Abstract The aim of this study is to contribute knowledge of guardian´s experience of having a child in compulsory- and upper secondary school for learning disabilities. Research questions: How do guardians describe their lived experience of the phenomenon of having a child placed in the compulsory- and upper secondary school for learning disabilities? How do guardians describe the relationship between home and school? Research indicates a multifaceted complexity characterized by high level of stress among guardians of children diagnosed with intellectual disabilities (ID). Attitudes from the society in whole towards people with ID have a major impact. My study has a phenomenologically inspired approach, that aims to access and understand the phenomenon by addressing the source, the guardians. I have interviewed three guardians and learned stories from their existential worlds. They show faith in school, but also anxiety from complex situations that they are faced with. It is important that teachers in schools for pupils with ID are aware of these feelings when meeting the guardians, since they are important to build good cooperative relationships between school and home. Successfulness is based on good relationships and for this to occur, an understanding of the situations of the guardians is required. Keywords cumpulsory school for learning disabilities, upper secondary school for learning disabilities, guardians, phenomenology, lived experience, relationship between home and school, intellectual disability, ID. / Sammanfattning Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap om vårdnadshavares levda erfarenhet av att ha ett barn i grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan. Forskningsfrågor: Hur beskriver vårdnadshavare sin levda erfarenhet av fenomenet att ha sitt barn placerat i grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan? Hur beskriver vårdnadshavare relationen mellan hem och skola? Forskning visar på en mångfasetterad komplexitet som kännetecknas av en hög stressnivå hos vårdnadshavare till barn med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF). Omgivningens inställning till personer med IF har stor påverkan. Min studie har en fenomenologiskt inspirerad ansats vilket syftar till att förstå fenomenet genom att gå till källan, vårdnadshavarna. Jag har intervjuat tre vårdnadshavare och tagit del av berättelser från deras livsvärldar. I deras berättelser visar sig en tillit till skolan men också starka känslor i form av oro, frustration och komplexa situationer att förhålla sig till. Detta tolkar jag som en form av stress. Dessa känslor och erfarenheter behöver speciallärare i grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan vara medvetna om i mötet med vårdnadshavare. Dessa möten är en viktig komponent som bygger samarbetet mellan hem och skola. Ett bra samarbete grundar sig i goda relationer och för att dessa ska uppstå krävs en förståelse för vårdnadshavarens situation. Nyckelord Grundsärskola, gymnasiesärskola, vårdnadshavare, fenomenologi, levda erfarenheter, relation mellan hem och skola, intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, IF.

Submitted by Andrei Francalacci de Castro Faria (andrei.francalacci@bndes.gov.br) on 2016-06-07T19:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Andrei Francalacci.pdf: 2215041 bytes, checksum: 671600e92ce454211d0c6493c0ba75bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-06-10T12:18:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Andrei Francalacci.pdf: 2215041 bytes, checksum: 671600e92ce454211d0c6493c0ba75bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-06-20T16:21:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Andrei Francalacci.pdf: 2215041 bytes, checksum: 671600e92ce454211d0c6493c0ba75bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T18:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Andrei Francalacci.pdf: 2215041 bytes, checksum: 671600e92ce454211d0c6493c0ba75bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / We studied the effects on Petrobras shares arising from the presentation of the earnings announcements of 2014´s third and fourth quarter, the first announcements made after the beginning of the corruption investigation called Operação Lava Jato. We evaluate the impact on prices of the company's stocks with an Event Study. As a control, we analyzed the effects of the disclosure of 1,152 quarterly earnings announcements on other 48 stocks that are part of the IBOVESPA´s theoretical portfolio in the period between 2010 and 2015. We seek to identify the presence of abnormal returns and verify that all information is automatically transferred to prices, suggesting the semi-strong efficiency of the Brazilian stock market in accordance with the Market Efficiency Hypothesis (EMH) developed by Fama (1970). At the end we compare the results of the two specific earning announcements studied with the observed results of other earnings announcements of Petrobras. No evidence was found of market efficiency during the 2010-2015 period neither for the group of 48 stocks, NÃO_PETRO, nor for the PETRO group, formed by the two Petrobras shares. We then analyzed the results in two periods. The first, called Bonanza (2010-2013), showed the same results as the 2010-2015 period, with no significant abnormal returns in the event window [0,1]. The results of the Crisis period (2014 -2015) showed that the information of the earning announcements ha a statistical significant impacted on the prices of the studied stocks. To analyzing the results of the individual earning announcements of Petrobras, we identified the need for additional information, extrapolating the scope of an event study. / Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar os efeitos sobre as ações da Petrobras decorrentes da apresentação dos balanços do terceiro e quarto trimestre de 2014, primeiros balanços apresentados após as denúncias da Operação Lava Jato. Avaliamos os impactos nos preços das ações da empresa através de um Estudo de Evento. Como controle, analisamos os efeitos da divulgação de 1.152 balanços trimestrais sobre outras 48 ações de que fazem parte da Carteira Teórica do IBOVESPA no período entre 2010 e 2015. Buscamos identificar a presença de retornos anormais e verificar se toda informação se transfere automaticamente aos preços, sugerindo a eficiência semiforte do mercado de ações brasileiro de acordo com a Hipótese de Eficiência do Mercado (HEM) desenvolvida por Fama (1970). Ao final comparamos os resultados específicos dos balanços em estudo com os resultados observados em outros balanços da própria Petrobras. Não foram encontradas evidências de eficiência de mercado durante o período 2010-2015 nem para o grupo de 48 ações, chamadas de NÃO_PETRO, nem para o grupo PETRO, formado pelas duas ações da Petrobras. Ao dividir os mesmos grupos em dois momentos, os resultados para o período batizado de Bonança (2010-2013), permanecem iguais ao do período completo, ao passo que o período chamado de Crise (2014 -2015) apresenta retornos anormais estatisticamente significativos nas janelas de eventos. Ao avaliar os retornos de balanços individuais da Petrobras, identificamos a necessidade de informações adicionais, extrapolando o escopo de um estudo de evento.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LigiaGR.pdf: 427991 bytes, checksum: fd90b864e24611c634c5ec114b00d8f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / The main problem faced by the shrimp industry are the infectious diseases. The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis infection (IHHN) is one of the major cause of disease in the cultured shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Environmental changes involving water quality, oxygen concentration, salinity, temperature, stocking density, presence of pathogens, among others, triggering a stressing condition for the cultured shrimp, weakening them and allowing the outbreak of diseases. The stress on the animal leads to a change in the molecules immune response components, which can be used as indicators of shrimp health. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of salinity, stocking density and IHHNV infection on the L. vannamei shrimp. The immune parameters used to check the shrimp health were the total hemocytes counts (THC), the agglutinating activity (AA) and the clotting time (CT) of the serum of shrimp. These parameters were analyzed in healthy and IHHNV-infected shrimp, grown in low (0-0.5 ), medium (19-24 ) and high (> 38 ) salinity, and extensive (7-12 cam.m-2), semi-intensive (15-25 cam.m-2) and intensive (33-45 cam.m -2) stocking density. The IHHNV infection rate was significantly higher in low salinity (P<0.005) and intensive density (P<0.005), both stressful conditions for L. vannamei. Low salinity significantly increased THC (P<0.05) and decreased and CT (P<0.05) in healthy and infected shrimp, but AA (P<0.05) significantly decreased in healthy shrimp at medium salinity. Culture intensification did not affect the THC, AA and CT of healthy and infected shrimp (P>0.05). The IHHNV infection did not affect any immune parameters of shrimp cultured at different salinities and stocking densities. It is necessary to emphasize that this study was conducted in shrimp grown in ponds, where several environmental factors are acting simultaneously. Thus, further studies are needed about the influence of other environmental factors on the immune parameters of shrimp cultured in pond / O principal problema enfrentado pela ind?stria do camar?o s?o as enfermidades de origem infecciosa. A Infec??o Hipodermal e Necrose Hematopoi?tica (IHHN) ? uma das principais causas de doen?as no camar?o de cultivo Litopenaeus vannamei. Altera??es do ambiente de cultivo envolvendo qualidade da ?gua, concentra??o de oxig?nio, salinidade, temperatura, densidade de estocagem, presen?a de pat?genos, entre outros, desencadeiam uma situa??o de estresse nos camar?es cultivados, debilitando-os e permitindo a instala??o de enfermidades. O estresse desencadeia no animal a altera??o de mol?culas componentes da resposta imune, que podem ser usadas como indicadores de sa?de do camar?o. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da salinidade, densidade de estocagem e infec??o pelo IHHNV na imunidade do camar?o de cultivo L. vannamei. Os par?metros imunes utilizados para monitorar as condi??es de sa?de dos camar?es foram o n?mero total de hem?citos (THC), a atividade aglutinante (AA) e o tempo de coagula??o (TC) dos soros dos camar?es. Estes par?metros foram analisados em camar?es saud?veis e infectados pelo IHHNV, cultivados em baixa (0-0,5 ), m?dia (19-24 ) e alta (>38 ) salinidades e em extensiva (7-12 cam.m-2 ), semi-intensiva (15-25 cam.m-2) e intensiva (33-45 cam.m-2) densidades de estocagem. A taxa de infec??o pelo IHHNV foi significativamente maior em baixa salinidade (P<0,005) e na densidade intensiva (P<0,005), ambas condi??es estressantes para o L. vannamei. Baixa salinidade significativamente aumentou THC (P<0,05) e diminuiu TC (P<0,05) de camar?es saud?veis e infectados, mas AA (P<0,05) de camar?es saud?veis diminui significativamente na m?dia salinidade. A intensifica??o do cultivo n?o afetou THC, AA e TC de camar?es saud?veis e infectados (P>0,05). A infec??o pelo IHHNV n?o afetou nenhum dos par?metros imunes dos camar?es cultivados nas diferentes salinidades e densidades de estocagem. ? necess?rio enfatizar que o presente estudo foi realizado em camar?es cultivados em viveiros, onde v?rios fatores ambientais est?o atuando simultaneamente. Desta forma, s?o necess?rios estudos adicionais sobre a influ?ncia de outros fatores ambientais nos par?metros imunes de camar?es nas condi??es de cultivo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SebastiaoDSF.pdf: 475002 bytes, checksum: d28adb2821adc67501d7e19f42e9b6a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Several clinic evaluations have been possible with radiobiocomplexes labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc). Some natural and synthetic drugs are capable of to interfere on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, as well as on the biodistribution of radiobiocomplexes. Authors have also reported about the toxicity of several natural products. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the Mentha crispa (hortel?) and of the Hypericum perforatum (hip?rico) in different experimental models. On the labeling of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma and cellular proteins with 99mTc, both extracts were capable of to decrease the radioactivity percentage on the cellular compartment and on the fixation on plasma and cellular proteins. On the morphometry of the RBC, only the hortel? was capable to alter the shape and the perimeter/area ratio of the RBC. On the biodistribution of the radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4), the hortel? increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the kidney, spleen, liver and thyroid, meanwhile the hip?rico decreased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the bone, stomach, lungs and thyroid, and increased the Na99mTcO4 distribution in the pancreas. On the bacterial cultures survival, the hip?rico was capable of to protect the bacteria against the stannous chloride (SnCl2) effect. The hip?rico did not alter the topology of plasmidial DNA and did not protect the plasmidial DNA against the SnCl2 action. Probably, the effects presented by both extracts could be due to chemical compounds of the extracts that could alter the morphology of the RBC and the plasma membrane ions transport, and/or by phytocomplexes that could be formed with different effects dependent on the biological system considered / Avalia??es cl?nicas t?m sido poss?veis com radiobiocomplexos marcados com tecn?cio-99mTc (99mTc). Drogas naturais ou sint?ticas s?o capazes de interferir na marca??o de estruturas sangu?neas com 99mTc, assim como na biodistribui??o de radiobiocomplexos. Tamb?m tem sido descrita a toxicidade de v?rios produtos naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito dos extratos de Mentha crispa (hortel?) e de Hypericum perfloratum (hip?rico) em diferentes modelos experimentais. Na marca??o de estruturas sang??neas com 99mTc verificou-se que ambos os extratos foram capazes de diminuir a radioatividade no compartimento celular, nas prote?nas plasm?ticas e celulares. Na morfometria das hem?cias, apenas a hortel? foi capaz de alterar a forma e a rela??o per?metro/?reas das hem?cias. Na biodistribui??o do radiobiocomplexo pertecnetato de s?dio (Na99mTcO4) a hortel? aumentou a capta??o do Na99mTcO4 no rim, no ba?o, no f?gado e na tire?ide, enquanto que o hip?rico diminuiu a capta??o do Na99mTcO4 no osso, no est?mago, no pulm?o e na tire?ide, e aumentou no p?ncreas. Na sobreviv?ncia de culturas bacterianas o hip?rico foi capaz de proteger a bact?ria do efeito danoso do cloreto estanoso (SnCl2). O hip?rico n?o alterou a topologia nem protegeu o DNA plasmidial da a??o do SnCl2. Provavelmente os efeitos apresentados por ambos os extratos poderiam ser explicados por subst?ncias presentes nos extratos que poderiam alterar a morfologia das hem?cias, o transporte de ?ons pela membrana e/ou formar fitocomplexos. O estudo teve car?ter multidisciplinar com a participa??o das seguintes ?reas do conhecimento: Radiobiologia, Bot?nica, Endocrinologia, Fitoterapia e Hematologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielleAT.pdf: 281978 bytes, checksum: c61d07a033e83fa024963234eef23f5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-11 / Artemisia vulgaris L..is used in folk medicine and in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This medicinal plant has been utilized as anticonvulsive, analgesic, antispasmodic effect, rheumatic pains, menstrual dyspepsia, asthenia, epilepsy, hepatitis, fevers, anemia and to expel parasites. In nuclear medicine, blood constituents are labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and used as radiopharmaceuticals (radiobiocomplexes). Authors have been described that synthetic and/or natural drugs could modify the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Artemisia vulgaris L. on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc. Blood samples withdrawn of Wistar rats were incubated with Artemisia vulgaris L, stannous chloride and 99mTc, as pertechnetate ion. Aliquots of plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) were isolated. Aliquots of P and BC were also precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and soluble (SF) and insoluble (IF) fractions were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentages of radioactivity (%ATI) were calculated. Artemisia vulgaris L. extract decreased significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI on BC and on IF-BC. The analysis of the results indicates that the extract could have substances that could interfere on the transport of stannous through the erythrocyte membrane altering the labeling of blood cells with 99mTc. Working in this study was a multidisciplinary group, with Phisical therapists, Biomedicals, Physicals, Pharmacists, Biologists, Statistics and Physicians. / Artemisia vulgaris L. ? usada na medicina tradicional como anticonvulsivante, analg?sico, antiespasm?dico, indicada para dores reum?ticas, dispepsia menstrual, astenia, epilepsia, hepatite, febre, anemia e para expelir parasita. Na medicina nuclear, constituintes do sangue s?o marcados com tecn?cio-99m (99mTc) e usados em procedimentos cl?nicos como radibiocomplexos. Estudos t?m demonstrado que drogas sint?ticas ou naturais podem modificar a marca??o dos constituintes sangu?neos com 99mTc. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de um extrato de Artemisia vulgaris L. na marca??o dos constituintes sangu?neos com 99mTc. Amostras de sangue foram incubadas com o extrato vegetal, cloreto estanoso e 99mTc na forma de pertecnetato de s?dio. Plasma e c?lulas sang??neas foram isolados por centrifuga??o. Al?quotas de plasma e c?lulas sang??neas foram tamb?m precipitadas com ?cido tricloroac?tico para isolamento de fra??es sol?vel e insol?vel. Em cada fra??o a radioatividade foi contada e as porcentagens de radioatividade (%ATI) calculadas. O extrato de Artemisia vulgaris L diminuiu significantemente (p<0,05) a %ATI nas c?lulas sangu?neas e nas prote?nas celulares. A an?lise dos resultados indica que o extrato de Artemisia vulgaris L apresentaria subst?ncias que poderiam interferir no transporte de ?ons estanoso e/ou pertecnetato atrav?s da membrana do eritr?cito alterando a marca??o das c?lulas sangu?neas com 99mTc. A realiza??o deste trabalho envolveu uma equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo fisioterapeutas, biom?dicos, f?sicos, farmac?uticos, bi?logos, estat?sticos e m?dicos

The available antiretroviral compounds can effectively suppress the replication of HIV-1 and block the disease progression. However it is impossible to eradicate the virus from the organism as the HIV-1 integrated in the genome is not affected by the existing anti-HIV-1 drugs. Therefore, new latency reversing agents are being actively developed as part of "shock and kill" therapy to reactivate the provirus and clear the reservoir. Normosang (heme arginate; HA) is a human hemin- containing compound used to treat acute porphyria. Heme is physiologically catabolised by heme oxygenases to form iron (Fe2+ ), carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin that is further converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. In this study, we have demonstrated that HA inhibited HIV-1 replication during the acute infection, which was accompanied by the inhibition of reverse transcription. On the other hand, HA synergised with phorbol myristyl acetate (PMA) and reactivated the HIV-1 provirus in ACH-2 cells and the HIV-1 "mini-virus" in Jurkat cell clones A2 and H12. HIV-1 ''mini-virus'' was reactivated also by HA-alone. Further, we have studied the effects of heme degradation products on latent HIV-1 reactivation when added individually. We employed addition of ascorbate to generate Fe2+ , resulting in an increased...

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-04T13:36:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Mestrado_(Andre E. Poroca Lins)_Final.pdf: 64666922 bytes, checksum: 584e69803acfdd0b31e2b58094eb9b6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T13:36:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Mestrado_(Andre E. Poroca Lins)_Final.pdf: 64666922 bytes, checksum: 584e69803acfdd0b31e2b58094eb9b6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-28 / Os materiais com óxido de zinco vêm passando por um rápido desenvolvimento devido as suas potenciais aplicações em uma ampla variedade de áreas tecnológicas, tais como eletrônica, catálise, cerâmica, fotodetectores, sensores, células solares, entre outras. Porém, torna-se fundamental o estudo das propriedades, condições de síntese e aplicações. Um material que vem se destacando devido as suas propriedades mecânicas, elétricas, magnéticas, ópticas e químicas é o óxido de zinco (ZnO). No óxido de zinco tais propriedades dependem principalmente do tamanho e morfologia de suas partículas. O avanço no desenvolvimento de materiais com óxido de zinco vem recebendo bastante destaque no meio científico e se tornando de fundamental importância devido à interdisciplinaridade entre vários campos da ciência, e por permitir a obtenção de novos materiais com melhores propriedades físicas e químicas. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é produzir um compósito de matriz de alumínio AA1100, reforçado com material cerâmico, o óxido de zinco (ZnO), utilizando o processo de metalurgia do pó e técnica de moagem de alta energia. Para tanto, utilizou-se a caracterização por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X (DRX) e difração a laser para avaliar as características do compósito, além de verificar as propriedades mecânicas inerentes e constatar a superioridade em relação a materiais produzidos de forma convencional. No primeiro momento é feita a avaliação da mistura dos pós produzidos, segundo variação percentual do reforço e tempo de processamento, com o objetivo de obter dados iniciais. Em seguida, é feito o processamento das misturas dos pós para compactação e sinterização; visando obter pastilhas do compósito, nas quais serão feitas ensaios e caracterização microestrutural, e por fim avaliação de resultados e conclusões. / The zinc oxide composites materials are undergoing rapid development due to their potential applications in a wide variety of technological areas such as electronics, catalysis, ceramics, photodetectors, sensors, solar cells, among others. However, it is fundamental the studies of the properties, synthesis conditions and applications. A material that has been highlighted due to its mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical and chemical properties is the zinc oxide (ZnO). In zinc oxide such properties mainly depend on the size and morphology of the particles. The technological progress in the development of materials with zinc oxide has been receiving a lot of attention in the scientific community and becoming of paramount importance due to several interdisciplinary fields of science, and for allowing the obtaining of new materials with improved physical and chemical properties. The main objective of this work is to produce matrix composites of aluminum alloy AA1100, reinforced with ceramic material, the zinc oxide (ZnO), the process of using powder metallurgy technique and high energy milling. For this we used the characterization by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD, and laser diffraction to evaluate and compare the features of composite, besides checking the mechanical properties and see the inherent superiority over conventionally produced material. At first assessment is made of the mixture of powders produced according to percentage change in the reinforcement and processing time, in order to obtain initial data. Then the processing is done mixtures of powders for compaction and sintering, to obtain tablets composite in which are made tests and microstructural characterization, and ultimately evaluating the results and conclusions.

This thesis-project aims to research the possibilities of new wireless technologies in general control-situations. We have studied different existing control protocols, and developed a new protocol focusing on textbased menus. Our protocol is scaleable, easy to implement, and platform- and media independent. Since our protocol supports Plug and Play with dynamically allocated id’s, it does not require a unique id in the hardware. To test the protocol we have developed a prototype system, consisting of a mobile phone connected to a server, which in turn is connected to two slave units, controlling peripheral equipment on 220 Volt. The phone is an Ericsson T28, equipped with a Bluetooth unit. The server is runningthe real-time OS eCos on an ARM 7TDMI Evaluation Kit, and the slave units consist of two developer boards equipped with PIC-processors. Communication between the phone and the server is done over Bluetooth. However we did not find a working Bluetooth protocol stack ported to eCos, so a serial cable was used instead. Communication between the server and the slaves is done over a RS-485 serial network which simulates the traffic over a radio-network. The results show that our protocol is working, and that our system would be easy to implement, cheap to produce and very scalable.

Le cortex cérébral est composé d’un grand nombre de types de neurones organisés radialement en couches cellulaires et tangentiellement en aires corticales fonctionnellement distinctes. Son développement est régulé par des signaux fonctionnant comme morphogènes sécrétés par des centres organisateurs situés à la périphérie du télencéphale dorsal. Ces morphogènes contrôlent l’expression dans les progéniteurs corticaux de gènes codant pour des facteurs de transcription qui régulent la prolifération, la différenciation et la spécification des progéniteurs corticaux. Les cascades de gènes impliquées dans la mise en place du cortex cérébral dans lesquelles ces signaux et facteurs de transcription interviennent restent cependant actuellement mal connues.<p>Les gènes Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 appartiennent à une famille de gènes fortement conservée évolutivement codant pour des facteurs de transcription à doigt de zinc connus pour leur rôle dans le développement sexuel. Des résultats obtenus dans le laboratoire ayant montré que Dmrt5 joue un rôle crucial dans la neurogenèse au niveau du système olfactif chez le xénope, j’ai voulu savoir, dans un premier temps, si la fonction de Dmrt5 dans la neurogenèse était une fonction ancestrale. Pour répondre à cette question, j’ai recherché des gènes Dmrts chez une espèce de Cnidaire, Nematostella vectensis, et ai étudié leur expression au cours du développement. L’un d’entre-eux, NvDmrtB, est fortement exprimé dans le système nerveux et s’est avéré être requis pour la différenciation des cellules nerveuses chez N. vectensis, suggérant que les gènes Dmrts avaient déjà un rôle dans la neurogenèse dans l’ancêtre commun des Bilatériens et des Cnidaires.<p>Par ailleurs, d’autres travaux ont montré que chez la souris les gènes Dmrt5 et Dmrt3 sont exprimés dans le cerveau en développement au niveau du télencéphale dorsal. Afin d’approcher leur fonction dans le développement cortical, j’ai analysé leur expression au cours du développement embryonnaire, caractérisé les anomalies de développement du cortex cérébral des souris knockout Dmrt5-/- et Dmrt3-/- ainsi que des souris double knockout Dmrt3-/-;Dmrt5-/- et étudié leur régulation. Mes résultats ont montré que Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 sont coexprimés dans les progéniteurs corticaux en gradient avec un maximum d’expression du côté caudo-médian. J’ai également observé que l’absence de Dmrt5 induit une réduction de la taille des vésicules télencéphaliques et que les structures de la partie caudo-médiane du cortex telles que le plexus choroïde et l’hippocampe sont altérées ainsi que les aires visuelle et somato-sensorielle. Au niveau moléculaire, mes résultats ont montré que Dmrt5 est requis pour l’expression de différents gènes codant pour les signaux Wnt et Bmp sécrétés au niveau de la région caudo-médiane des vésicules télencéphaliques, et qu’il contrôle négativement Pax6 et positivement Emx2, des déterminants respectivement de l’identité rostro-latérale et caudo-médiane du cortex cérébral. Bien que la taille des vésicules télencéphaliques n’apparaisse pas affectée chez les souris Dmrt3-/-, l’expression de différents composants de la voie Wnt et celle d'Emx2 et Pax6 est légèrement altérée, comme chez les souris Dmrt5-/-. Chez les souris double knock-out Dmrt3-/-;Dmrt5-/-, une réduction de la taille du cortex et des altérations de l’expression des gènes similaires et plus sévères que celle des souris Dmrt5-/- ont été observées. Nous avons également mis en évidence que l’expression de Dmrt3 est réduite chez les souris Dmrt5-/- et que inversement celle de Dmrt5 est légèrement augmentée chez les souris Dmrt3-/-. Enfin, nous avons observé que l’expression de ces deux gènes est dépendante du facteur de transcription Gli3 et que seul l’expression de Dmrt3 requiert les facteurs de transcription Pax6 et Emx2.<p>Ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que les facteurs de transcription Dmrt5 et Dmrt3 contrôlent le développement de la partie caudo-médiane du cortex, Dmrt5 agissant en amont de Dmrt3. Ils suggèrent également que ces facteurs y joueraient des rôles partiellement redondants en régulant l’expression de cibles communes tels les gènes Wnt3a et Pax6.! / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This paper is a qualitative study about how personnel in Homes for Care and Accommodation work with mental health issues among unaccompanied children. The purpose with this study is to identify how they are working with mental health issues and explore how the personnel would like to work if their resources were unlimited. Interviews have been used as a qualitative method in this study and a social constructionist approach has been applied. The theoretical perspective in this study is salutogenesis and this perspective has been the stepping stone during the analysis of the gathered material. A reflexive analysis of the empirical data has been made and the result is presented in several themes connected to the experience of the personnel. The result and analysis show that it is not the duty of the accommodations to work with mental health issues but still, in practice, this have become their responsibility. The methods used are mainly focusing on building relationships with and structure around the adolescents. Conversations are the most important tool when working with mental health issues. The result also presents that clear information, more help from professionals and more education are items the respondents wishes that they had access to. In the discussion, reasoning is around who has the responsibility for mental health among unaccompanied children and how an increased sense of context could be a proposition for trying to decrease mental health issues among unaccompanied children. / Detta är en kvalitativ studie som berör hur personal på Hem för Vård och Boende arbetar med psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande barn. Syftet med studien är att identifiera på vilka sätt personal arbetar med psykisk ohälsa samt undersöka hur de skulle vilja arbeta om det fanns tillgång till obegränsat med resurser. I studien har djupintervjuer använts som datainsamlingsmetod och en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats har applicerats. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är salutogenes och har därmed tillämpats vid analys av det insamlade materialet. En reflexiv analys av empirin har genomförts och resultatet presenteras i olika teman kopplade till personalens upplevelser. I resultat och analys framkommer att respondenterna anser att det inte ligger i boendenas uppdrag att arbeta med psykisk ohälsa men att det i praktiken fallit på deras lott. Metoder som tillämpas i det vardagliga arbetet går främst ut på att bygga relationer med och skapa struktur kring ungdomarna. Samtal är det viktigaste redskapet i arbetet med psykisk ohälsa. Vidare visar resultatet att tydligare information, mer professionell hjälp och mer utbildning ligger på respondenternas önskelista. I diskussionen förs ett resonemang kring vem som egentligen har ansvaret för att arbeta med psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande barn och ungdomar samt att en ökad känsla av sammanhang kan vara ett förslag till minskad psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande ungdomar.