Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Native medicinal plants are widely used, but are insufficient scientific information on the spread of some species and cytotoxicity. This study investigated the sexual propagation and vegetative species Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae) through seed germination, micropropagation, cuttings, evaluate the genotoxic and quantify the accumulation of secondary metabolites of plants obtained. Studies of germination in vitro and ex vitro seeds were developed by testing storage conditions, concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), light regimes, soaking times in water to 5ºC ± 1ºC, temperatures and populations. For micropropagation were used apical and nodal segments and combinations of benzylaminopurine BAP (0,0 e 2,0 mg L-1) and naphthalene acetic acid NAA (0,0 e 0,2 mg L-1). In the study of stem cuttings were used cuttings of branches overhead and underground rhizomes. Apical, middle and basal branches were kept in distilled water and nutrient solutions Murashige and Shoog (20%), with or without indole butyric acid (IBA) (5,0 mg L-1). For the cutting of rhizomes, segments thereof were immersed in 0, 600 and 1200 mg L-1 IBA for six hours and after cultured in Plantmax, sand or vermiculite. Apical leaves from four different origins: natural plants growing in wasteland; plants from wasteland and cultivated in the greenhouse, plants from cuttings and rhizomes micropropagated plants were collected for the assessment of genotoxicity and quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids by spectrophotometry, and chlorogenic acid, quercetin and rutin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Efficiency. The genotoxicity was assessed using the Allium cepa test, testing concentrations of 5 and 20 g L-1 aqueous extracts of dried leaves. Populations influenced the germination of seeds, and the wasteland of the ones who had averaged 57,2% germination. The seeds germinated under 16h photoperiod (2,4% and 22,3%) and continuous darkness (3,5% and 17,6%). The soaking time of 36 hours favored germination (56% and 24,7%) and germination rate in the experiment 2 and 3, respectively. A temperature of 20°C, in experiment 3, provided the highest percentage of seed germination, 26,6%. In micropropagation, the combination of 2,0 mg L-1 of BAP and 0,2 mg L-1 og NAA, provided 49% of complete plants and 37% survival at acclimatization. In cuttings of new shoots, rooting in the substrate occurred over water with the presence of IBA (29%). The Plantmax® provided 62% rooting in cuttings of rhizomes did not differ from sand (43%). In the evaluation of genotoxicity was detected genotoxic potential of extracts derived from micropropagated plants (5 and 20 g L-1) and grown in a greenhouse (5 g L-1). Polyphenols and flavonoids were found in all the extracts and identified flavonoids quercetin and chlorogenic acid in higher concentrations in plants of wasteland, 441,4 and 95,7 mg g-1, respectively, and rutin in similar concentration in all samples (mean 46,9 mg g-1). / Plantas nativas medicinais são amplamente utilizadas, porém as informações científicas são insuficientes sobre a propagação e a citotoxicidade de algumas espécies. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a propagação sexuada e vegetativa da espécie Solidago chilensis Meyen (Asteraceae), através da germinação de sementes, micropropagação e estaquia, além de avaliar o potencial genotóxico e quantificar o acúmulo de metabólitos secundários das plantas obtidas. Estudos da germinação in vitro e ex vitro das sementes foram desenvolvidos testando-se condições de armazenamento, doses de ácido giberélico (GA3), regimes de luz, tempos de embebição em água a 5ºC ± 1ºC, temperaturas e populações. Para a micropropagação, foram utilizados segmentos apicais e nodais e combinações de benzilaminopurina BAP (0,0 e 2,0 mg L-1) e ácido naftaleno acético ANA (0,0 e 0,2 mg L-1). No estudo da estaquia foram utilizadas estacas de ramos aéreos e de rizomas subterrâneos. Porções apicais, medianas e basais de ramos foram mantidas em água destilada e soluções nutritivas de Murashige e Shoog (20%), contendo ou não ácido indol butírico (AIB) (5,0 mg L-1). Para a estaquia de rizomas, segmentos dos mesmos foram imersos em 0, 600 e 1200 mg L-1 de AIB por seis horas e após cultivados em Plantmax®, areia ou vermiculita. Folhas apicais de quatro procedências: plantas crescendo naturalmente em terreno baldio; plantas oriundas de terreno baldio e cultivadas em casa de vegetação; plantas obtidas das estacas de rizomas e plantas micropropagadas foram coletadas para a avaliação da genotoxicidade e quantificação de polifenóis totais e flavonoides por espectrofotometria, além de ácido clorogênico, quercetina e rutina por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A genotoxicidade foi avaliada através do teste Allium cepa, testando-se concentrações de 5 e 20 g L-1 de extratos aquosos das folhas secas. As populações influenciaram na germinação de sementes, sendo as de terreno baldio as que apresentaram em média 57,2% de germinação. As sementes germinaram sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas (em média 2,4% e 22,3%) e escuro contínuo (em média 3,5% e 17,6%) no experimento 1 e 3, respectivamente. A embebição por 36 horas favoreceu a germinação (56% e 24,7%) e velocidade de germinação no experimento 2 e 3, respectivamente. A temperatura de 20ºC, no experimento 3, proporcionou a maior porcentagem de germinação das sementes, 26,6%. Na micropropagação, a combinação de 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP + 0,2 mg L-1 de ANA, proporcionou 49% de plantas completas e 37% de sobrevivência na aclimatização. Na estaquia de ramos aéreos, ocorreu superior enraizamento no substrato água com a presença de AIB (29%). O substrato Plantmax® proporcionou 62% de enraizamento nas estacas de rizomas, não diferindo da areia (43%). Na avaliação da genotoxicidade, foi detectado potencial genotóxico dos extratos oriundos das plantas micropropagadas (5 e 20 g L-1) e das cultivadas em casa de vegetação (5 g L-1). Polifenóis e flavonoides foram encontrados em todos os extratos, sendo identificados, os flavonoides, ácido clorogênico e quercetina em maior concentração nas plantas de terreno baldio, 441,4 e 95,7 mg g-1, respectivamente, e rutina em concentração semelhante em todas as amostras (em média 46,9 mg g-1).

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No. of bitstreams: 1 KarlaJulieteDePaivaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 3412095 bytes, checksum: c27e612052c475a4f87b4cafbfe37fc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivo: As comunidades de restinga s?o formadas predominantemente por esp?cies oriundas dos Dom?nios Caatinga, Cerrado, Amaz?nia e Mata Atl?ntica, que passam pelo forte filtro ambiental representado pelas condi??es estressantes caracter?sticas de ambientes costeiros. Neste estudo, propomos testar se a varia??o ambiental do litoral brasileiro ? suficiente para criar filtros adicionais para as esp?cies da restinga. Localiza??o: Toda a extens?o da costa do Brasil, Am?rica do Sul. M?todos Constru?mos uma base de dados contendo informa??es bin?rias da flora terrestre da restinga presente em 164 localidades ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Para cada uma destas localidades, obtivemos um conjunto de 41 vari?veis ambientais, incluindo vari?veis clim?ticas e ed?ficas. Usamos Modelos de Arqu?tipos de Esp?cies (MAEs) para avaliar a resposta das esp?cies da restinga ? varia??o representada pelas vari?veis abi?ticas. Tamb?m investigamos a exist?ncia de gradientes flor?sticos atrav?s de uma An?lise de Coordenadas Principais (ACoP). Usamos estas duas abordagens estat?sticas para os dados de esp?cies herb?ceas e lenhosas, separadamente. Resultados: Foram formados 4 arqu?tipos de esp?cies herb?ceas em resposta a 10 vari?veis ambientais e 10 arqu?tipos de esp?cies lenhosas em resposta a 6 vari?veis ambientais. Os arqu?tipos de esp?cies herb?ceas responderam aos gradientes ambientais mais fortemente que os arqu?tipos de esp?cies lenhosas, embora, em geral, apenas poucos arqu?tipos mostraram fortes respostas ? varia??o ambiental. Adicionalmente, as comunidades herb?ceas da restinga n?o foram estruturadas por gradientes flor?sticos significativos e as comunidades lenhosas n?o formaram gradientes flor?sticos n?tidos, sugerindo um alto n?vel de estocasticidade na forma??o da estrutura flor?stica da restinga. Principais Conclus?es: A varia??o ambiental do litoral brasileiro parece criar filtros adicionais para as esp?cies herb?ceas e lenhosas da restinga, o que ? mais importante para a distribui??o das esp?cies herb?ceas. A baixa resposta das esp?cies ?s vari?veis ambientais sugere que a varia??o flor?stica da restinga resulta mais da rela??o espacial entre a restinga e os Dom?nios flor?sticos adjacentes. / Aim The plant communities of restinga are shaped by species from Caatinga, Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Domains which are able to cope with stressful conditions from the Brazilian coast. We tested whether environmental variation along the Brazilian coast is strong enough to impose additional filters for the restinga species. Location The entire coast of the Brazil, South America. Methods We gathered information about species composition from 164 distinct localities along the Brazilian coast to construct a binary database of restinga flora. For each of these localities, we obtained a set of 41 environmental variables, including climate and edaphic variables. We used Species Archetype Models (SAMs) to evaluate the response of the restinga species to the variation represented by abiotic variables. We also investigated the existence of floristic gradients using a Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). We use these two statistical approaches for data of herbaceous and woody species, separately. Results We found four archetypes of herbaceous species in response to 10 environmental variables, and 10 archetypes of woody species in response to 6 environmental variables. The archetypes of herbaceous responded to environmental gradients more strongly than archetypes of woody species, althout, in general, just few archetypes showed strong responses to environmental variation. Additionally, the herbaceous communities from restinga were not structured by significant floristic gradients and the woody communities did not have clear floristic gradientes, suggesting a high level of stochasticity shapping the floristic structure of restinga. Main conclusions The environmental variation along the Brazilian coast seems to create additional filters for herbaceous and woody species of restinga, which are more important to the distribution of herbaceous species. However the low response of species to the environment suggests that the floristic variation of restinga results over from a spatial relationship between the restinga and the Caatinga, Cerrado, Amazon, Atlantic and Pampa Domains.

The thesis builds on the bachelor thesis in which the goal was to assess the current state of health and to estimate the environmental risk of spruce stand destabilization in the forest complex Brdo. The aim of this thesis was to assess the regenerative potential of spruce stands in the same location on the basis of crown condition analysis of adult spruce stands and of studies of natural regeneration and subsequent seedling survival in various categories of land cover. Obtained results were processed using analysis of variance with hierarchical structure.

This dissertation focus on spontaneously developed forests (SDFs) on mesic stands. The present tree layer was described and the possible changes in the tree layer was estimated. Influence of site- and context-dependent factors on the species composition and general character of the herb layer was studied in detail. An experiment was established to study seed and safe-site limitation of nine forest herb species.

In Africa, use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes is very common. However, efficacy on co-administering of medicinal plants with therapeutic drugs hasn't been fully determined, especially for African medicinal plants. The current study focused on assessing the in vitro modulation effects of three popular African medicinal plants, namely: Aloe ferox, Sutherlandia frutescens and Prunus africana (including five commercial preparations containing these medicinal plants) on two of the most important anti-diabetic drug metabolising enzymes, Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 2C9 and CYP3A4 and a key drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Vivid® microsome-based screening kits were used to assess inhibitory potency of plants preparations on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzymes activities. The study showed that P. africana was a more potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activity than the corresponding positive controls Ginkgo biloba and St. John's wort, which are known to cause clinically significant drug-herb interactions. S. frutescens leaf extract demonstrated potent to moderate inhibition on both the tested CYP activities, while its commercial products (Promune® and Probetix®) possessed moderate to mild inhibitory effects on the activities of both CYPs. Potent inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 was seen with Aloe Ferox®. Prosit® and Aloes powder® showed potent to moderate inhibition on CYP2C9 activity and moderate to mild inhibition on CYP3A4 activity. In addition to CYP450 activity, the present study also investigated the effects of the selected medicinal plant products on the activity of the main drug efflux protein, P-gp. A screening assay was specifically developed to assess the potential for herbal remedies to interact with P-gp mediated drug absorption. The assay is based on the principle of the reversal of drug resistance in modified Caco-2 cells specifically altered to express high iv efflux protein activity. These cells display a multidrug resistance phenotype and the addition of a plant extract containing a P-gp inhibitor or substrate will inhibit or compete with any cytotoxic drug and consequently reverse the drug resistance. The suitability of the assay was confirmed using a known P-gp inhibitor. The study observed that the anti-proliferation effect of vinblastine was significantly enhanced in vinblastine-resistant Caco-2 cells, which have high P-gp expression, when they were exposed to the selected African herbal preparations. This observation indicates that the studied plant preparations may alter P-gp functionality and therefore lead to interference with the absorption of co-administered drugs. The outcomes of this study provide useful information on whether there are any potential drug-herb interactions between the commonly used African medicinal plants and oral anti-diabetic drugs, at the level of CYP and P-gp drug metabolism and could contribute to better therapeutic management of Type II diabetics. However these predicted interactions will need to be verified in a clinical setting.

Einleitung Die ständige Suche nach effektiveren und/oder weiteren botanischen Antibiotika im weiten Feld der geographischen Artenvielfalt macht den Stand der Forschung sehr unübersichtlich. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, durch Literaturrecherche eine Übersicht antimikrobiell wirksamer Pflanzen, Zubereitungen und Extrakte auf ausgewählte Bakterien der Mundhöhle aufzuzeigen. Material und Methoden Die Literaturrecherche erfolgte weltweit durch englische Schlüsselwörter in den elektronischen Datenbanken Cochrane Library, Pubmed / Medline, Embase und Google scholar für den Zeitraum bis einschließlich Dezember 2012. Ergebnisse Es wurden Veröffentlichungen über 735 Pflanzen gefunden, die auf ihre antimikrobielle Wirkung gegen folgende Mikroorganismen getestet wurden: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii. Gute antimikrobielle Wirkung zeigten Extrakte von 149 Pflanzen. In 87 klinischen Studien wurden Extrakte und Mixturen von ingesamt 61 Pflanzen untersucht, wovon nur 4 Studien keinen Effekt auf die klinischen Parameter hatten. Schlussfolgerung für die Klinik Pflanzenextrakte als neue potenzielle antimikrobielle Wirkstoffe in Prävention und Therapie von oralen Erkrankungen erforden noch weitere kontrollierte Studien in definierten Verfahren. / Introduction The constant search for more effective and / or other botanical antibiotics in the vast field of geographic diversity makes the state of research very confusing. The aim of this work is to show an overview of antimicrobial plants, preparations and extracts on selected bacteria of the oral cavity through literature. Material and Methods The literature search was carried worldwide by English keywords in the electronic databases Cochrane Library, PubMed / Medline, Embase and Google scholar for the period up to and including December 2012. Results Publications were found about 735 plants. They were tested for antimicrobial activity against the following microorganisms: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii. Extracts of 149 plants showed good antimicrobial effect. In 87 clinical studies, extracts and mixtures of a total of 61 plants were examined, of which only 4 studies had no effect on clinical parameters Conclusion for the clinic Require new potential plant extracts as antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, further controlled studies in defined procedures

Invasiva arter är ett av de största hoten mot biologisk mångfald i världen och gör stor skada på ekonomin och miljön. Särskilt hotade är vägkanter av den invasiva växten blomsterlupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) som tränger undan inhemska arter och göder marken. Vägkanterna i Sverige täcker sammanlagt stora ytor och är hem till många växter som en gång funnits i det gamla odlingslandskapet. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att med hjälp av information om blomsterlupinens biomassa dynamik bestämma det optimala datumet för slåtter: när biomassan underjord är som lägst och om det finns någon skillnad i biomassa i två regioner. I fem lokaler i Brattfors, respektive i Karlstad samlades blomsterlupiner, som senare vägdes i ett laboratorium för att få fram biomassa ovan jord och underjord, över en tidsperiod på 4 månader. Resultaten visade inte på någonskillnad i max- eller minimum värdena för den totala biomassan i Brattfors och Karlstad. Jämförelsevis upptäcktes en skillnad i biomassan ovan- som under jord mellan skördtillfällena i Brattfors och Karlstad. Biomassan underjord var som lägst den 9:e juni och 22:a juni i Brattfors, respektive 9:e juni till 14:e juli i Karlstad. Den 15 juli har beskrivits som slutet för blomningen av blomsterlupin och med det ett datum som skötsel bör ske innan. För att bättre kunna bestämma det optimala datumet för slåtter och hur regionerna kan variera behövs det fler studier på hur kritiska punkter i växters utveckling påverkar ansamlingen av biomassa. / Invasive species are one of the biggest threats toward biological diversity in the world and do a lot of harm to the economy and environment. Especially threatened are road verges by the invasive plant Garden lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) that crowd’s native species and fertilizes the soil. The road verges in Sweden cover in total large areas and are home to many species that were once found in the old agricultural landscape. This bachelor's thesis means to, with the help of information about garden lupines biomass dynamic, decide the optimal date for mowing, when biomass is at its lowest underground and if there is any difference in biomass between two regions. In five places in Brattfors, respectively five places in Karlstad, garden lupines were gathered, and later weighed at a laboratory to get the biomass above- and underground, over a time period of 4 months. The results did not show any difference in the max- or minimum values for the total biomass in Brattfors and Karlstad. Comparatively a difference in biomass between the collecting dates was found in both Brattfors and Karlstad. The biomass underground was at its lowest on 9 June and 22 June in Brattfors, respectively 9 June to 14 July in Karlstad. The 15 July has been described as the end of the flowering period of garden lupine and with that a date management should be before. More studies on critical points in plant development are needed to better understand when the optimal date for mowing is and how regions can vary in growth.

<p>Ruzmarin Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) je biljka koja se u tradicionalnoj medicini na na&scaron;em području koristi za postizanje analgetičkog, holeretičkog i hepatoprotektivnog delovanja. Prema Evropskoj agenciji za lekove (2010 godine), indikacije za sistemsku primenu etarskog ulja ruzmarina su lečenje dispepsije i spazama gastrointestinalnog trakta, a za spolja&scaron;nju primenu se preporučuje u lečenju umereno jakih bolova u zglobovima i mi&scaron;ićima i u lečenju poremećaja periferne cirkulacije. Imajući u vidu da komponente etarskog ulja ruzmarina ispoljavaju i druga, potencijalno korisna farmakolo&scaron;ka svojstva, postoji potreba da se ova delovanja detaljnije ispitaju. Ciljevi ispitivanja su bili da se utvrdi: 1) analgetički efekat etarskog ulja ruzmarina i njegov uticaj na farmakodinamske osobine paracetamola, kodeina, diazepama i pentobarbitala kao i na farmakokinetske osobine paracetamola; 2) antioksidativni i hepatoprotektivni efekat u uslovima hemijski izazvanog oksidativnog stresa. Metodom gasne hromatografije (GC/MS i GC/FID) utvrđen je kvantitativni sastav etarskog ulja. Najzastupljenije komponente ulja koje je kori&scaron;ćeno u na&scaron;em ispitivanju su oksidovani monoterpeni 1,8-cineol (43.77%) i kamfor (12.53%) i monoterpenski ugljovodonik &alpha;-pinen (11.51%). Suspenzija etarskog ulja ruzmarina primenjivana je mi&scaron;evima u dozama 10 i 20 mg/kg tm tokom sedam dana i jednokratno u farmakodinamskim testovima: test vrele ploče, test &bdquo;uvijanja&ldquo; (posle intraperitonealne primene sirćetne kiseline), test za procenu motorne koordinacije životinja na rotirajućem &scaron;tapu i test merenja vremena trajanja spavanja. Za ispitivanje uticaja etarskog ulja ruzmarina na farmakokinetske osobine paracetamola i za biohemijska i toksikolo&scaron;ka ispitivanja, kori&scaron;ćeni su pacovi koji su tokom sedam dana tretirani suspenzijom etarskog ulja ruzmarina u dozi 5 i 10 mg/kg tm, a sedmog dana su primili paracetamol i.v. ili p.o.. Za praćenje farmakokinetskih parametara kori&scaron;ćeni su uzorci krvi dobijeni iz repne vene pacova u kojima su HPLC metodom merene koncentracije paracetamola, na osnovu kojih su potom određeni farmakokinetski parametri ovog leka. Antioksidativna aktivnost etarskog ulja ruzmarina je određivana in vitro (DPPH i Folin-Ciocaulteu testovima) i in vivo. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja iz prikupljenih uzoraka krvi određivani su iz seruma biohemijski parametri, pokazatelji bubrežne i jetrene funkcije, a u homogenatu tkiva jetre određivani su parametri oksidativnog stresa. Samo etarsko ulje ruzmarina ispoljava analgetičko delovanje i smanjuje visceralnu bol izazvanu sirćetnom kiselinom. Pored toga, potencira analgetički efekat kodeina i paracetamola. Etarsko ulje ruzmarina značajno smanjuje hipnotičko delovanje pentobarbitala i sprečava poremećaj motorne koordinacije nakon primene diazepama. Etarsko ulje ruzmarina ne utiče značajnije na oralnu biolo&scaron;ku raspoloživost paracetamola. Vi&scaron;ekratna primena različitih doza etarskog ulja ruzmarina ne izaziva toksične promene u krvi i jetri ispitivanih životinja. Primena etarskog ulja ruzmarina &scaron;titi životinje od reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta, umanjuje posledice izloženosti oksidativnom stresu i ispoljava značajno hepatoprotektivno delovanje.</p> / <p>Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis, L.(Lamiaceae) is traditionally used in folk medicine for its analgetic, choleretic and hepatoprotective properties. According to the recommendation of European Medicines Agency from 2010, rosemary essential oil can be used for treating dyspepsia and mild spasmodic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and also externally as an adjuvant in the relief of minor muscular and articular pain and minor peripheral circulatory disorders. Different studies conducted with rosemary essential oil show other pharmacological effects of main components of the oil. The aim of this study was to examine: 1) analgetic effects of rosemary essential oil and its influence on the pharmacodynamic properties of paracetamol, codeine, diazepam and pentobarbital, and also its influence on the pharmacokinetic properties of paracetamol; 2) antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects on the parameters of chemicaly induced oxidative stress. The quantification of chemical constituents of the essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography (GC/FID and GC/MS). The major compounds that were identified and quantitated by GC-FID and GC-MS were oxygenated monoterpens 1,8-cineole (43.77%), camphor (12.53%) and monoterpene hydrocarbon &alpha;-pinene (11.51%). The suspension of rosemary essential oil was applied to mice orally (doses: 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w.) for seven days and in single dose for the pharmacodynamic tests: hot plate, writhing, rotharod and sleeping time. Rats treated with suspension of rosemary essential oil for seven days orally (doses: 5 and 10 mg/kg b.w.) were used for the examination of influence of essential oil on the pharmacokinetic properties of paracetamol. Then on the 7th day the paracetamol was applied to them p.o. or i.v.. The parameters of pharmacokinetic were analyzed in blood samples obtained from rats tail veins. The HPLC method was used for measurement of concentration of paracetamol in blood samples. Those concentrations were used for calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters. The antioxidant activity of the rosemary essential oil was evaluated in vitro (with DPPH and Folin-Ciocaulteu tests) and in vivo. The animals were sacrificed and the samples of blood and liver were taken. The obtained serum was used for determination of standard biochemical parameters and the parameters of oxidative stress were analyzed in obtained liver homogenates. The essential oil of rosemary shows analgetic properties and it decreases visceral pain induced with intraperitoneally injected acetic acid. The rosemary essential oil increases pharmacological effects of codeine and paracetamol. Also, this oil reduces pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and diminishes diazepam-induced disorder of psychomotor coordination. The essential oil of rosemary does not change paracetamol bioavailability. The rosemary essential oil applied in multiple doses does not induce toxic changes in blood and liver samples obtained from animals. The use of rosemary essential oil protects animals from reactive oxygen species, decreases the effects caused by oxidative stress and shows significant hepatoprotective effect.</p>

<p>Poslednjih godina je prisutan trend povratka prirodi i upotrebi biljnih lekova, kako u prevenciji tako i u lecenju razlicitih bolesti. Timijan (Thymus vulgaris L.) se u narodnoj medicini koristio u lecenju respiratornih oboljenja kao &scaron;to su ka&scaron;alj, bronhitis i astma. Rezultati novijih istraživanja pokazuju da timijan poseduje i druga potencijalno korisna farmakolo&scaron;ka svojstva (antimikrobna, antiinflamatorna, antioksidativna, spazmoliticka, antidijabetesna i anksioliticka). Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili da se ispitaju farmakodinamske osobine preparata timijana, njihove interakcije sa lekovima koji deluju na centralni nervni sistem, uticaj na funkciju jetre i parametrem oksidativnog stresa kod životinja izloženih ugljentetrahloridu, kao sadržaj karvakrola i timola u sirupu timijna, pri razlicitim uslovima cuvanja. U farmakodinamskim ispitivanjima kao eksperimentalne životinje kori&scaron;ceni su mi&scaron;evi soja NMRI, a u svim drugim ispitivanjima pacovi soja Wistar. Tinktura timijana je primenjena u dozi od 0,4mk/kg, a sirup u dozi od 12,08 ml/kg, na mi&scaron;evima. Primenjene doze na pacovima su bile 0,18 ml/kg za tinkturu i 5,6 ml/kg za sirup timijana. Za ispitivanje analgetickog dejstva kori&scaron;ceni su metod vrele ploce i test sircetne kiseline. Za procenu motorne koordinacije kori&scaron;cen je test rotirajuceg &scaron;tapa, a za procenu hipnotickog delovanja mereno je vreme spavanja. Prilikom ispitivanja uticaja preparata timijana na farmakokinetiku paracetamola, odre_ivana je koncentracija ovog leka HPLC metodom, a nakon toga su odreeni farmakokinetski parametri paracetamola. Antioksidantna aktivnost preparata timijana odre_ivana je pomocu in vitro i in vivo testova. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja ra_ena je histopatolo&scaron;ka analiza jetrenog tkiva, a u serumu su odre_ivani biohemijski parametri, kao i pokazatelji bubrežene i jetrene funkcije. Sadržaj timola i karvakrola i sirupu timijana odre_en je GC/MS metodom. Sirup i tinktura timijana su pokazali analgeticki efekat u testu vrele ploce, kao i smanjenje broja grceva izazvano primenom sircetne kiseline. Sedmodnevna primena preparata timijana smanjila je analgeticko dejstvo kodeina, a pojacala analgeticki efekat paracetamola. Sirup timijana je potencirao diazepamom izazvan poremecaj motorne koordinacije. Ispitivanjem uticaja preparata timijana na hipnoticko delovanje pentobarbitala, postignuti su razliciti rezultati u zavisnosti od dužine trajanja pretremana. Sedmodnevna primena timijana je produžila vreme trajanja spavanja, dok je jednokratna primena timijana skratila vreme trajanja spavanja. Nakon i intravenske i peroralne primene paracetamola, grupe životinja koje su bile pretretirane preparatima timijana imale su krace poluvreme eliminacije i vecu konstantu eliminacije. Upotreba samo preparata timijana nije imala uticaj na biohemijske i histolo&scaron;ke promene jetrene funkcije. S druge strane, upotreba tincture timijana u kombinaciji sa ugljen-tetrahloridom dovela je do porasta vrednosti AST i ALT enzima u serumu, dok je sirup timijana u kombinaciji sa ugljentetrahloridom smanjio aktivnost aminotransferaza. Najvece odstupanje u koncentracijama aktivnih komponenti timola i karavkrola, pokazali su sirupi cuvani na sobnoj temperaturi (20&deg;C), u sekundarnoj ambalaži i na svetlom mestu. Rezultati dobijeni u toku ovog istraživanja ukazuju da preparati timijana uticu na farmakodinamske osobine kodeina, paracetamola, diazepama i pentobarbitala, kao i na farmakokinetiku paracetamola. Upotreba preparata timijana ispoljila je analgeticki efekat i umanjila posledice izloženosti oksidativnom stresu. Uslovi cuvanja sirupa timijana uticali su na njegovu stabilnost.</p> / <p>In recent years is present trend of return to nature and the use of herbal medicines in prevention and treatment of different diseases. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) was used in folk medicine in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as cough, bronchitis and asthma. The new research results have demonstrated that thyme has many others potentially useful pharmacological properties (antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antidiabetic and anxiolytic). The aims of this research were to determine the pharmacodynamic properties of thyme preparations and their interactions with central nervous system drugs, influence on liver function and oxidative stress parameters of animals exposed to carbon tetrachloride, as well as concentration of thymol and carvacrol in thyme syrup, at different storage conditions. In pharmacodynamics examination as experimental animals were used NMRI mice, while in all other test were used Wistar rats. Applied dose of thyme tincture was 0.4 ml/kg and of syrup 12.08 ml/kg, for mice. For rats, applied doses of tincture and syrup were 0.18 ml/kg and 5.6 ml/kg, respectively. The analgesic activity was examined by the hot plate test and acetic acid test. The Rotarod test was used to evaluate the motor coordination and to evaluate hypnotic activity sleeping time was mesaured. In order to examine the influence of thyme preparations on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol, the concentracion of this drug was measured by HPLC metods, and after that pharmocokinetic parameters of paracetamol were determined.The antioxidant acivity of thyme preparations was determined by using in vitro and in vivo tests. After animals sacrificing, histopathological analysis of liver tissue were peroformed, in serum were determined biochemical parameters and renal and hepatic function parameters. Quantification of thymol and carvacrol in syrup was carried out by GC/MS method. Thyme syrup and thyme tincture exhibited analgesic activity in hot plate test and reduced the number of writhes induced by acetic acid. Seven-day pretreatment with thyme preparations reduced analgesic activity of codeine and increased analgesic effect of paracetamol. Thyme syrup potentiated diazepam induced motor coordination impairment. Examining the impact of thyme preparations on hypnotic effect induced by pentobarbital, different results were achieved depending on the duration of pretreatment. Seven-day pretreatment with thyme had prolonged the sleeping time, while after single dose of thyme the sleeping time was decreased. After intravenous and after oral administration of paracetamol, groups pretreated with thyme preparations had decreased elimination half-life and increased elimination constant rate. Administration of thyme preparations alone did not change biochemical nor histological markers of hepatic function. On the other hand, co-administration of thyme tincture and carbon tetrachloride resulted in exacerbation of AST and ALT values in serum, while thyme syrup in coadministration with carbon tetrachloride managed to reduce activities of aminotransferases. The concentration of major active compounds, thymol and carvacrol, was mostly changed when syrups were stored at room temperature (20&deg;C), in secondary containers and in light place. Results obtained in this study demonstrated that thyme preparations do affect pharmacodynamic properties of codeine, paracetamol, diazepam and pentobarbital and pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. Administration of thyme preparations exhibited analgesic activity and reduced the effects of exposure to oxidative stress. Storage conditions of thyme syrup did affect its stability.</p>

Aristolochic acids (AA) have been considered as toxicants of plants which were found in plants of the family Aristolochiaceae. The most abundant acids in mentioned plants are aristolochic acid I (AAI) and aristolochic acid II (AAII). AA have been considered as causes kidney disease called Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). AAN was initially discovered in patients of one Belgian clinic in Brussels specialized on treatment of patients leading to a decrease in their body weight. The first name of this disease was Chinese herb nephropathy (CHN). Later, it was discovered that one component of herbal preparation was changed by a mistake with the Aristolochiaceae plant. The second type of renal disease caused by AA was discovered in populations of countries along the Danube river, called as Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), which was probably caused by the contamination of grains with plants containing AA. These renal diseases (AAN and BEN) are often associated with development of upper urothelial cancer (UUC). AA (AAI + AAII) in organisms are subject to biotransformation leading to its reductive activation or oxidative detoxification. Both cytosolic enzymes [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase] and microsomal enzymes [cytochromes P450, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase] participate in their reduction. The...