Disease is a very burdensome and unfavorable situation for every person in his life, which, in some cases is connected with necessary hospitalization. Althought there is an attept at hospitalizing individuals only for necessary time, there are still situations where this period of hospital stay is very long for some patients. Particularly child patients who does not fully understand why he can not be at home in his environment with his closest ones. The aim of all healthcare professionals is to provide hospitalized children with an environment that would eliminate negative psychological and physical manifestations in connection with their involuntary stay in the hospital. Nowadays, however, many other professions are involved in the care of hospitalized children than they did before. The aim of the research was to identify pre-emptive measures of preventing hospitalism manifestation of pre-school children used by selected childrens departments. We also found out how these measures are for doctors, nurses, hospitalized children and their parents. Theoretical part of diploma thesis is prepared on the base of professional sources. A qualitative method was chosen for the empirical part, using semi-structured interwievs with doctors, nurses, pre-school aged hospitalized children and their mothers. The interwievs were conducted in February and March 2017 at two childrens departments of hospitals in the South Bohemian and Moravian-Silesian regions. The obtained data were then analyzed by the open encoding method. The analysis procedure was divided into three individual phases. In the first phase interwievs with medical staff were prepared. In the second phase, data from mothers were analyzed. The third phase consist of a detailed analysis of interviews with children. From the results of the research survey, it is obvious, that elimination of the negative cosequences of the pre-school children hospitalization is done mainly by fulfillment of the Charter of Children's Rights in the Hospital. The main focus is on the lenght of hospitalization, the elimination of unnecessary healing and nursing procedures and, last but not least, the creation of conditions for joint hospitalization with the parents, who then become more active participants in the entire healing process. Parents are provided with enough information, they can do basic nursing care, and, most importantly, as they are all the time with the children, they may be sure that children gets the best care. At the same time, healthcare professionals, especially nurses, gets time that they need not only for their professional activities, but also for children who are hospitalized without their parents. Nurses and doctors can wear colorful uniforms, which certainly have a major effect on appropriate child adaptation and can relieve their anxiety. Kiwanis dolls are being used for examination. They may also serve as a mean of healing and nursing procedures demonstration. Kiwanis dolls, accompanying pre-school child during his hospitalization, also serve for demonstration of feelings or as a mean of creative activity or a game. The analysis of the research results shows that teachers, volunteers, and various organizations have also been involved in the care of hospitalized children in the children departments, which brings many ideas, possibilities and projects. This effective and well coordinated cooperation can be of great importance in the care of hospitalized children, moreover it can also make a major contribution to the quality of nursing care in pediatrics. By taking part in department, they create space for the healthcare professionals, who will gain time for their professional work. They also participate in the humanization of department. At the same time, they create programs for children and parrents that will make their time spent in the hospital more pleasant and allow them to forget of their stay in the hospital.

The objective and main task of this thesis is to ascertain, in the individual case studies of users of illicit addictive substances who underwent institutional care, what risk factors occurred in the examined persons, which of them were represented by the greatest number and what life event or events were associated with the beginning of drug abuse career of the examined persons. The theoretical part of the thesis first describes the institutional care with regard to its function, legislative and statutory regulations applicable in the Czech Republic and the reasons for placing children into institutional care. The thesis further deals with institutional care with regard to formation of human personality and describes the individual risk factors of institutional care in relation to development of personality which follow from the current theoretical knowledge of this phenomenon where the main attention is paid to psychological deprivation in childhood in connection with institutional care. This thesis is concerned with qualitative research in the form of case studies and the data for the purposes of this thesis were collected using the method of semi-structured interview. The results of this thesis indicate that the examined persons manifested, to a certain degree, all the described risk factors of...

Hospitalization means a lot of changes for a child. A child does not feel well, is isolated from home, friends, and comes to a new unknown environment full of white coats, fear, and different illnesses. After coming to hospital, a child loses the feeling of safety and is afraid. Fulfilling the child´s needs of certainty and safety is crucial for the child´s healthy development that is why the thesis deals with this topic. The aim of the thesis is to map to what extend the needs of safety and certainty of children are fulfilled in chosen departments. The thesis aims to find out in what way the asked children adapt to the hospital environment and to map the nurses´ approach to the children in the context of fulfilling the needs of safety and certainty as well. In the theoretical part, classification of children´s needs is described and the needs of certainty and safety are characterized. This part deals with adaptation of a child to the hospital environment and cooperation with the family, the role of parents during child´s hospitalisation, and the issue of hospitalism. For the empirical part, qualitative research was chosen via a method of semi-structured interviews with hospitalized children and nurses. The research sample was created by 17 children of younger school age and 6 nurses in the same ratio from three children´s department of Motol University Hospital. When interviewing children, we were finding out how they feel at hospital, what they experience, if they have visitors, if they are not afraid, and how they are informed about the diagnosis, check-ups, and the length of hospitalization. We were interviewing nurses about ensuring the needs of certainty and safety, decreasing fear and pain, common hospitalization of parents and children, and preparation of children for check-ups. On the basis of the analysis of results, we made a conclusion that the needs of safety and certainty are fulfilled to a great extend at children. Children generally adapt to the hospital environment well. Nurses treat them with love and try to devote themselves to them, encourage them and substitute their parents if they are not hospitalized with them. We think, however, that they do no devote enough time to psychosocial anamnesis and that is why an adaptation questionnaire was created which will serve nurses after admitting a child to hospitalization.