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This study was undertaken to determine the effects of each of the production typewriting factors of keystroking, planning, and error correction on proficiency at typing business letters at two levels of instruction, at three levels of difficulty, and under three conditions. The conditions were designed to isolate the effect of each of the three factors on proficiency in typing business letters. A secondary purpose was to estimate the relationship between straight copy and letters, between letter conditions, and between speed and accuracy for straight copy and letters. The study involved 107 beginning typewriting students and 84 advanced typewriting students who were enrolled in six suburban high schools in Virginia. The same straight-copy timed writings and business letters were used in both the beginning and the advanced typewriting classes. The two 3- minute timed writings consisted of paragraph materials that had a stroke intensity of 6.0. The nine business letters also had a stroke intensity of 6.0 and consisted of three 150-word letters at low, medium, and high difficulty levels. The primary data analysis of mean performance scores for speed and accuracy on letters was carried out via repeated measures ANOVAS. The Pearson product-moment correlation was used to compute the relationship between variables. Some of the major findings of the study were as follows: 1. Keystroking accounted for a little less than half of total production time, planning accounted for a third of production time, and error correction accounted for approximately a fifth of production time. 2. Keystroking and error correction were greatest for low difficulty letters; planning was greatest for high difficulty letters. 3. At the advanced instructional level, the percentages of production time used for keystroking and planning increased, while the percentage of production time used for error correction decreased. 4. The correlation between straight copy and letters for speed was moderate to high; the correlation between straight copy and letters for accuracy was low. 5. The correlations between letter conditions were high for speed and moderate for errors. 6. For straight copy, the correlations between speed and accuracy were not significantly different from zero. For letters there was a weak negative relationship between speed and accuracy. / Ed. D.

The problem of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the success, based on wages and increases in wages, of 209 students. There were 103 students who had completed Type "B" vocational training and 106 high school graduates who had not completed or taken Type "B" vocational training in the Houston Public Schools.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the selected students' characteristics, participation in vocational education, and the labor market achievement (job satisfactoriness, income, job satisfaction) of 1983/84 graduates of a comprehensive high school in S.W. Virginia. Data were collected from students, their academic records (transcripts and test records), the students and their employer follow-up. The selected student characteristic variables used were: ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT VARIABLES: Grade Point Average (GPA), Virginia Competency Test scores in Reading and Mathematics (VCT-Reading, VCT-Math); ACADEMIC APTITUDE VARIABLES: Science Research Associate scores in Language and Applied Science (SRA-Lang., SRA-App. Sci.); SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES: Educational level of head of household (HEAD-ED); OTHER VARIABLES: the number of vocational education credits taken (VTE-Credit), Sex, Job Satisfactoriness (Boss-Sat) of the graduates, job performance, income earned per hour, and Job . Satisfaction. The data collected were analyzed by using the stepwise regression to predict the labor market achievement variables. A partial correlation was used to investigate the relationship between overall labor market achievement variables and each of the independent variables while the effect of others were controlled. Cohen's criteria were used to investigate the strength of relationship (practical importance) between variables. The coefficient of determination and the partial correlation of the findings outlined below were too small to be of practical importance in the investigation of high school graduates' labor market achievement. However, the results of the analyses of graduates' job satisfactoriness showed that male graduates with high academic achievement, low socioeconomic status, low aptitude tended to have higher job satisfactoriness. Females with high degree of participation in vocational education tended to experience higher job satisfactoriness. In terms of income earned by male graduates, academic achievement (GPA) was the best predictor. Analysis showed that females with low socioeconomic status (SES) tended to earn higher income. Those females with high degree of participation in vocational education tended to earn higher income. For job satisfaction of males, those with low SES tended to be more satisfied with their job, while females with high aptitude and high degree of participation in vocational education tended to be more satisfied with their jobs. For overall job satisfaction, without sex differentiation, individuals with high academic achievement tended to have low job satisfaction. High aptitude in English language tended to make graduates more satisfied with their jobs. In terms of income, graduates with high achievement tended to earn low income. On job satisfactoriness, graduates with high achievement tended to have higher job satisfactoriness. / Ed. D. / incomplete_metadata

On March 18, 2008, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Florida filed a class action lawsuit against The Palm Beach County School Board and its district superintendent on behalf of approximately 176,000 students under their jurisdiction (Schroeder v. The Palm Beach County School Board, 2008). The plaintiffs cited the defendants for their failure "to provide a uniform, efficient, safe, secure, and high quality education" (p. 7) as required by the Florida Constitution, Article IX, ß 1. They contended that their claim was substantiated by The School District of Palm Beach County's (SDPBC) dismal high school graduation rates. Spurred by the lawsuit, I wanted to understand the controversy surrounding high school graduation rates, in spite of decades of school reform measures, and why different calculation methods are utilized in the state of Florida. In respect to the latter point, I was curious to learn about the differences among graduation rate calculation methods and what impact, if any, these differences had on the reporting of high school graduation rates, particularly those for students of color. Black America's past and present reality in public education has illustrated the need for new paradigms to address the achievement gap promulgated by contextual factors that serve to impede the academic achievement of all students. The statistical analyses and Critical Race Realist perspective, which has evolved from Critical Race Theory when applied to policy research, offered in this study found Florida's definition and subsequent calculations of a public high school graduate to result in significant and consistent differences among graduation rates relative to student race and graduation rate calculation method. / by Terri N. Watson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

by Lau Chun Kwok. / Added t.p. in Chinese and English. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-144). / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.v / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Gender Differences in Occupational Attainment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Influences of Education on Occupational Differences --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Women--the Inferior Species? --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Approaching Equality? --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Psychological Perspective --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cognitive Differences between the Sexes --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Motivational Aspects: Difference in Self-confidence and the 'Fear of Success' Syndrome --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Differential Socialization --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Sex Role Theory --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Empirical Studies in the Psychological Perspective --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Causes of Differences and Prospects for change --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- A Misinformed Misery? --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Missing Subjects in the Socialization Model --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Sociological Perspective --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Functionalist Explanations --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Status Attainment Research --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Feminist Critique --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary: Statement of Research Questions --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.45 / Chapter 4. --- BACKGROUND PROFILES OF INTERVIEWEES --- p.54 / Chapter 5. --- CAREER CHOICES AND EXPERIENCES --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Typical Ideal Occupations --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- Vocational Preparation and Actual Openings --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3 --- Job Specifications --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4 --- Social Relations in the Workplace --- p.77 / Chapter 5.5 --- Overtime Work and Learning Opportunities --- p.83 / Chapter 5.6 --- Being Young: Little Girl vs Young Man --- p.85 / Chapter 5.7 --- Summary --- p.87 / Chapter 6. --- SCHOOL LIFE AND PREPARATION FOR WORK --- p.90 / Chapter 6.1 --- Irrelevance of School Formal Curriculum --- p.91 / Chapter 6.2 --- Insignificance of Arts/Science Demarcation --- p.94 / Chapter 6.3 --- Lack of Information for Further Vocational Training --- p.94 / Chapter 6.4 --- Ineffective Moral Teachings --- p.95 / Chapter 6.5 --- Some Job-Related Effects of Hidden Curriculum --- p.96 / Chapter 6.6 --- Orientations towards Formal Training --- p.100 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary --- p.103 / Chapter 7. --- FAMILY PROCESS AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS --- p.105 / Chapter 7.1 --- Perceived Family Burden --- p.105 / Chapter 7.2 --- Family Influences in Occupational Choices --- p.107 / Chapter 7.3 --- Expectations of Gender Roles in Family and Work --- p.110 / Chapter 7.4 --- Knowledge about Family routines --- p.113 / Chapter 7.5 --- Charting the Future: Career vs Family --- p.116 / Chapter 7.6 --- Summary --- p.120 / Chapter 8. --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION --- p.122 / Chapter 8.1 --- Differences in Cognitive Abilities --- p.122 / Chapter 8.2 --- Effects of Socialization --- p.124 / Chapter 8.3 --- Instability and Vagueness of Aspiration --- p.125 / Chapter 8.4 --- Structure and Process of Family Life --- p.126 / Chapter 8.5 --- School Life and Preparation for Work --- p.127 / Chapter 8.6 --- Future Roles and Current Work: A Dialectical Relationship --- p.128 / Chapter 8.7 --- The Structure and Agency Relationship _ --- p.129 / Chapter 8.8 --- Limitations --- p.130 / APPENDIX: INTERVIEWING STRATEGY --- p.134 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.136

這項研究探討父母角色、性格及性別相關的變量對香港中學生於事業相關的自我概念發展的影響。事業相關的自我概念包括兩個關鍵構念：職業興趣和職業選擇目標(即抱負和實際期望)。同時，這項研究量度職業抱負和實際期望之間的不一致性(包括興趣類型、職業地位及性別典型性)。研究的六大目標包括：(1)確定社會認知事業理論於香港學生的適用程度，(2) 研究個人(即職業決策自我效能、性格及性別相關的變量)及環境變量(即父母的影響)對職業選擇目標的影響，以拓展社會認知事業理論，(3)識別具文化獨特性的性格維度，以解釋職業興趣和職業選擇目標，(4)估計父母對學生職業選擇目標的影響因素，包括父母社會經濟地位、學生感知的集體職業決策效能、父母期望及支持，(5)探索父母個人對孩子的學業成就和職業選擇的期望，以及對於協助孩子作職業決策的自我效能，及(6)調查性別和性別相關變量(即性別角色的傳統觀念)對於職業選擇目標的影響。一共有1382名中學生參與這項研究。另外，其中114位參加者的父或母親亦參加了這項研究，組成114對親子二人組合。結構方程模型顯示社會認知事業理論中的選擇模型適用於香港學生。此外，具文化普遍性及具文化特定價值的性格因素有效解釋了社會認知事業理論模型中的職業興趣和對興趣類型的自我效能。學生的職業選擇目標及抱負和實際期望的不一致性，亦與職業決策自我效能、父母社會經濟地位、及性別角色觀念直接相關。學生感知的母親影響因素，與學生的職業決策自我效能有直接關係。父親因素對事業發展的影響並無顯著性。大多數性格因素都有效預測職業決策自我效能，而人際取向因素亦與感知的父母影響因素相關。研究亦發現男生和女生於職業興趣、自我效能、性別角色觀念及職業選擇目標有顯著的性別差異。親子二人組合的子樣本顯示父母的期望和學生的選擇目標具一致性。這項研究將個人及文化相關因素融入現有的理論模型，在理論層面上擴大了西方的事業理論框架。在應用層面上，研究結果將有助研究員及教育工作者理解香港中學生的事業發展。 / This study investigated the roles of parental influences, personality and gender variables in career-related self-concept development among secondary school students in Hong Kong. Two key career constructs, namely vocational interests and choice goals (i.e., aspirations and expectations), were included to assess the career-related self-concept. The incongruence between aspirations and expectations, in terms of interest types, occupational status and gender-typicality, was also estimated. The six major goals of this study include: (1) to determine to what extent the choice model of Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is applicable to Hong Kong students, (2) to expand the SCCT by examining how individual (i.e., career decision-making self-efficacy, personality and gender-related variables) and contextual variables (i.e., parental influences) may account for the aspirations and expectations as well as the aspiration-expectation incongruence, (3) to identify the value of culture-relevant, relationship-oriented personality dimension beyond the culture-general dimensions in explaining interests and aspiration-expectation incongruence, (4) to estimate the specific roles of paternal and maternal influences, including parental socio-economic variables, collective contributions to career efficacy, perceived parental expectation and parental support, in the development of aspiration-expectation incongruence, (5) to explore the parents’ perceived expectation on their child’s academic achievement and career choices, as well as their efficacy in assisting their child’s career decision-making, and (6) to investigate the differential effects of gender and gender-related variables (i.e., gender role traditional attitudes) on the development of aspiration-expectation incongruence among boys and girls. A total of 1382 secondary school students and a sub-sample of 114 parent-child dyads were used in this study. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that the choice model of SCCT was applicable to Hong Kong students. In addition, both culture-general and culture-specific personality factors were useful in explaining vocational interests and self-efficacy in interest types in the SCCT models. In relation to students’ aspirations, expectations and aspiration-expectation incongruence, these factors were directly associated with career decision-making self-efficacy, parental socio-economic variables and gender role attitudes. Perceived parental influences from mother (i.e., collective contributions to career efficacy, perceived parental expectation and parental support) were directly associated with students’ career decision-making self-efficacy and indirectly related to outcomes of aspirations and expectations (via career decision-making self-efficacy). The effects of perceived parental influences from father on career variables were insignificant in general. Most personality factors were predictive of career decision-making self-efficacy. Furthermore, Interpersonal Relatedness was related to perceived parental influences from both parents. Gender differences in interests, self-efficacy, gender role attitudes, and gender-typicality in aspiration-expectation incongruence were observed. As demonstrated in the parent-child dyads, there was a good degree of concordance in interest types and gender-typicality between parents’ expectation and students’ choice goals. Parents’ efficacy in assisting child’s career decision-making was positively associated with students’ perceived career-related parental support. On a theoretical level, this study expanded the current western-based theoretical frameworks by incorporating individual, contextual and cultural variables relevant to the Chinese culture into the existing career models. On an applied level, the findings would inform researchers, practitioners and educators about the career development of secondary school students in Hong Kong. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wan, Lai Yin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-262). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Cultural generalizability of western career theories and models --- p.3 / Possible cultural gaps and cultural biases in current career theories --- p.4 / Need for studying career choices among Hong Kong students --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13 / Vocational interests --- p.13 / Vocational choice goals --- p.26 / Theoretical frameworks in studying vocational aspirations and expectations in adolescence --- p.38 / Evaluation of theoretical frameworks in studying vocational interests and choice goals --- p.48 / Predictors of vocational interests and choice goals --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- OBJECTIVES and research questions of the study --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- METHOD --- p.100 / Participants --- p.100 / Measures --- p.108 / Procedure --- p.119 / Planned analysis --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER V: --- RESULTS --- p.123 / Descriptive statistics of major variables --- p.123 / Inter-correlations among demographics and major variables --- p.128 / Differences in major career variables across gender --- p.146 / Measurement applicability of adopted instruments --- p.149 / Identification of the original SCCT choice models --- p.150 / Role of personality factors in the SCCT choice models --- p.155 / Effects of personality, gender role attitudes and perceived parental influences on students’ career decision self-efficacy, occupational status and gender-typicality in career choices --- p.165 / Effects of personality, gender role attitudes and parental influences on career decision self-efficacy and discrepancies in occupational status, gender-typicality and interest types between aspirations and expectations --- p.173 / Concordance between parents’ expectations and students’ aspirations and expectations --- p.182 / Gender differences in parents’ expectations --- p.183 / Inter-relationships between parental efficacy, parental expectation on academic achievement and career choices, and students’ career variables --- p.186 / Incremental values of parent-child concordance, parents’ efficacy and parents’ expectation in explaining students’ career decision-making self-efficacy --- p.194 / Chapter CHAPTER VI: --- DISCUSSION --- p.198 / Applicability of SCCT’s choice models in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents --- p.198 / Interest types of aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruence among Hong Kong students --- p.200 / Interest types, occupational status and gender-typicality of aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruencea gendered pattern --- p.202 / Career decision-making self-efficacy as a key predictor in aspirations, expectations, and aspiration-expectation incongruence --- p.205 / Perceived parental influences on adolescents’ vocational choices in the SCCT framework --- p.206 / Concordance between parents’ expectations and students’ aspirations and expectations --- p.213 / Roles of socio-economic status of parents in adolescents’ career development --- p.215 / Roles of culture-general and culture-specific personality in explaining interests, choice goals and career-related parental influences in SCCT --- p.216 / Limitations of study --- p.220 / Directions for future research --- p.222 / Implications and significance of study --- p.224 / REFERENCES --- p.229