This licentiate thesis explores the activity of historical reasoning in terms of primary source analysis among upper secondary school students. The thesis is a compilation of two scientific articles in history didactics. Two Learning studies, a theory-informed and interventionistic research methodology, were organised to explore historical reasoning. Three research questions are ad- dressed: (1) what does it mean to be able to analyse historical primary sources, (2) what is critical to discern when learning primary source analysis, and (3) what is characteristic for the processes of learning and meaning- making when students work with source analysis assignments? The first article uses phenomenography to explore fifteen students’ perceptions of a historical primary source and the difficulties they face when examining the source. Data was collected through a series of group interviews where stu- dents were asked to respond to a historical letter. The analysis resulted in four qualitatively different categories of perceptions of the source and three critical aspects that emerged between the categories. It is suggested that it is critical to (1) discern and separate the historical perspective, (2) to discern and separate the perspective of the historical actor and (3) to discern and separate the subtext of the source in relation to the historical context. The second article uses a form of content focused conversation analysis to ex- plore the processes of learning and attributing meaning when students work with primary sources. Data was collected through audio recordings of stu- dents’ collaborative work on two assignments. The main results are descrip- tions of the students’ learning and meaning making processes. For instance, when students discern and separate the historical perspective and historical actors’ perspectives. An interesting finding was a strategy used by students to take on the roles of hypothetical historical agents. It is suggested that cer- tain aspects of school culture might inhibit students’ learning of primary source analysis and that students’ life-world perspective is vital in creating meaning. Finally, historical reasoning is discussed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness and it is argued that historical reasoning should include the perspectives of deconstruction, subjectivity and interpretation to better comply with history teaching.

This dissertation examines learning as part of social transformation in a semi-rural town in New Mexico, United States. It incorporates a focus on young people through direct work with children and observations in school and argues that each person's understanding is historically emergent from what sense they make of the events of their personal history as this unfolds over time in intersubjective relations with others. This has implications for the ways in which Hispano/a and Latino/a people living in “Bosque Verde” make sense of concepts like respect, hard work and obligation, as well as how they think about family and children's wellbeing. The ways in which people experience and understand getting older and their movements from child to adult/parent and from parent to grandparent/elder are central to this process of making sense. As people age, what they know to be true transforms, as does how they perceive the effects of social change. For people living in Bosque Verde, this includes both the experience of contemporary social and economic shifts in New Mexico and the United States, as well as how people there have made sense of social marginalisation over the past century and back into the more distant past. Parents and elders manifest historical consciousness of these transformations in part through their concerns for children and their vulnerability in an insecure and unequal world. Children, however, constitute their own ideas about family, hard work, care and respect in ways that potentially transform their meaning, as well as the possibilities of their own futures. This thesis therefore describes ‘keeping it tight' in Bosque Verde as a microhistorical process that shapes how people understand and experience social relationships over the lifetime. This process, in turn, influences how people living there make sense of the past and imagine the future for themselves and others.

本論文將檢視非虛構歷史記錄（史料）與虛構歷史書寫（歷史小說），全方位分析歷史意識與書寫間的關係。在考察大量非虛構歷史記錄與虛構歷史文本間的關聯與從屬性後，試圖梳理出隱晦於兩者間之互動聯繫。上述聯繫奠基於認識論、認知學、美學、語言學與本體論，而這些特性皆將於論文中詳細分析論述。 在深入介紹三位重要的歷史／文學理論家—詹明信、保羅‧呂格爾以及海登‧ 懷特—並且比較其作品之異同後，本人將於第二章提出本論文的主要發現之一，即作品中存在著本人稱為「美學倫理」的、一種不斷形塑的思維。本人認為，美學倫理是一種強大且具約束力的複合物，它連結並影響著非虛構與虛構歷史的書寫， 而書寫則涵納了道德／倫理與美學特性之實踐。美學倫理乃是動態、高度審慎的領域，其中包含個人與群體的歷史經驗，並且盤根錯節於深層美學與意識的大架構之下。在此經驗中，歷史首先實際發生，接著由歷史學家載入史料，其後由歷史小說家書寫成為故事。 在此部份，我將於論文中引述一些重要的分析家，其中最具影響力者要算是約翰‧杜威以及丹尼爾‧維克伯格，他們的「感知歷史」理論將會是重要論述因子之一。在本文理論中另一重要元素乃是人類意識敘事基礎對於虛構與非虛構歷史敘事的理解與組織模式。而這將再次點明實際的意識經驗（歷史）是如何先發生，之後由歷史學家書寫（意識）歷史，接著再由小說家撰寫故事。 第三章根據上述論證，透過敘述意識概念的細節回顧，以及意識如何建構歷史敘述之脈絡，進一步闡述理論。本研究較為獨特之處，在於對主體性、客體性與相互主體性之間，整合運作聯繫性之分析。第四章將詳細剖析各種特定的美學因子，以及這些因子在理論架構中，歷史意識兼敘述之「發展中網絡」裡所扮演的角色。此分析之重要元素乃是本人對於生活與文學中表達模式之檢視，在過去此類概念並未被充分陳述。 第五章包含真實與歷史書寫之分析。根據本人研究，仍有許多關於歷史敘述中真相之觀察與「建構」方面的細節，過去尚未有較完備之研究。透過比較異同，並整合當代多位優秀分析家與理論家之理論，本人將描繪出關於歷史真相之完整且獨特的理論。此外，本章亦將概略提出一個與論文其他分析搭配，且獨立建構的真相理論。在結論部分，將針對上述眾多概念，提出其整體重要性之論述，以及這些概念對於人類歷史意識與書寫之衝擊。 關鍵字：歷史、歷史意識、歷史學家、歷史小說家、史料、歷史小說化、史實、美學、敘述意識、道德、倫理 / This paper is an expansive analysis of historical consciousness and writing, examining the principle genres of non-fiction history (historiography) and fictionalized history (historical novels). The analysis examines a host of relevancies and affiliations that cross among fictional and non-fictional historical writing, and seeks to highlight underlying vincula linking these two narrative forms. These linkages stem from epistemological, cognitive, aesthetic, experiential, linguistic and ontological qualities, all which will be examined and related in detail. The work begins with a thorough preamble that compares, contrasts and critiques the works of three major historical/literary theorists—Fredric Jameson, Paul Ricoeur and Hayden White—and applies their theory to my own ideas, I introduce my main theses and themes, to be examined throughout the study. A principal finding of this study in Chapter Two is the existence of a conditioning conception I call the “aesthetics ethic.” The aesthetics ethic is I posit a strong, binding amalgamation that links and influences these two genres, comprised of transacting moral/ethical and aesthetic features. The aesthetic ethic is a dynamic, densely deliberative field comprising individual and community historical experience, embedded within profoundly aesthetic and conscious contexts, in which history is first lived, and historical writing by historians and historical novelists is then composed. I refer to a number of important analysts in this section of the work, perhaps most importantly John Dewey and Daniel Wickberg, whose theory of “histories of sensibilities” is an important factor. An additional important element of my theory is that the narrative basis of human consciousness maps onto historical narratives, fictional and non-fictional. This again refers to how conscious lived experience (history) is first lived, and then (conscious) historical writing by historians and novelists is then composed. I follow this examination, in Chapter Three, with a detailed review of conceptions of narrative consciousness, and how this consciousness maps onto historical narrative, proper. A unique element of this study is my analysis of a given combinatory transaction linking subjectivity, objectivity and intersubjectivity. Chapter Four is a lengthy analysis of specific aesthetic factors, and their roles in a “burgeoning matrix” of historical consciousness-cum-narrative within my overall theory. An important component of this analysis is my examination of modality in life and letters, and important conception that has not been adequately addressed in the past. Chapter Five includes an analysis of truth in historical writing—and we find that there are intricate details about the apprehension and “construction” of truth in historical narrative that have not been adequately described before. I delineate, compare, contrast and combine ideas from several premier analysts and theorists in this area, reaching what I hope is a coherent and unique theory of historical truth. In this chapter, additionally, I provide a small sketch of an independently created theory of truth that is in accord with the rest of the analysis. The work concludes with final summaries and thoughts about the overall importance of narrative historical writing, and their impact on human historical consciousness and writing.

Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-25T17:17:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Weimer, Rodrigo-Tese-2013.pdf: 5825565 bytes, checksum: bb1cf3833ddeb66b3218f1cb54c82b39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-25T17:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Weimer, Rodrigo-Tese-2013.pdf: 5825565 bytes, checksum: bb1cf3833ddeb66b3218f1cb54c82b39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / No presente trabalho tenho como objetivo analisar como o passado escravista e o período subsequente à Abolição da escravidão vêm sendo lembrados ao longo do século XX na região do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, analisou-se a trajetória de um casal de escravos e sua descendência desde meados do século XIX até a aurora do século XXI. Inscreve-se na perspectiva da “história da memória”, não obstante a experiência vivida seja recuperada como forma de contextualizar os processos de rememoração. Temáticas como a relação entre a oralidade e a cultura escrita, as experiências de gênero e de racialização, a valorização da memória do cativeiro face a disputas políticas contemporâneas e as práticas de nominação foram costuradas através do conceito de “consciência histórica”, por meio da qual procuro traduzir uma disposição investigativa – ainda que não “científica” ou “acadêmica” – do grupo estudado face a seu próprio passado. / In this study I intend to analyze how the slavery past and the period after the Abolition of slavery in Brazil have been recorded during the 20th century in the north littoral of the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. The trajectory of a couple of slaves and their offspring was studied since the middle of the 19th century till the dawn of the 21th century. This thesis befits into the perspective of the “history of memory”, notwithstanding the lived experience in recovered as a way of contextualization of the remembrance processes. Issues like the relation between orality and written culture, gender and racialization experiences, the appreciation of the slavery memory in view of contemporary political disputes, and the practices of nomination were interconnected through the concept of “historical consciousness”. This concept means and investigative disposition – but not “scientific” neither “academic” – of the studied group in view of their own past.

The intention of this work is to monitor changes significant natural place - the Giant Mountains Heidelberg / Zaly in the 19th century, when the topographical point in the country without national or sacred past, becoming a symbolic place of memory, based on an analysis of available sources to determine which social "entities "the creation of this symbolic" construct "involved. The culmination of this symbolic metamorphosis in the place of memory was the construction of the observation tower atop Czech tourists in the nineties, who within the nationalist "rivalry" between the Czech and German tourist organizations of "dominating the hill" reluctant to use toponomastic arguments interpreting the origin of the Czech name of the mountain, that, however, not based on the real facts, but only on certain notions of local "culture of remembrance". These ideas survived and were kept for centuries in memories as a myth a symbolic level the collective memory of the local ethnic (Czech) population during the 19th century, and spread thanks to a first layer of civil servants-topographers and later mainly due to expansion of tourist clubs. To form Heidelberg / Žalý as a place of memory also contributed to the domain owner - provincial and local patriot - Count Harrach, who supported these efforts financially...

La traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’ont jamais été étudiés d’un point de vue criminologique. En fait, à part l’histoire, peu de disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines se sont intéressées aux évènements qui constituent la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Toutefois, de récentes recherches commencent à se pencher sur les séquelles résultant des multiples victimisations (agressions physiques et psychologiques) subies par les Noirs durant la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Nous postulons que la criminologie peut également contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces évènements. Ainsi, cette étude vise à sonder les perceptions des Afro-descendants sur les victimisations et les conséquences de la traite et de l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. L’analyse des entretiens réalisés démontrent clairement que la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’appartiennent pas seulement au passé. Au contraire, la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique restent présents dans les esprits et les cœurs. Ils sont surtout perçus comme une source de victimisations actuelles touchant la communauté africaine et antillaise tels que la faible confiance en soi, la faible estime de soi, la hiérarchie de la couleur, le racisme interne…Aussi, tous les répondants plaident pour au moins une forme de réparation (pécuniaire et monétaire, éthique ou politique, historique, éducative, psychologique, diplomatique) des conséquences de la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Les entrevues mettent également en évidence une division dans les représentations basées sur la version (fonctionnaliste ou intentionnaliste) de cette histoire, ainsi que des différences de représentations selon le groupe ethnique d’appartenance (Africain ou Antillais). / The transatlantic slave trade has never been studied in a criminology way. In fact, with the exception to history, few disciplines in the social sciences and human studies have made interest to study the surrounding events of the slave trade. However, recent studies have begun to seize the multiple victimizations (physical and psychological attacks) undergone by Blacks during the transatlantic slave trade. We postulate that criminology can also contribute to a better understanding of the transatlantic slave trade, therefore, this study aims to evaluate Afro-descendants perceptions of the transatlantic slave trade victimizations and effects. The qualitative interview data clearly illustrates that the slave trade does not belong to the past. It is quite the contrary, the slave trade is still vivid on the spirits and the hearts. The atlantic slave trade effects hit the Afro-descendants in their daily life by means of low self esteem, low self confidence, skin color hierarchy, internal racism and self hatred. Consequently, all respondents argue for, at least, a form of reparation (monetary, ethical or political, historical, educational, pscychological, diplomatic) for the atlantic slave trade and its consequences. The data, moreover, shows that there is a division in the representations of the atlantic slave trade between those who believe the functionalist approach and those who believe the intentionalist approach, and also differences of representations according to the ethnic group (African or Carraibean).

La traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’ont jamais été étudiés d’un point de vue criminologique. En fait, à part l’histoire, peu de disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines se sont intéressées aux évènements qui constituent la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Toutefois, de récentes recherches commencent à se pencher sur les séquelles résultant des multiples victimisations (agressions physiques et psychologiques) subies par les Noirs durant la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Nous postulons que la criminologie peut également contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces évènements. Ainsi, cette étude vise à sonder les perceptions des Afro-descendants sur les victimisations et les conséquences de la traite et de l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. L’analyse des entretiens réalisés démontrent clairement que la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique n’appartiennent pas seulement au passé. Au contraire, la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique restent présents dans les esprits et les cœurs. Ils sont surtout perçus comme une source de victimisations actuelles touchant la communauté africaine et antillaise tels que la faible confiance en soi, la faible estime de soi, la hiérarchie de la couleur, le racisme interne…Aussi, tous les répondants plaident pour au moins une forme de réparation (pécuniaire et monétaire, éthique ou politique, historique, éducative, psychologique, diplomatique) des conséquences de la traite et l’esclavage négriers transatlantique. Les entrevues mettent également en évidence une division dans les représentations basées sur la version (fonctionnaliste ou intentionnaliste) de cette histoire, ainsi que des différences de représentations selon le groupe ethnique d’appartenance (Africain ou Antillais). / The transatlantic slave trade has never been studied in a criminology way. In fact, with the exception to history, few disciplines in the social sciences and human studies have made interest to study the surrounding events of the slave trade. However, recent studies have begun to seize the multiple victimizations (physical and psychological attacks) undergone by Blacks during the transatlantic slave trade. We postulate that criminology can also contribute to a better understanding of the transatlantic slave trade, therefore, this study aims to evaluate Afro-descendants perceptions of the transatlantic slave trade victimizations and effects. The qualitative interview data clearly illustrates that the slave trade does not belong to the past. It is quite the contrary, the slave trade is still vivid on the spirits and the hearts. The atlantic slave trade effects hit the Afro-descendants in their daily life by means of low self esteem, low self confidence, skin color hierarchy, internal racism and self hatred. Consequently, all respondents argue for, at least, a form of reparation (monetary, ethical or political, historical, educational, pscychological, diplomatic) for the atlantic slave trade and its consequences. The data, moreover, shows that there is a division in the representations of the atlantic slave trade between those who believe the functionalist approach and those who believe the intentionalist approach, and also differences of representations according to the ethnic group (African or Carraibean).