Dynamic balancing of computation and communication load is vital for the execution stability and performance of distributed, parallel simulations deployed on shared, unreliable resources of large-scale environments. High Level Architecture (HLA) based simulations can experience a decrease in performance due to imbalances that are produced initially and/or during run-time. These imbalances are generated by the dynamic load changes of distributed simulations or by unknown, non-managed background processes resulting from the non-dedication of shared resources. Due to the dynamic execution characteristics of elements that compose distributed simulation applications, the computational load and interaction dependencies of each simulation entity change during run-time. These dynamic changes lead to an irregular load and communication distribution, which increases overhead of resources and execution delays. A static partitioning of load is limited to deterministic applications and is incapable of predicting the dynamic changes caused by distributed applications or by external background processes. Due to the relevance in dynamically balancing load for distributed simulations, many balancing approaches have been proposed in order to offer a sub-optimal balancing solution, but they are limited to certain simulation aspects, specific to determined applications, or unaware of HLA-based simulation characteristics. Therefore, schemes for balancing the communication and computational load during the execution of distributed simulations are devised, adopting a hierarchical architecture. First, in order to enable the development of such balancing schemes, a migration technique is also employed to perform reliable and low-latency simulation load transfers. Then, a centralized balancing scheme is designed; this scheme employs local and cluster monitoring mechanisms in order to observe the distributed load changes and identify imbalances, and it uses load reallocation policies to determine a distribution of load and minimize imbalances. As a measure to overcome the drawbacks of this scheme, such as bottlenecks, overheads, global synchronization, and single point of failure, a distributed redistribution algorithm is designed. Extensions of the distributed balancing scheme are also developed to improve the detection of and the reaction to load imbalances. These extensions introduce communication delay detection, migration latency awareness, self-adaptation, and load oscillation prediction in the load redistribution algorithm. Such developed balancing systems successfully improved the use of shared resources and increased distributed simulations' performance.

Les avancées dans le domaine de la bioinformatique ont ouvert de nouveaux horizons pour la recherche en biologie et en pharmacologie. Les machines comme les algorithmes utilisées aujourd'hui ne sont cependant plus en mesure de répondre à la demande exponentiellement croissante en puissance de calcul. Il existe donc un besoin pour des plate-formes de calculs spécialisées pour ce types de traitement, qui sauraient tirer partie de l'ensemble des technologie de calcul parallèle actuelles (Grilles, multi-coeurs, GPU, FPGA). Dans cette thèse nous étudions comment l'utilisation d'outils de synthèse de haut niveau peut aider à la conception d'accélérateurs matériels spécialisés massivement parallèles. Ces outils permettent de réduire considérablement les temps de conception mais ne sont pas conçus pour produire des architectures matérielles massivement parallèles efficaces. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont attachés à dégager des techniques de parallélisation, ainsi que les moyens d'exprimer efficacement ce parallélisme, pour des outils de type HLS. Nous avons appliqué ces résultats à une application de bioinformatique connue sous le nom de HMMER. Cet algorithme qui pourrait être un bon candidat à une accélération matérielle est très délicat à paralléliser. Nous avons proposé un schéma d'exécution parallèle original, basé sur une réécriture mathématique de l'algorithme, qui a été suivi par une exploration des schéma d'exécution matériels possible sur FPGA. Ce résultat à ensuite donnée lieu à une mise en œuvre sur un accélérateur matériel et a démontré des facteurs d'accélération encourageants. Les travaux démontre également la pertinence des outils de HLS pour la conception d'accélérateur matériel pour le calcul haute performance en Bioinformatique, à la fois pour réduire les temps de conception, mais aussi pour obtenir des architectures plus efficaces et plus facilement reciblables d'un plateforme à une autre. / The revolutionary advancements in the field of bioinformatics have opened new horizons in biological and pharmaceutical research. However, the existing bioinformatics tools are unable to meet the computational demands, due to the recent exponential growth in biological data. So there is a dire need to build future bioinformatics platforms incorporating modern parallel computation techniques. In this work, we investigate FPGA based acceleration of these applications, using High-Level Synthesis. High-Level Synthesis tools enable automatic translation of abstract specifications to the hardware design, considerably reducing the design efforts. However, the generation of an efficient hardware using these tools is often a challenge for the designers. Our research effort encompasses an exploration of the techniques and practices, that can lead to the generation of an efficient design from these high-level synthesis tools. We illustrate our methodology by accelerating a widely used application -- HMMER -- in bioinformatics community. HMMER is well-known for its compute-intensive kernels and data dependencies that lead to a sequential execution. We propose an original parallelization scheme based on rewriting of its mathematical formulation, followed by an in-depth exploration of hardware mapping techniques of these kernels, and finally show on-board acceleration results. Our research work demonstrates designing flexible hardware accelerators for bioinformatics applications, using design methodologies which are more efficient than the traditional ones, and where resulting designs are scalable enough to meet the future requirements.

Les sportifs de haut niveau traversent tous des phases de transitions plus ou moins bien négociées dans leur carrière sportive, que cela soit des transitions normatives ou non normatives. Cette thèse examine la portée de ces transitions sur les processus décisionnels et adaptatifs du sportif de haut niveau qui le conduisent à effectuer un choix plutôt qu'un autre lors d'un moment clef de sa carrière (e.g. sportif, professionnel, social). Les trois études de cette thèse s'inscrivent principalement dans le cadre d'une approche développementale du déroulement de carrière des sportifs de haut niveau (Wylleman, Lavallee & Alfermann, 1999) et reposent sur le modèle du Push-Pull, Anti Push, Anti Pull (Schutz, Mullet et al, 1998). La première partie de cette thèse s'est intéressée au prolongement depuis une dizaine d'années des carrières des sportifs de haut niveau se poursuivant au-delà de l'âge de trente ans, ainsi qu'aux mécanismes sous jacents au maintien et à la protection du bien-être subjectif lié à ce phénomène. Des éléments de similarité liés à leurs caractéristiques personnelles et à leur parcours ainsi que des éléments de singularité liés au découpage et à la durée des étapes de leur carrière sont apparus. La seconde étude de cette thèse porte sur le parcours de vie des sportives d'élite et le choix de la maternité en cours de carrière sportive et/ou post carrière sportive. Les parcours se construisent au regard des significations accordées aux évènements contextuels et circonstanciels, aux aspirations et idéaux personnels, aux priorités de vie. Le choix de la maternité oscille entre le désir d'un épanouissement personnel à travers à la fois un épanouissement sportif et un épanouissement de mère et la primauté accordée à sa vie sportive de l'autre avec l'absence d'envie de procréer. La troisième étude s'est intéressée à l'entrée en pôle d'entraînement, et plus particulièrement aux éléments facilitants ou perturbants qui ont accompagné la décision des sportifs de haut niveau d'entrer ou non en pôle et qui ont participé à une adaptation plus ou moins bien réussie Les éléments qui se sont révélés importants qu'ils soient plutôt positifs ou négatifs gravitent autour du cadre de vie, du double projet, et du projet sportif. / The high-level sportsmen cross all phases of transitions more or less good negotiated in their sporting career, that it's normative or not normative transitions. This thesis examines the impact of these transitions on the decision-making and adaptive processes of the high-level sportsman which lead him to make a choice rather than the other one during a key moment of its career (e.g. sportsman, professional, social). Three studies of this thesis join mainly within the framework of a développementale approach of the career development of high-level sportsmen (Wylleman, Lavallee & Alfermann, 1999) and rest on the model of Push-Pull, Anti Push, Anti Pull (Schultz, Mullet and al, 1998). The first part of this thesis was interested in the continuation since around ten years of the careers of high-level sportsmen continuing beyond the age of thirty years, as well as in mechanisms under jacents in the preservation and in the protection of the subjective well-being. Elements of similarity bound to their personal characteristics and to their route as well as elements of peculiarity bound to the cutting and to the duration of the stages of their career appeared. The second study of this thesis concerns the route of life of the sportswomen of elite and the choice of the maternity in course of career sports and/or comment sporting career. Routes build themselves towards the meanings granted to contextual and incidental events, to aspiration and ideal staffs, in the priorities of life. The choice of the maternity oscillates between desire of a self-fulfillment through at the same time a sports blooming and a blooming of mother and superiority granted to its sports life of the other one with the absence of envy to procreate. The third study was interested in entrance to pole of training, and more particularly in facilitating or disrupting elements which accompanied the decision of the high-level sportsmen to enter or not pole and which participated in a more or less good made a success adaptation The elements which showed themselves important that they are rather positive or more negative revolve around living environment, double project, and sports project.

Grâce aux progrès réalisés dans le domaine des semi-conducteurs, les plateformes matérielles embarquées sont capables de satisfaire les contraintes de performances d'applications de plus en plus complexes. Cette augmentation conduit à une explosion des coûts de conception, ce qui pousse les concepteurs de ces plateformes à utiliser des outils travaillant à des niveaux d’abstraction plus élevés. Aujourd’hui, les outils de synthèse de haut niveau opèrent sur des descriptions C/C++ pour en générer des accélérateurs matériels spécialisés. Ces outils offrent des gains en productivité significatifs par rapport à la génération précédente, qui opérait sur des descriptions structurelles de l’architecture en VHDL ou Verilog. Ces descriptions algorithmiques doivent être retravaillées pour que les outils puissent générer des circuits performants. Pour faciliter cette tâche, une solution consiste à mettre en œuvre une boite à outils pour des transformations source-à-source orientées synthèse de haut niveau. En particulier, cette thèse s’intéresse aux transformations de boucles, avec pour objectif d’améliorer les performances en exposant des boucles parallèles et en améliorant la localité des accès mémoire. En nous appuyant sur une représentation des boucles dans le modèle polyédrique, nous proposons une approche qui améliore l’applicabilité du pipeline de nids de boucles en vérifiant sa légalité de manière plus précise que les approches existantes. De plus, lorsque la vérification échoue, nous proposons une technique de correction qui insère statiquement des états d’attente pour assurer la légalité du pipeline. Enfin, ce pipeline est mis en œuvre en utilisant une technique de génération de code qui met les nids de boucles à plat. Ces contributions ont été implémentées dans l’infrastructure de compilation source-à-source Gecos, avant d’être appliquées à un ensemble de benchmarks représentatifs des noyaux de calculs cibles de la synthèse de haut niveau. Les résultats montrent un gain en performances significatif, avec un surcoût en surface modéré. / Due to the advances in semiconductor technologies, embedded hardware is capable of satisfying the performance constraints of increasingly complex applications. This leads to a design cost explosion, thus pushing the hardware designers to use tools working with higher levels of abstractions. High-Level Synthesis tools generate custom hardware accelerators out of C/C++ specifications. They offer significant productivity gains compared to the previous generation of tools that worked at the level of hardware description languages, such as VHDL or Verilog. These higher level specifications have to be reworked in order for the High-Level Synthesis tools to generate efficient hardware accelerators. To ease this task, one solution is to provide a source-to-source transformation toolbox targeting High-Level Synthesis. Specifically, this thesis explores loop transformations in order to improve performance by exposing parallel loops and improving the locality of memory accesses. Using polyhedral representation of loop nests, we propose an approach to improve the applicability of nested loop pipelining by verifying its legality in a more precise way than existing approaches. Moreover, we propose a correction mechanism that statically inserts wait states for enforcing the pipeline legality for cases when the verification fails. The resulting pipeline is implemented using a code generation technique that flattens the loop nests. These contributions have been implemented within the GeCoS source-to-source compilation infrastructure, and applied to a set of benchmarks targeted towards High-Level Synthesis. Results show significant performance improvement at the price of a moderate area overhead.

The fuel usage of a hybrid electric vehicle can be reduced by strategically combining the usage of the combustion engine with the electric motor. One method to determine an optimal split between the two is to use dynamic programming. However, the amount of computations grows exponentially with the amount of states which makes its usage difficult on sequential hardware. This thesis project explores the usage of FPGAs for speeding up the required computations to possibly allow the optimisation to run in real time in the vehicle. A tool to convert a vehicle model to a hardware description language was developed and evaluated. The current version does not run fast enough to run in real time, but some optimisations which would allow that are proposed.

A estatura é um dos atributos físicos de grande destaque para o homem e para a mulher e, dependendo do meio ou da cultura, é valorizada de diferentes formas. Quando se faz referência ao esporte e a atletas de alto nível, a primeira imagem que nos vem à mente é a de uma figura alta e forte. No entanto, na Ginástica Artística (GA), especialmente no setor feminino, a maioria das ?grandes? campeãs apresenta uma característica em comum: a estatura baixa. No Brasil, a população em geral acredita que o fato se deve ao treinamento intensivo da modalidade. Conseqüentemente, pais chegam a proibir que as filhas pratiquem a modalidade preocupados com o comprometimento da estatura adulta. Até o momento, os estudos científicos realizados têm demonstrado que os aspectos biomecânicos, a rigorosa seleção natural e, principalmente, fatores hereditários provavelmente sejam os maiores responsáveis pela estatura baixa das ginastas. No entanto, a maioria desses estudos são realizados com atletas pré-púberes e adolescentes que estão em plena fase de crescimento. A falta de estudos conclusivos e especialmente relacionados à fase adulta das ginastas, mesmo no contexto internacional, contribui para a perpetuação do mito da estatura baixa na GA em alguns países como o Brasil. Assim, é preciso conduzir estudos específicos e em maior profundidade a fim de verificar se há ou não comprometimento da estatura final da ginasta de alto nível na fase adulta devido ao treinamento. Estudos que relacionem o crescimento estatural com ênfase na fase adulta da atleta de GA ainda não foram encontrados na nossa literatura. Além de raros, inclusive no contexto internacional, essas pesquisas são necessárias para esclarecer dúvidas e levantar evidências que possam justificar ou quebrar o mito relacionado à modalidade. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa foi levantar dados referentes à estatura de ex-ginastas e ginastas adultas de alto nível no Brasil, para verificar possíveis evidências de que o potencial hereditário estabelecido para estatura adulta tenha sido prejudicado devido ao treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística. Utilizou-se o método quantitativo para comparação dos dados familiares referentes à estatura e maturação de 45 ex-ginastas e 06 ginastas em atividade com idade mínima de 18 anos. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que a estatura da ginasta de alto nível no Brasil está dentro da normalidade de acordo com os órgãos oficiais que estabelecem os referenciais para estatura em cada faixa etária. Evidenciaram também estreita relação entre a estatura média dos pais e a estatura final das ginastas, fator também observado na comparação entre as ginastas e respectivas irmãs, indicando que, aparentemente, o potencial genético ou fator hereditário estabelecido para a estatura não foi prejudicado em decorrência do treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística / The stature is one of the physical attributes of great prominence for the man and for the woman and depending on the means or the culture it is valued in different ways. When reference is done to the sport and athletes of high level the first image that it comes to mind is of one that is tall and strong. However, in the artistic gymnastics (GA), especially in the feminine section, most of the \"great\" champions present a characteristic in common: the low stature. In Brazil, the population, in general believes, that the fact is due to the intensive training of the modality. Consequently, parents even prohibit their daughters to practice the modality worried about the compromising of the adult stature. Until the moment, the accomplished scientific studies have demonstrated that the aspects biomechanics, the rigorous natural selection and, mainly, hereditary factors are probably the largest responsible for the low stature of the gymnasts. However, most of these studies are accomplished with prepubescent and adolescent athletes that are in the middle of the growth phase. The lack of conclusive studies and especially related to the adult phase of the gymnasts, even in the international context, they contribute to the perpetuation of the myth of the low stature in GA in some countries, as Brazil. So, it is necessary to drive specific studies in larger depth in order to verify if there is or not compromising in the final stature of the gymnast of high level in the adult phase due to the training. Studies which are related to height growth with emphasis in the athletes of GA adult phase still were not found in our literature. Besides being rare, also in the international context, these studies are necessary to explain doubts and evidences that can justify to raise or to break the myth related to the modality. The objective of our research was to lift data regarding the stature of former-gymnasts and adult gymnasts of high level in Brazil, to verify possible evidences that the established hereditary potential for adult stature has been harmed due to the training of high level in the Artistic Gymnastics. The quantitative method was used for comparison of the family data regarding the stature and maturation of 45 former-gymnasts and 06 gymnasts in activity with minimum age 18 years old. Our results demonstrated that the stature of the gymnast of high level in Brazil is in the normality in accordance with the official organs which establish the reference for stature in each age group. It was also evidenced the narrow relationship between the parents medium stature and the final stature of the gymnasts, fact also observed in the stature in comparison with the gymnasts and respective sisters, indicating that seemingly, the genetic potential or established hereditary factor for the stature were not harmed due to the training of high level in the artistic gymnastics

Trabalhos de pesquisa recentes buscam compreender o funcionamento de programas esportivos em diferentes países com sucesso esportivo internacional (DIGEL, 2002a; 2002b; DE BOSSCHER, et al., 2008, 2009, 2010; GREEN; OAKLEY, 2001; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008). Os modelos de estruturas desenvolvidas por países com resultados esportivos internacionais expressivos englobam programas de detecção e promoção de talentos esportivos. Esse trabalho teve por objetivos: i) Analisar a estrutura organizacional da natação no Estado de São Paulo, referente a: sistema esportivo; administração das ações e políticas esportivas; sistema de desenvolvimento do talento esportivo; programas competitivos; intercâmbio internacional de técnicos e atletas; destinação de recursos para infraestrutura; suporte e desenvolvimento de técnicos; suporte para o atleta durante e após o término da carreira esportiva; ii) Verificar a qualidade dos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção dos talentos esportivos com relação a: estrutura; processo e resultados. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva. A amostra foi composta por 11 técnicos do Estado de São Paulo (Clubes e Entidades Municipais de Práticas Esportivas) com os melhores resultados competitivos na categoria adulta nos campeonatos estaduais de natação de 2009 e por dois funcionários administrativos da entidade que organiza a natação no Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas fases: 1 para verificar a existência ou não dos pontos relevantes para o desenvolvimento do esporte de alto rendimento, propostos por Green e Oakley (2001), foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os dois funcionários e os 11 técnicos selecionados; 2 para verificar a qualidade da detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos, foi aplicado o questionário padronizado, desenvolvido por Rütten, Ziemainz e Röger (2005) com técnicos selecionados. Para a análise das questões semiestruturadas foi utilizado o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) proposto por Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003), para isso foi utilizado o programa QualiQuantiSoft versão 1.3. Para a análise estatística dos dados dos questionários foi realizada a análise descritiva das variáveis, utilizando o programa SPSS versão 14. Verificou-se que os clubes e as Entidades Municipais de Práticas Esportivas são os responsáveis pela formação esportiva e para o alto rendimento. Cada entidade é responsável, por meio de programas e projetos próprios pela elaboração de diretrizes, pelo intercâmbio internacional, pelo desenvolvimento de talentos e pela aplicação de recursos financeiros em infraestrutura e recursos humanos. Em relação aos programas competitivos, existe uma estrutura que funciona em sistema hierárquico, que permite que as competições regionais e estaduais sejam adequadas para o desenvolvimento da natação de alto rendimento. Com referência à qualidade dos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos não existe um programa organizado de âmbito nacional ou estadual. Em relação à estrutura, cada entidade possui seus objetivos, sua forma de aplicação de recursos, suas oportunidades e obrigações. Em relação aos processos, não há diretrizes para a realização de processos de identificação e promoção de talentos. Por não existir estrutura e processo bem organizados, os resultados da detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos não podem ser visualizados na realidade da natação de alto rendimento do Estado de São Paulo / Recent researches seeking to understand the operation of sports programs in different countries with international sporting success (DIGEL, 2002a, 2002b; DE BOSSCHER, et al., 2008, 2009, 2010, GREEN; OAKLEY, 2001; HOULIHAN, GREEN, 2008) The structural models developed by countries with significant international sporting results include detection and promoting sports talent programs. This study aimed at: i) reviewing the organizational structure of sport in the State of São Paulo, concerning: sports system organization, administration of the sports policies and actions, system of sports talent development, competitive programs, international exchange of coaches and athletes; allocation of funds for infrastructure, coach support and development, support for the athlete during and after the sports career, ii) investigating the quality of detection, selection and promotion sports talent programs in relation to: structure; process and results. This is a descriptive research. The sample consisted of 11 coaches from the State of São Paulo (Municipal Entities of Sports Practices and Clubs) with the best competitive results in the adult category in the swimming championships in 2009 and two administrative employees of the entity that organizes swimming in the State of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two phases: first in order to verify whether or not the relevant points to the development of elite sport, proposed by Green and Oakley (2001) Semi-structured, interviews were carried out with two employees and 11 coaches selected; 2 - to verify the quality of detection, selection and promotion of sport talent, we applied a standardized questionnaire developed by Rutten, Ziemainz and Roger (2005) with the selected coaches. The method of the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) proposed by Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003) was used for the analysis of semi-structured questions was used and, for such purposes, the program Qualiquantisoft - version 1.3. was used. Descriptive analysis of data using SPSS version 14 was used for the statistical analysis of the questionnaires was performed. It was verified that the clubs and the Municipal Entities of Sports Practices are responsible for sports formation and training for high level. Each entity is responsible, through programs and projects for developing its own guidelines by international exchange, the development of talent and the application of financial resources in infrastructure and human resources. In relation to competitive programs, there is a structure that works in a hierarchical system, which allows regional and state competitions, which are appropriate for the development of high performance swimming. With reference to the quality of detection, selection and promotion of talented athletes, there is not a national or state organized program. In relation to the structure, each entity has their own aims, its way to administrate resources, opportunities and obligations. There are no guidelines for carrying out processes of identifying and promoting talent. Because there is no well-organized structure and process, the results of detection, selection and promotion of sport talent cannot be viewed in the reality of high level swimming in the State of São Paulo

Trabalhos de pesquisa recentes buscam compreender o funcionamento de programas esportivos em diferentes países com sucesso esportivo internacional (DIGEL, 2002a; 2002b; DE BOSSCHER, et al., 2008, 2009, 2010; GREEN; OAKLEY, 2001; HOULIHAN; GREEN, 2008). Os modelos de estruturas desenvolvidas por países com resultados esportivos internacionais expressivos englobam programas de detecção e promoção de talentos esportivos. Esse trabalho teve por objetivos: i) Analisar a estrutura organizacional da natação no Estado de São Paulo, referente a: sistema esportivo; administração das ações e políticas esportivas; sistema de desenvolvimento do talento esportivo; programas competitivos; intercâmbio internacional de técnicos e atletas; destinação de recursos para infraestrutura; suporte e desenvolvimento de técnicos; suporte para o atleta durante e após o término da carreira esportiva; ii) Verificar a qualidade dos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção dos talentos esportivos com relação a: estrutura; processo e resultados. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva. A amostra foi composta por 11 técnicos do Estado de São Paulo (Clubes e Entidades Municipais de Práticas Esportivas) com os melhores resultados competitivos na categoria adulta nos campeonatos estaduais de natação de 2009 e por dois funcionários administrativos da entidade que organiza a natação no Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas fases: 1 para verificar a existência ou não dos pontos relevantes para o desenvolvimento do esporte de alto rendimento, propostos por Green e Oakley (2001), foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os dois funcionários e os 11 técnicos selecionados; 2 para verificar a qualidade da detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos, foi aplicado o questionário padronizado, desenvolvido por Rütten, Ziemainz e Röger (2005) com técnicos selecionados. Para a análise das questões semiestruturadas foi utilizado o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) proposto por Lefèvre e Lefèvre (2003), para isso foi utilizado o programa QualiQuantiSoft versão 1.3. Para a análise estatística dos dados dos questionários foi realizada a análise descritiva das variáveis, utilizando o programa SPSS versão 14. Verificou-se que os clubes e as Entidades Municipais de Práticas Esportivas são os responsáveis pela formação esportiva e para o alto rendimento. Cada entidade é responsável, por meio de programas e projetos próprios pela elaboração de diretrizes, pelo intercâmbio internacional, pelo desenvolvimento de talentos e pela aplicação de recursos financeiros em infraestrutura e recursos humanos. Em relação aos programas competitivos, existe uma estrutura que funciona em sistema hierárquico, que permite que as competições regionais e estaduais sejam adequadas para o desenvolvimento da natação de alto rendimento. Com referência à qualidade dos programas de detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos não existe um programa organizado de âmbito nacional ou estadual. Em relação à estrutura, cada entidade possui seus objetivos, sua forma de aplicação de recursos, suas oportunidades e obrigações. Em relação aos processos, não há diretrizes para a realização de processos de identificação e promoção de talentos. Por não existir estrutura e processo bem organizados, os resultados da detecção, seleção e promoção de talentos não podem ser visualizados na realidade da natação de alto rendimento do Estado de São Paulo / Recent researches seeking to understand the operation of sports programs in different countries with international sporting success (DIGEL, 2002a, 2002b; DE BOSSCHER, et al., 2008, 2009, 2010, GREEN; OAKLEY, 2001; HOULIHAN, GREEN, 2008) The structural models developed by countries with significant international sporting results include detection and promoting sports talent programs. This study aimed at: i) reviewing the organizational structure of sport in the State of São Paulo, concerning: sports system organization, administration of the sports policies and actions, system of sports talent development, competitive programs, international exchange of coaches and athletes; allocation of funds for infrastructure, coach support and development, support for the athlete during and after the sports career, ii) investigating the quality of detection, selection and promotion sports talent programs in relation to: structure; process and results. This is a descriptive research. The sample consisted of 11 coaches from the State of São Paulo (Municipal Entities of Sports Practices and Clubs) with the best competitive results in the adult category in the swimming championships in 2009 and two administrative employees of the entity that organizes swimming in the State of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two phases: first in order to verify whether or not the relevant points to the development of elite sport, proposed by Green and Oakley (2001) Semi-structured, interviews were carried out with two employees and 11 coaches selected; 2 - to verify the quality of detection, selection and promotion of sport talent, we applied a standardized questionnaire developed by Rutten, Ziemainz and Roger (2005) with the selected coaches. The method of the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) proposed by Lefèvre and Lefèvre (2003) was used for the analysis of semi-structured questions was used and, for such purposes, the program Qualiquantisoft - version 1.3. was used. Descriptive analysis of data using SPSS version 14 was used for the statistical analysis of the questionnaires was performed. It was verified that the clubs and the Municipal Entities of Sports Practices are responsible for sports formation and training for high level. Each entity is responsible, through programs and projects for developing its own guidelines by international exchange, the development of talent and the application of financial resources in infrastructure and human resources. In relation to competitive programs, there is a structure that works in a hierarchical system, which allows regional and state competitions, which are appropriate for the development of high performance swimming. With reference to the quality of detection, selection and promotion of talented athletes, there is not a national or state organized program. In relation to the structure, each entity has their own aims, its way to administrate resources, opportunities and obligations. There are no guidelines for carrying out processes of identifying and promoting talent. Because there is no well-organized structure and process, the results of detection, selection and promotion of sport talent cannot be viewed in the reality of high level swimming in the State of São Paulo

Abstract The demand in mobile broadband communications is increasing dramatically. It is expected that 1000 times more mobile-network capacity will be needed within 10 years. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration and spatial multiplexing are among the essential techniques for reaching the targets. This creates motivation for study of advanced receivers for combating inter-antenna interference (IAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). While various receiver structures have been extensively considered for MIMO receivers, the emphasis has been on those operating in downlink orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDM) systems, wherein ISI is not a problem. Advanced receiver structures for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink systems were studied and analysed. Various receivers were compared via MATLAB simulations, with the objective being to gain solid understanding of how they perform in different channel environments. An efficient combination of IAI and ISI equalisation for SC-FDMA receivers is proposed. The proposed receiver architecture is shown to be a considerable improvement over the conventional linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver. Several MIMO detector algorithms and their performance–complexity characteristics are presented. The K-best algorithm with a list size of 8 is shown to be the best option for practical MIMO detector implementation of this receiver in the 4x4 MIMO 64-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario. The second objective involved examining the implementation aspects of the 8-best receiver to achieve good understanding of the complexity of various implementation architectures. It emerged that avoiding the sorting operation in the 8-best list sphere detector (LSD) tree-search algorithm implementation is not recommendable in the 4x4 MIMO 64-QAM scenario. Several field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations were carried out, with a range of high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. It is shown that HLS tools have improved significantly and are especially favourable for prototyping of large designs. Additionally, the importance of FPGA technology selection is addressed. Smaller silicon technology should be exploited if base-station baseband processing power consumption is to be minimised. The potential performance or complexity-related gain with the latest FPGAs should be taken into account in comparison of the performance–complexity characteristics of the algorithms. Differences of a few tens of per cent in estimated complexity or performance between two algorithms are often below the threshold of what can be gained or lost in the practical implementation process. / Tiivistelmä Tiheään asuttujen kaupunkien uudet langattomat palvelut tarvitsevat tietoliikenneverkkoja, jotka mahdollistavat suuremman tiedonsiirtonopeuden ja kapasiteetin kuin sen, jonka nykyiset mobiiliverkot voivat tarjota. On arveltu, että mobiiliverkkojen kapasiteetin tarve tuhatkertaistuu seuraavan kymmenen vuoden aikana. Tuhatkertainen kapasiteetti on arvioitu saavutettavan kasvattamalla kolmea eri osa-aluetta kymmenkertaiseksi: taajuusspektrin määrä, spektrin käytön tehokkuus sekä tukiasematiheys. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy spektrin käytön tehokkuuden kasvattamiseen. Moniantennitoteutus (multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO) on siinä välttämätön. MIMO-tekniikkaa hyödyntävien solukkojärjestelmien tukiasemavastaanottimissa tarvitaan melko monimutkainen kanavakorjain sekä ilmaisin, joiden algoritmien optimointi ja toteutus ymmärretään vielä sangen puutteellisesti. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätavoitteena on tutkia edistyksellisiä vastaanotinrakenteita, joilla saavutetaan LTE-A-standardin tavoitetiedonsiirtonopeus kohtuullisella kompleksisuudella. Työssä keskitytään ns. nousevaan siirtosuuntaan (uplink) eli päätelaitteesta tukiasemaan tapahtuvaan tiedonsiirtoon, jossa käytetään yhden kantoaallon taajuusjakomonikäyttötekniikkaa (single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access, SC-FDMA) ortognaalisen taajuusjakomonikäytön (orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA) sijaan. Eri vastaanotinrakenteita ja näiden ilmaisinalgoritmeja vertaillaan tietokonesimuloinnein MATLAB-ympäristössä. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan kaksiosaista vastaanotinrakennetta, jossa antennien välinen keskinäishäiriö (inter antenna interference, IAI) ja symbolien välinen keskinäisvaikutus (intersymbol interference, ISI) poistetaan kahdessa eri vaiheessa. Tietokoneimulaatiot osoittavat ko. rakenteen parantavan suorituskykyä huomattavasti perinteiseen lineaariseen keskineliövirheen minimoivaan (linear minimum mean square error, LMMSE) vastaanottimeen verrattuna. Nk. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin listan koolla kahdeksan todetaan tarjoavan 4x4 MIMO 64-tasoisen kvadratuuriamplitudimodulaation (quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM) ympäristössä parhaan kompromissin suorituskyvyn ja kompleksisuuden suhteen. Käytännön toteutettavuuden kannalta keskitytään ohjelmoitavaan digitaalipiiritoteutukseen (field-programmable gate array, FGPA) ja ns. korkean tason synteesi (high-level synthesis, HLS) -työkalujen käyttöön vastaanottimen suunnittelussa. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin arkkitehtuurivertailut osoittavat, että sinänsä vaativaa lajittelualgoritmia ei aina kannata yrittää välttää kirjallisuudessa aikaisemmin ehdotetulla ratkaisulla. Useita eri HLS työkaluja käytetään FPGA toteutuksissa ja todetaan että työkalut ovat kehittyneet huomattavasti viimeisen kahdeksan vuoden aikana. Lisäksi todetaan, että 16 nm viivanleveyden piireillä voidaan saavuttaa noin 15 % suurempi ilmaisunopeus ja 60 % pienempi tehonkulutus verrattuna 28 nm viivanleveyttä käyttäviin piireihin. Erityisesti potentiaali tehonkulutuksen minimoiseksi kannattaa hyödyntää, mikäli signaalinkäsittely näyttelee merkittävää roolia vastaanottimen kokonaistehonkulutuksessa. Kokonaisuutena todetaan, että toteutukseen liittyvät valinnat sekä vaikutus lopputulokseen, tulisi ottaa huomioon jo algoritmien valinnassa. Pieni ero kahden eri algoritmin suorituskyvyn välillä häviää helposti toteutusvaiheen ratkaisujen vaikutusten alle.

This dissertation introduces a novel approach for exposing the internal, source-level expressions of circuits generated by high-level synthesis (HLS) for in-circuit debug. The approach uses source-to-source transformations to instrument specific source-level expressions with debug ports. These debug ports allow a user to connect a debugging instrument (e.g. an embedded logic analyzer) to record the activity of the expression corresponding to the debug port. This dissertation demonstrates that a debugging solution based on these source-to-source transformations is feasible and that individual debug ports can be added for a cost of a 1-2% increase in circuit area on average. It also introduces another transformation that permits pointer-valued expressions to be instrumented for debug. It is demonstrated that all pointers in the CHStone benchmarks can be instrumented for an average 4% increase in circuit area. The debug port transformations are demonstrated on two HLS tools – Vivado HLS and Legup. The architecture of the source-to-source compiler allowed the necessary adaptations for the second tool (Legup) to be implemented using a minimal amount of additional code. Due to limitations in the Legup compiler an additional optimization was added to reduce the latency overhead incurred by the debug ports. User manuals and other documentation from 10 additional C-based HLS tools is examined to determine whether they are amenable to debug instrumentation using the source-to-source transformations. Of the 10 additional HLS tools examined, 6 were amenable to the transformations, 3 were likely to be amenable, and 1 was not. This dissertation estimates the cost of a complete debugging solution (i.e. one with debug ports and a debugging instrument) and identifies a possible worst case bound for adding debug ports. Finally, this dissertation analyzes two different debugging instruments and determines which instrument would be best for most HLS circuit mapped to FPGAs. It then estimates the overhead of this debugging solution.