Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur hockeyfältet gör skillnad mellan kön och vidare undersöka hur genus görs inom hockey. Detta genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tränare samt genom observationer av spelare i blandlag. Skillnader som fältet gör gäller främst resursfördelning och regelskillnader mellan tjejer och killar samt en uppdelning av könen i olika lag efter en viss ålder och nivå. Skillnader görs även med utgångspunkt i sexualitet utifrån en heterosexuell norm. Hur genus görs av tränare är främst genom förväntningar och föreställningar om agerande, vilka förklaras utifrån biologiskt kön, och genom föreställningar om kvinnlighet och manlighet samt genom spelares agerande utifrån dessa förväntningar och föreställningar. Genus konstrueras av tränare och spelare genom en uppfattning om heterosexualitet som norm inom fältet, genom sexism, homofobi och homosocialitet. / The purpose of this essay is to examine how the ice-hockey field creates a difference between females and males, and further on analyze how gender is constructed in the game of ice-hockey. The research is based on qualitative interviews with coaches and observations of mixed-gender ice-hockey teams. The differences between genders that are constructed by the field are mostly shown through the distribution of financial resources and regulatory differences between girls and boys, as well as through the separation of the sexes into different teams based on their age and level. Differences are also constructed on the basis of sexuality, originated from a heterosexual norm. Gender is also constructed by coaches that often form expectations and beliefs of a player’s performance based on their biological sex, which involves expectations of femininity and masculinity. Gender is also constructed by coaches and players based on an assumption of the heterosexual norm within the field shown through sexism, homophobia and homosociality.

Title: Efficiency of shooting transferred from the training process to a match Objectives: The diploma thesis is focusing on gathering information about shooting in ice hockey, creating excercises, two training units for shooting and then evaluating collected statistics on shooting from the whole season of one youth team. Attention will be given to a comparison of the productivity and efficiency of the shooting in order to find out how useful the invented exercises had been to improve shooting throughout the season. Methods: The diploma thesis uses experimental methods in order to incorporate fictional exercises to the training process. Consequently statistics that were collected throughout the season were used to check whether the increase in productivity and shooting efficiency was positive. Results: The considered set was separand by the selected statistics into three time periods. The subsequent comparison led to an increase in productivity and efficiency during the whole season. Key words: shooting, hockey stick, ice hockey, pass, match, puck

Cette thèse s'intéresse – au niveau national – aux transformations du hockey sur glace sur une période allant de 1986 (date de l'obtention des Jeux Olympiques d'Hiver de 1992 à la France) à 2006 (date de la scission entre le hockey sur glace et la FFSG). Il s'agit d'un travail socio-historique qui portera son attention sur les structures fédérales (et leurs transformations) et sur l'évolution de la politique de la Commission Sportive Nationale de Hockey sur Glace (CNHG), notamment en ce qui concerne la mise en spectacle et la professionnalisation de ce sport au cours de la période que nous avons définie précédemment. Nous nous intéresseront également aux clubs évoluant (ou ayant évolué) en première division. L'analyse, outre la stratégie globale, doit comprendre les jeux d'acteurs au sein de l'espace fédéral (CNHG et FFSG) et leurs rapports de force, les soubassements idéologique de l'action dans le cadre fédéral, mais aussi tenir compte du contexte sportif national avec le développement du sport-spectacle et du « star système » au cours des années 1980. Il s'agira également d'analyser la structuration du hockey sur glace sous forme professionnelle (e.g., ligue professionnelle, statut des clubs, syndicats (joueurs, clubs, arbitres), contrôle de gestion, etc.) et son positionnement à l'international avec les conséquences des différentes législations européennes (e.g., arrêt Bosman (1995), arrêt Malaja (2002)). / This thesis focuses – at the national level – on the transformations of ice hockey from 1986 (attribution of Winter Olympic Games to France) to 2006 (separation between ice hockey and FFSG). This is a socio-historical work which focus on federal structures and their transformations, and the evolution of the Commission Nationale de Hockey sur Glace (CNHG), especially with regards to the implementation of the professionalisation of this sport in the last twenty years. The analysis, in addition of the overall strategy, must include the actors' strategies within the federal space (CNHG and FFSG) and their power relationships, the ideological underpinnigs of theirs actions, but also take into account the national sports context with the development of sports shows and star-system during the 1980s. It will also analyse the professional structuration of ice hockey: professional league, status of clubs, labor unions (players, clubs, referees), management control and its international position with the consequences of the Bosman case (1995) and the Malaja case (2002).

This study examined and compared the effect of two feedback methodologies (visual and traditional) on the degree of skill acquisition for the two field hockey skills, Indian dribble and moving drive. Forty-seven female physical education students, ages 12 to 14 years, practised two basic field hockey skills for four consecutive classes. The experimental group was presented with a prototypic example, video feedback (VF), and checklist analysis while the control group was taught by traditional feedback methods which included teacher and student demonstrations in conjunction with verbal feedback. Performance evaluations were made by comparing scores on the Russell (1989) Field Hockey Checklist of Critical Behaviours. Motivational and attitudinal aspects were compared by the use of a Learning Perceptions Questionnaire. An ANCOVA of the Indian dribble performances did not reveal a significant difference between the methodologies. Analysis of the degrees of improvement was made using two comparisons (a) percentage improvement calculations revealed a mean of 27% for the control group and 31% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale (1972) procedure indicated means of 7.42 and 7.24 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The ANCOVA of the moving drive indicated a significant difference (F=5.75, p<.05) between the methodologies in favor of the experimental group. The improvement comparisons revealed (a) mean scores of 10% for the control group and 32% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale procedure results revealed mean scores of 5 and 13 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The analysis of the Learning Perceptions Questionnaire revealed that the subjects in the experimental group perceived that the checklists helped them to focus on the correct and incorrect behaviours and that watching the prototypic example in conjunction with personal performances helped to improve their skill level, thus providing a motivational element. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

This thesis will discuss the results of a two-year 90 game study to consider the role violence and aggression plays in competitive minor hockey and its role as a mechanism for injury. The second objective of this thesis was to determine the contextual factors that lead to injury on the ice. Using a mixed methods approach, the study followed three minor hockey teams from the Ottawa-Gatineau region over two sporting seasons. The study found that players are not being injured due to aggressive or violent play but rather players are being hurt within the rules of the game. The contextual factors that were shown to lead to injury included: (1) body-checking, (2) time of the game, (3) player’s body mass, (4) position played and (5) legal plays. Injuries were also broken down by anatomical site (head/neck, upper body and lower body); the upper body was affected by injury most.

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While researchers have documented elite Indigenous hockey players' experiences when they leave home to play sports in the mainstream context, to date they have not examined how these experiences may vary based on sex and gender. By using Tribal Critical Race Theory, Indigenous feminisms, and reflexive thematic analysis, in this thesis, I examined the challenges and benefits that First Nations elite hockey players experienced when they left home to play in the mainstream context and how these challenges varied based on sex and gender. The 20 participants (10 female, 10 male) all had challenges with language and their new environments. Interestingly, while all the male participants reported experiencing racism, only two of the female participants reported such experiences, and they were of a less overt nature. The benefits that were experienced by both male and female athletes included athletic and personal growth, new experiences, and support from home. While both male and female athletes reported accruing benefits from leaving home, I found that the female athletes had to leave home to pursue hockey due to a lack of opportunities available to them, opportunities that were often available closer to home for male participants. I also found that both males and females reported receiving a great deal of support; this is particularly interesting given male hockey's higher profile. Taken together, these findings add nuance to the existing literature on Indigenous hockey players' experiences in the mainstream context.

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Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / L'identification du talent dans les sports repose sur des évaluations quantitatives et qualitatives des déterminants de la performance, dont les capacités physiques, motrices/techniques, psychologiques et cognitives des athlètes. La présente thèse vise à déterminer si l'évaluation d'habiletés psychologiques et cognitives permet d'identifier les meilleurs joueurs de hockey sur glace et d'identifier les joueurs qui sont appelés à exceller. Deux articles empiriques sont inclus dans cette thèse pour tenter de rencontrer cet objectif. La première étude repose sur l'utilisation d'un appareil à suivi d'objets multiples appelé *NeuroTracker*. La tâche effectuée au moyen de cet appareil, parce qu'elle implique la contribution des fonctions cognitives et celle d'habiletés perceptivo-cognitives, permettrait de distinguer les athlètes élites des athlètes novices. Le but de l'étude était de vérifier si la performance lors d'une session au NeuroTracker permet d'identifier les joueurs de hockey ayant les meilleures performances. Trente-cinq hockeyeurs de niveau junior majeur ont participé à l'étude. Ces participants étaient âgés de 16 à 20 ans et évoluaient dans la ligue canadienne la plus réputée pour leur catégorie d'âge. Ces participants ont complété une batterie de tests cognitifs et techniques, en plus de compléter des sessions d'entrainement au *NeuroTracker*. Les résultats révèlent que le score initial au *NeuroTracker* n'est pas associé au rang de repêchage ou à toute autre statistique de performance (parties jouées, points, différentiel). Ainsi, le NeuroTracker ne semble pas suffisamment spécifique pour permettre l'identification du talent en hockey sur glace, à tout le moins parmi des athlètes évoluant au même niveau. Par ailleurs, l'étude montre qu'il y a des corrélations significatives entre le rang de repêchage et les performances aux tests de mémoire de travail et d'habileté technique (sur l'aspect de la précision du contrôle de la rondelle). La seconde étude repose sur l'utilisation d'une batterie de tests psychologiques et cognitifs évaluant des variables qui ne sont pas formellement estimées par les recruteurs. L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaluer l'efficacité de cette batterie pour identifier les hockeyeurs les plus prometteurs au hockey sur glace. Quatre-vingt-huit hockeyeurs de niveau midget AAA ou midget espoir et admissibles au repêchage de l'année 2019 dans la Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec (LHJMQ) ont participé à l'étude. Ces participants étaient âgés de 15 ou16 ans et évoluaient dans les catégories québécoise ou néobrunswickoise les plus réputées pour de leur tranche d'âge. Les résultats des participants à la batterie de tests ont été utilisés pour tenter de prédire, d'une part, leur rang de repêchage (année 2019) et, d'autre part, leur performance lors des trois saisons de hockey subséquentes (dans la LHJMQ). Les résultats révèlent que le rendement au test mesurant la prise de décision prédit de légèrement à modérément la sélection au repêchage. Par ailleurs, la sous-échelle *réflexion* au questionnaire d'autorégulation des apprentissages s'avère un bon prédicteur du nombre de parties jouées au terme de trois saisons subséquentes. Somme toute, l'étude souligne la pertinence d'étudier et d'opérationnaliser les caractéristiques psychologiques et cognitives dans l'identification et la sélection du talent sportif. En résumé, la première étude de la thèse révèle que le *NeuroTracker* ne semble pas être un outil pertinent pour identifier qui, parmi les joueurs de niveau junior majeur, aura les meilleures performances en hockey sur glace. Par contre, la deuxième étude suggère que l'utilisation de séquences vidéos pour évaluer l'habileté perceptivo-cognitive « prise de décision » pourrait être une avenue intéressante pour l'identification du talent à court terme. De même, l'utilisation d'un questionnaire évaluant les capacités de réflexion dans l'autorégulation des apprentissages serait un indice pertinent pour l'identification du talent sportif à long terme. Somme toute, les études soutiennent l'idée d'utiliser les composantes cognitive et psychologique dans l'évaluation des meilleurs hockeyeurs, notamment par des habiletés perceptivo-cognitives spécifiques au sport évalué et par des concepts psychologiques comme la réflexion dans l'autorégulation des apprentissages qui sont de type domaine général. / Talent identification in sports rely on the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of several characteristics of athletes, such as physical, motor/technical, psychological, and cognitive attributes. In Canada, ice hockey holds a special place in the cultural heritage, resulting in a large pool of experienced hockey players. This thesis focuses on identifying the psychological and cognitive variables that can help recognize the best ice hockey players or those who are expected to excel in the sport. To achieve this, two distinctive samples were studied. Firstly, ice-hockey players progressing in the Midget AAA or Midget Espoir levels in Quebec's hockey league were examined. Secondly, ice-hockey players progressing in the Major Junior level in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League were also in the study. This thesis comprises two empirical articles aimed at addressing this question. The first study relies on a 3D multiple object tracking device (3D-MOT) called *NeuroTracker*, which monitors visual tracking in a 3D environment. This task is believed to engage cognitive functions and cognitive-perceptive skills and can distinguish between elite athletes and novices. The study's objective is to determine if a single session on the *NeuroTracker* has predictive value in talent identification in ice hockey according to different performance metrics, such as games played, points, differential, and draft rank. Thirty-five male ice hockey players from a Major Junior level participated in the study. The participants' ages ranged between 16 and 20 years old, and they competed in the highest category for their age. In addition to NeuroTracker sessions, participants completed a battery of cognitive and motor skills tests. Results indicate that the baseline score on the NeuroTracker is not associated with draft ranking, nor can it predict which players will perform best based on game-related statistics (games played, points, differential). However, the study did find significant correlations between the draft rank and two factors: 1) precision on the motor skill test (puck control) and 2) the working memory test. The second study investigates the use of a brief battery of psychological and cognitive tests assessing variables not otherwise typically evaluated by scouts. The purpose is to determine whether this battery can successfully identify the most promising prospects in ice hockey. The study included eighty-eight players who were eligible for the 2019 selection draft of a Major Junior league. These participants were aged between 15 and 16 years old and competed in the highest level for their age group in the Quebec or New Brunswick hockey leagues. This brief battery of tests was administered to determine whether they could predict draft rank (year 2019) and future game-related statistics (differential, points, and games played) for the three following years. Results showed that decision-making ability had a modest predictive value for the selection rank. Additionally, the score on the reflection subscale of self-regulation proved to be a good predictor of the number of games played over subsequent years. Overall, this study supports the usefulness of measuring psychological characteristics in the talent identification and selection process. In summary, according to the first study, *NeuroTracker* does not seem to be a relevant tool for talent identification. However, the second study reveals video sequences to be of interest to assess decision-making in hockey, opening an interesting avenue for talent identification. A self-regulated learning questionnaire is also of interest in talent identification, but in a long term perspective. All in all, the studies in this thesis still emphasize the relevance of assessing psychological and cognitive characteristics in ice hockey players. Specifically, focusing on perceptivo-cognitive abilities relevant to the context of ice-hockey, and psychological concepts in a more general matter, such as reflection in self-regulated learning, could be of great interest in the talent identification process.