corporate directors civil liability in national doctrine usually deals with fiduciaries duties, regular management act and the ultra vires theory, directors malpractice or deceit, ut universi and ut singuli actions and solidarity between directors and companies responsibility. Few address the extinctive causes of such liability, and rare are those who address the liability exclusion hypothesis of the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76. Whereas that the fiduciary duties discipline provided for in Brazilian corporate law has strong influence of American law, was sought in the legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence of that country the fundamentals for a better understanding and application of the exclusion rule and, particularly, in the business judgment rule, a doctrine that protects directors against liability for damages to the company arising from their acts, protection also afforded by the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76, to the loyal and good faith director.

A lavagem das mãos é reconhecida como uma das medidas mais importantes para prevenir as Infecções Hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a execução e verificar a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos por alunos dos 2º, 3º e 4º anos de um Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem. A amostra constituiu-se de 113 alunos que estavam cumprindo estágio em instituições de saúde do município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação direta para a qual foi utilizado um instrumento em forma de “check-list" com os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, conforme recomendação do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os resultados foram estatisticamente trabalhados, permitindo constatar que: a) os alunos dos 2º e dos 3º anos obtiveram melhor desempenho na execução da técnica de lavagem das mãos, com diferença estatisticamente significante, quando comparados ao 4º ano nos passos da técnica: “retirou jóias", “esfregou palma com dorso", “esfregou espaços interdigitais", “esfregou polegar" e “esfregou unhas". Apenas no item “fechou a torneira com papel toalha" o 4º ano apresentou-se melhor que os 2º e 3º anos; b) a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos dos alunos de todos os anos do curso foi muito baixa, pois na metade dos passos que compõe a técnica, os alunos apresentaram adesão menor que 50%; c) A porcentagem de alunos que executou TODOS OS PASSOS da técnica de lavagem das mãos CORRETAMENTE foi muito baixa, apenas 8,8%. Concluiu-se que os alunos do 4º ano obtiveram o pior desempenho e adesão muito baixa em quase todos os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, quando comparados aos dos 2º e 3º anos / Handwashing is known as one of the most important measures in preventing hospital-acquired Infections. This study had the objective of comparing the performance and verifying the adhesion of students from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of the Graduation nursing course to the steps of this technique. The sample was made of 113 students who were under the internship program in health institutions in the city of Sao Paulo. The data were collected through unobtrusive observation based on an instrument in a check-list form with all the steps of the hands-washing technique, as suggested by the Brazilian Health Ministry. The results were statistically treated showing that: a) the students from the 2nd and 3rd years had better results in the execution of the handwashing technique, with a significant statistical difference, when compared to the students from the 4th year considering the steps: “jewelry-removing", “rubbed the palm of the hand with its back", "rubbed spaces between fingers", “rubbed thumb" and “rubbed nails". Considering the item “closing the faucet with a paper towel" the students from the 4th year were better than the ones from the second and third years; b) the students from all years of graduation the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years showed low adhesion to the hands-washing technique steps, once they presented the adhesion to less than 50% of the steps; c) The percentage of students who performed ALL THE STEPS of the handwashing technique CORRECTLY was very low, only 8.8%. It was concluded that the students from the 4th years in almost all had the worst performance and the lowest adhesion to the hands-washing technique when compared to the students from the 2nd and 3rd years

The auditory brainstem is comprised of a number of synapses specialized for the transmission of high-fidelity synaptic signals. Within the first three postnatal weeks, these pathways acquire the ability to process high-frequency signals without compromising timing information. However, little is known regarding developmental adaptations which confer this ability. Situated in the sound localization pathway, the calyx of Held-medial nucleus of the trapezoid body synapse provides an ideal model for investigating such adaptations as both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons are accessible to electrophysiological experimentation. Using this synapse, we have shown herein that the spatial coupling between voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and synaptic vesicles (SVs) tightens during development. Immature synapses use a loosely-coupled arrangement of many N- and P/Q-type VGCCs (“microdomain” modality) while mature synapses use a tightly-coupled arrangement of fewer P/Q-type VGCCs, to release SVs (“nanodomain” modality). As a consequence of this tightening, synaptic delay (SD) shortens. By fluorescence- and electron microscopy of SVs near active zones, we further identified the filamentous protein septin 5 as a molecular substrate, differentiating the two release modalities, which may act as a spatial barrier separating VGCCs and SVs in immature synapses. Finally, we have demonstrated that changes in release modality affect the nature of short-term plasticity observed at this synapse. Using trains of action potentials as presynaptic voltage-commands, we showed that, downstream of calcium influx, the microdomain modality promotes short-term facilitation in excitatory postsynaptic currents (IEPSC), and calcium-dependent decreases in SD, with these being absent in synapses employing the nanodomain modality. In contrast, we found that as a result of depletion of SVs, short-term depression of IEPSC dominates in synapses using the nanodomain modality, and correlates with calcium-dependent increases in SD. These findings imply that the type of release modality has a significant impact on the strength and timing of synaptic responses. The microdomain modality imparts greater dynamic range in timing and strength, but does so at the cost of efficiency and fidelity, while the nanodomain modality is a key accomplishment consolidating the high-fidelity abilities of this synapse.

The auditory brainstem is comprised of a number of synapses specialized for the transmission of high-fidelity synaptic signals. Within the first three postnatal weeks, these pathways acquire the ability to process high-frequency signals without compromising timing information. However, little is known regarding developmental adaptations which confer this ability. Situated in the sound localization pathway, the calyx of Held-medial nucleus of the trapezoid body synapse provides an ideal model for investigating such adaptations as both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons are accessible to electrophysiological experimentation. Using this synapse, we have shown herein that the spatial coupling between voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and synaptic vesicles (SVs) tightens during development. Immature synapses use a loosely-coupled arrangement of many N- and P/Q-type VGCCs (“microdomain” modality) while mature synapses use a tightly-coupled arrangement of fewer P/Q-type VGCCs, to release SVs (“nanodomain” modality). As a consequence of this tightening, synaptic delay (SD) shortens. By fluorescence- and electron microscopy of SVs near active zones, we further identified the filamentous protein septin 5 as a molecular substrate, differentiating the two release modalities, which may act as a spatial barrier separating VGCCs and SVs in immature synapses. Finally, we have demonstrated that changes in release modality affect the nature of short-term plasticity observed at this synapse. Using trains of action potentials as presynaptic voltage-commands, we showed that, downstream of calcium influx, the microdomain modality promotes short-term facilitation in excitatory postsynaptic currents (IEPSC), and calcium-dependent decreases in SD, with these being absent in synapses employing the nanodomain modality. In contrast, we found that as a result of depletion of SVs, short-term depression of IEPSC dominates in synapses using the nanodomain modality, and correlates with calcium-dependent increases in SD. These findings imply that the type of release modality has a significant impact on the strength and timing of synaptic responses. The microdomain modality imparts greater dynamic range in timing and strength, but does so at the cost of efficiency and fidelity, while the nanodomain modality is a key accomplishment consolidating the high-fidelity abilities of this synapse.

The task for this master thesis was to create a specification for a second prototype of Scandilumen´s handheld gated night vision system. Current prototype is analogue and is to be upgraded with a digital interface. The specification was to contain information about manufacturers and performance on critical components such as image intensifier tube, image sensor and display. Scandilumen have previous experience with CCD cameras and wanted to know if the CMOS technology were sensitive enough to work properly in gated systems where high sensitivity is critical. Different image processing techniques was analyzed to find out the possibility to enhance image quality with an FPGA built-in into the system. When the specification is implemented, Scandilumen will have a prototype up-to-date with a digital interface and real time image enhancement. / Uppdraget i denna magisteruppsats var att ta fram en specifikation för en andra prototyp av Scandilumens grindade mörkerkamera. Nuvarande prototyp är analog och skall uppgraderas till en digital variant med display och anslutningsmöjlighet till dator. Specifikationen skall innehålla uppgifter om vilka ingående komponenter som skall användas samt vilken prestanda de skall ha. Exempel på dessa komponenter är bildförstärkarrör, bildsensor och displayer. Stor vikt har lagts vid att avgöra vilken typ av bildsensor som skall ingå i systemet. Scandilumen har tidigare erfarenhet av CCD-kameror men ville undersöka om CMOS-tekniken var känslig nog för denna typ av applikation. En jämförelse gjordes mellan de olika teknikerna med fokus på de höga krav som ställs på känslighet. Dessutom analyserades olika typer av bildbehandling som är lämpliga för systemet och som också går att implementera i en FPGA på lämpligt sätt. Om specifikationen följs kommer Scandilumen ha en prototyp uppdaterad med ett digitalt format och den senaste tekniken.

The financial result of a transfer of ownership or external sale is to a great extent depend-ent on how the transfer is implemented and how the tax rules apply. The applicability of the Swedish tax rules regarding transfer of ownership in closely held companies largely de-pends on the interpretation of the prerequisite, equal or similar activity, which can be found in section 57, clause 4 of the Swedish Income Tax Act. The ruling made by the Supreme Administrative Court in RÅ 2010 ref. 11 changed the concept of equal or similar activity. The ruling lead to that the shares in a closely held com-pany was qualified due to that the capital from the original company had been transferred to the operating company. According to the ruling the original company had been split into several companies, thus was the companies considered to carry out equal or similar activity. In 2011 the Supreme Administrative Court announced two rulings that expanded the con-cept of equal or similar activity. According to the rulings no transfer of assets is needed since the purchase price is enough for companies to be considered to carry out equal or similar activity, thus was the shares considered qualified. The decisive factor is that the pur-chase price has been generated by the owner or a family member. A transfer of ownership implies that a new generation will be handling the business. Fur-thermore, shares in closely held companies are qualified if the owners are active in signifi-cant quantities. That fact in relation to that the decisive factor is that the purchase price has been generated by the owner implies that any purchase price will be generated by the own-er. Therefore, the companies will carry out equal or similar activity which means that no tax benefit is achieved, thus will not the Tax evasion Act be applicable.

Short-term synaptic plasticity results from use-dependent activity, lasts on the timescale of milliseconds to minutes, and is thought to underlie working memory and neuronal information processing. Here, we focus on two forms of short-term plasticity: 1) post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), which is induced by high-frequency stimulation, and 2) presynaptic ionotropic receptor-activated synaptic enhancement, which can be produced by the activation of presynaptic glycine receptors. Potentiation of evoked and spontaneous responses is thought to arise from elevations in presynaptic residual Ca2+, which activates one or more molecular targets to increase neurotransmitter release. However, the Ca2+ sensor protein has not yet been identified. The overall goal of this work is to elucidate the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms of short-term plasticity.

In this thesis research, we investigate the usability of hand-held display (Tablet PC) and wearable head-mounted display (Google Glass) interfaces and their effect on doctor-patient interaction during clinical ward round in the hospital. We looked at existing literature to identify existing research about our topic. Using a User Centered Interaction Design process we developed a prototype hybrid system that used both a hand-held and head-mounted display. An evaluation of this prototype with a hand-held system and a paper based interface was performed in a simulated patient room with 20 doctors and 5 patients. The participants were observed, surveyed, and interviewed about their experiences. Generally, the patients had a high satisfaction rate and felt the interfaces were not causing the doctors to lose focus on them. The doctors found the hand-held display by itself and existing paper-based interface to be the most usable and least distracting interfaces for accessing patient information during clinical ward rounds.

Forskning har vist at dårlig kommunikasjon og mangelfull kontinuitet kan føre til dårlig kvalitet på tjenestene til barn. I noen tilfeller har dette ført til uriktige diagnoser og behandling, samt til mangelfull informasjon til foreldrene. Statens Helsetilsyn opprettet en arbeidsgruppe som utformet et forslag til egen journal til bruk for barn og foreldre. Gruppen foreslo å prøve ut egenjournalen til enutvalgt populasjon, og evaluere denne før den ble tatt i bruk i resten av landet. Mål/ hensikt: Endepunktsmål var foreldrenes opplevde kvalitet på kommunikasjon med helsepersonell, informasjonens relevans, følelse av likeverd og invitasjon til egen delaktighet. En ønsket å finne ut ihvilken grad foreldrene ville bruke egenjournalen i møte med helsetjenesten, om foreldrene opplevde at bruk av egenjournal ville føre til en bedre og mer delaktig kommunikasjon, om egenjournalen ville påvirke bruken av helsetjenester, og om foreldrene fikk tilført mer kunnskap om barns helse gjennom egenjournalen. Setting: Helsestasjoner i ti kommuner på nordvestlandet i Norge Metode: Et utvalgpå 309 barn født mellom 1. august 2000 og1. oktober 2001, ble rekruttert gjennom helsestasjonsbesøk og randomisert i en intervensjonsgruppe eller en kontrollgruppe. Førstefødte ble ekskludert. Vi brukte selvutfyllende spørreskjema, som var standardiserte og lukkede. Begge gruppene besvarte del 1 både før og etter intervensjonen. Intervensjonsgruppen besvarte i tillegg del 2 etter intervensjonen. Det var 289 (94%) foreldre som besvarte spørreskjemaet før intervensjonenog 260 (84%) etter. Helsesøstrene introduserte både egenjournalen ogspørreskjemaene. Helsepersonell ble også intervjuet for å validere resultatene. Resultat: Ca ¾ av foreldrene benyttetegenjournalen ved besøk på helsestasjonen, og en tilsvarende andel mente den var nyttig og haddeselv skrevet i den. Halvparten av foreldre oppgav at egenjournal førte til bedre oversikt over barnets helse og utvikling og at de ble mer involvert i bestemmelser. Den ble mindre brukt ved andre typerkontakter med helsetjenesten. Brukav egenjournalen påvirket ikke bruken av helsetjenester, kunnskaper om barns helse eller tilfredshet med informasjon og kommunikasjon med helsepersonell. Konklusjoner: Egenjournalen ble godtmottatt og hyppig benyttet i denne randomiserte og kontrollerte undersøkelsen, men undersøkelsen støttet imidlertid ikke de positive resultatene egenjournalen hadde på kommunikasjon og informasjon, som er blitt vist i tidligere deskriptive oppfølgingsstudier. Foreldre og helsesøstre som deltok i studien, trodde imidlertid at resultatene ville blitt bedre dersom egenjournalen ble introdusert ved første hjemmebesøk etter fødsel, og dersom det ble gitt mer opplæring i bruken av egenjournalen. Det vil være behov for videre forskning for åkunne bestemme hva som videre skal skje med egenjournalen i det helsefremmende arbeidet / Background:Research has shown that insufficient communication skills and lacking continuity has led to poor quality of the children's health services. In some cases this has caused incorrect diagnosis and treatment and insufficient information to the parents. The Norwegian Board of Health appointed a working group that created a parent-held child health record. The group proposed the record to betried out in a selected population and evaluated before introducing it for the whole country. Aim: Tostudy parents use of the PHCHR, and to evaluate participation in decisionmaking and communication with the professionals. We also wanted to determine the PHCHR’s influence on health care utilisation, knowledge about child health and self-care. Setting: Maternal child health centres in ten municipalities in the North-west of Norway between October 2001 and January2003. Method: A sample of 309 children born between Jan 8. 2000 (00.08.01) and Oct 1. 2001 (01.10.01) was recruited successively at routine health surveillance visits and randomised into an intervention ora control group. First-born children were excluded. We used self-completed questionnaires, which had standardised, specific and closed questions. Both groups answered part one before and after the intervention, and the intervention group also answered part two after the intervention. It was 289(94%) parents who answered the questionnaires before the intervention, and 260 (84%) after. Public health nurses introduced both the PHCHR and the questionnaires. The nurses were interviewed to validate the interpretation of the results. Results: 3/4 of the parents used the PHCHR when visiting the maternal child health centres, 3/4 reported that the record had been helpful to them and 3/4 had entered information in the PHCHR themselves. Half of the parents claimed that the PHCHR led to better view of the child's health and development, and that they got more involved in decisions. The PHCHR was less used visiting other health professionals. The use of PHCHR did not influence the utilisation of health care services, parents’ knowledge of child's health, or the parents' satisfaction of information and communication with professionals. Conclusions: The PHCHR was well acceptedand frequentlyused in this randomised controlled trial, but the survey does not support the positive results using PHCHR shown in earlier descriptive follow up studies. Still, the public health nurses taking part in the study believe that an earlier introduction of the parent-held child record – at the first home visit, and more training would alter the results. Further studies are needed before one is to decide what to do about PHCHR in health promotion in children / <p>ISBN 91-7997-092-3</p>

Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2004