This study aims to analyse and compare the accounts of Darius I, Herodotus, and Ctesias of Cnidus regarding the uprising of the false Smerdis in 522 BCE, and to give a suggestion for a reconstruction of the chain of events. The theoretical framework employed consists of New Historicism, intertextuality and the concept of “the Other”, which is combined with a close reading, grammatical analysis, and translation to Swedish of the relevant ancient texts. The dynastic background in the Achaemenid Empire, the described secrecy of the murder of the real Smerdis, and the intertextuality between the sources are all discussed in relation to the question of the historicity of the events of the uprising. The key word kāra of the Old Persian inscription is defined by its more semantically precise Akkadian equivalent uqu as referring to the army in two passages describing the uprising, and this interpretation is shown to be incompatible with the accounts of the Greek historians. It is concluded that Herodotus and Ctesias relied on oral sources for their accounts of the uprising. One of the deviant names in Ctesias’ account, Barisses, so far thought to be a hapax legomenon, is shown to be the same name as that of a high ranked official in Persepolis during the reign of Xerxes I. The most valuable source for the uprising is Darius’ version, even though there is reason to question several of the assertions in his inscriptions. It is concluded that the uprising took place largely as described in the account of Darius, and that there was indeed an impostor on the throne of Persia in 522 BCE. While in agreement with Darius on the most fundamental points, the Greek historians described this originally military uprising as court intrigues in order to contrast Achaemenid Persia with Greece, while at the same time embroidering their accounts with literary, folkloric, and fantastical motives.

En studie som inriktar sig på de förändringar som sker med den antika grekiska krigsföringen mellan perserkrigen och de peloponnesiska krigen - med fokus på den grekiska hopliten och det grekiska kavalleriet.

Les références à l’Histoire sont très présentes dans le Roman de Chairéas et Callirhoé de Chariton (Ier siècle ap. J.-C.) et dans les Éthiopiques d’Héliodore (IVe siècle ap. J.-C.). Elles sont exprimées selon des modalités très variées. Les intrigues se déroulent à l’époque classique. Elles font allusion à un grand nombre d’épisodes et de personnages historiques. Les jeux d’intertextualité avec Hérodote et de Thucydide sont nombreux. Ces procédés font écho à des pratiques d’écriture courantes chez les orateurs. La souplesse de la forme romanesque, qui n’est pas encore codifiée, permet de mettre en scène une représentation du passé riche et innovante. Les démarches des deux romanciers sont différentes. Le Roman de Chairéas et Callirhoé met en scène une grande diversité de références au passé, donnant à lire un condensé de l’Histoire grecque de l'époque classique à Alexandre. Les jeux d’intertextualité avec l’œuvre de Thucydide suggèrent une réflexion sur la transformation de l’Athènes classique. Les échos à différents personnages historiques reflètent l’évolution des valeurs morales de l’époque classique à l’époque impériale. Se dessine ainsi, à travers les références historiques, une réflexion sur l’exercice du pouvoir, en lien avec les écrits des orateurs. Les Éthiopiques présentent des jeux d’intertextualité très élaborés avec les Histoires d’Hérodote. À travers ces échos, le romancier affirme la profonde innovation que constitue le genre romanesque. Les références à l’Histoire dessinent les contours d'un univers romanesque original, qui trouve sa place entre Histoire et légende. Elles expriment des enjeux politiques et moraux présents chez les orateurs. / References to history are frequent in the Greek novels Chaireas and Callirhoe, by Chariton (1th century AD), and Aithiopika, by Heliodorus (4th century AD.) These references take a variety of forms. The novels are set in the classical period, but they refer to a wide range of events and historical figures. They also feature rich intertextual engagement with the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides, in a way that recalls the allusive practices of contemporary orators. Thanks to the flexibility of the novel framework, which had not yet been codified, the authors represent the past in innovative, complex, and divergent ways. The Romance of Chaireas and Callirhoe, I demonstrate, exhibits a large variety of references to the past, giving a condensed summary of Greek history from the classical era to Alexander the Great. Echoes to Thucydides suggest thoughts on the transformation of Athens, while references to different historical figures reflect the change of moral values from the classical era to imperial times. The references to the past are linked to political thoughts, in connection with orators' discourses. The Aithiopika, by contrast, presents elaborate allusions to Herodotus Histories. Through these echoes, the novelist affirms the profoundly innovative capacity of the Greek novel as a genre. References to history, I conclude, draw the outlines of an original fictional universe, which finds its place between history and legend, and serve as a counterpoint to the political and moral frameworks developed in oratorical contexts.

Large open-source software projects involve developers with a wide variety of backgrounds and expertise. Such software projects furthermore include many internal APIs that developers must understand and use properly. According to the intended purpose of these APIs, they are more or less frequently used, and used by developers with more or less expertise. In this paper, we study the impact of usage patterns and developer expertise on the rate of defects occurring in the use of internal APIs. For this preliminary study, we focus on memory management APIs in the Linux kernel, as the use of these has been shown to be highly error prone in previous work. We study defect rates and developer expertise, to consider e.g., whether widely used APIs are more defect prone because they are used by less experienced developers, or whether defects in widely used APIs are more likely to be fixed.