Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA13MA120.pdf: 38413 bytes, checksum: d9d09a49a28d09946e0666448617c0b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (Grape Japan) is a deciduous tree native of China and some parts of Japan. Over the last years, this plant has been used as form of shading in aviary in western Santa catarina and began to spread across the region. The cattle eat the ripe fruit of this plant when they fall to the ground. The fruit is suspected of poisoning, annually in the fall and early winter, period that coincide with the fruit maturation. A single dose of 24,5 g/Kg reproducer the disease in a experimental conducted in 2004. In subsequent years, there were no complaints about the toxicity of the fruits of this plant, although many breeders said the cattle, during the season of ripening, continued to eat the fruits. New experiments were conducted in the years 2011 and 2012 in order to evaluate experimentally the variation of toxicity of fruits Grape Japan , the amount needed to produced poisoning in cattle and compare the experimental clinical signs with spontaneous disease. Fruits were administered at single adoses ranging from 30 to 50 g/Kg to calves, only two bovine become seriously ill one died. The clinical and lesion were similar to experimentally reproduced by other authors in 2004, however, the dose required to reproduce the experimental disease was 100% higher than the toxic dose recommended as lethal in 2004 / Hovenia dulcis Thunberg (Uva Japão) é uma árvore caducifólia nativa da China e de alguns lugares do Japão. Nos últimos anos essa planta foi utilizada como forma de sombreamento para aviários no Oeste de Santa Catarina e passou a disseminar-se por toda a região. Os bovinos comem avidamente os frutos maduros dessa planta quando caem ao chão. Suspeitas de intoxicação pelos frutos ocorrem anualmente no outono e início de inverno, que coincidem com a maturação dos frutos. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em 2004 através da administração dos frutos para bovinos em dose única, a partir de 24,5 g/Kg. Nos anos subsequentes não ocorreram reclamações sobre a intoxicação pelos frutos dessa planta, embora, muitos criadores afirmavam que os bovinos, na temporada de maturação, continuavam a ingerir os frutos. Com o objetivo de avaliar experimentalmente a variação da toxicidade de Uva Japão , a quantidade necessária para produzir intoxicação em bovinos e comparar o quadro clínico experimental com a doença espontânea. Novos experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Dos 11 bovinos que receberam frutos da planta em doses únicas entre 30 e 50 g/Kg, apenas dois bovinos adoeceram gravemente e um morreu. O quadro clínico e lesional foram semelhantes ao reproduzido experimentalmente por outros autores em 2004, porém, a dose necessária para reproduzir a doença experimental foi 100% superior a dose tóxica preconizada como letal em 2004

牛樟芝 (Antrodia camphorata; AC) 為台灣特有的藥用真菌,是常見的傳統 中藥,富含三萜類化合物及多醣體。本研究使用牛樟芝、葛花、枳椇子與山楂共 四種萃取物製成之牛樟芝複方飲品 (A. camphorate drink, ACD)為原料,評估此一 複方飲品之抗疲勞功效。本研究從運動表現、疲勞生化指標、肌肉損傷生化指數 以及能量儲存等做為抗疲勞評估標準。將 5 週齡雄性 ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) 小鼠,分為三組,每組各 10 隻,分組如下:(1) 對照組 (vehicle, V); (2) 餵食 15.625 mL/kg 牛樟芝複方飲品 (ACD-1X);(3) 餵食 31.25 mL/kg 牛樟芝 複方飲品 (ACD-2X),連續經口餵食 28 天後進行以下試驗: 1. 測試小鼠前肢抓 力、2. 測試 5%負重游泳力竭時間、3. 進行游泳運動 15 分鐘後立即進行採血觀 察乳酸、血氨、血糖及肌酸激酶、4. 小鼠犧牲後,採集肝臟及肌肉組織進行肝醣 分析與切片。結果顯示,ACD-1X 組 (1124 g) 與 ACD-2X 組 (125 6 g) 在前肢 抓力與對照組 (95 6 g) 相比,分別顯著提升 1.19 與 1.32 倍 (p < 0.05)。ACD-1X 組 (56.714.3 min) 與 ACD-2X 組 (60.717.7 min) 在游泳力竭時間與對照組 (18.23.7 min) 比較分別延長 3.12 及 3.34 倍,均有顯著差異 (p < 0.05)。游泳運 動結束後,ACD-1X 組與 ACD-2X 組之乳酸、血氨及肌酸肌酶均顯著低於對照組 (p < 0.05),而血糖方面則顯著高於對照組(p < 0.05)。肌肉肝醣部分,ACD-1X 組 (1.79 ± 0.12 mg/g) 與 ACD-2X 組 (2.36 ± 0.21 mg/g) 相較於對照組 (1.54 ± 0.06 mg/g),2倍牛樟芝複方飲品組顯著提升1.53倍。肝臟肝醣部分,ACD-1X組 (48.9± 4.1 mg/g) 與 ACD-2X 組 (54.1 ± 5.8 mg/g) 與對照組 (27.0 ± 2.4 mg/g) 比較分別 增加 1.18 及 2.00 倍。研究結果顯示,牛樟芝複方飲品具有增加肝臟及肌肉組織 中的肝醣儲存量,且在游泳運動過程中降低血乳酸、血氨及肌酸激酶的產生。進 一步延長負重游泳力竭的時間及前肢抓力表現。因此,本研究證實牛樟芝複方飲 品具有抗疲勞及提升運動表現之功效。 / Antrodia camphorata is an endemic medical mushroom in Taiwan and has been reported to have multi-biological activities such as anti-fatigue, liver protection, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammation. This study was designed to ascertain the ergogenic and anti-fatigue properties of an A. camphorata drink (ACD) (comprising A. camphorata, Pueraria flos flowers, Hovenia dulcis Thunb, and Crataegus pinnatifida) by forelimb grip strength, load-weighted swimming test, and biochemical examinations in mouse model. Thirty male ICR mice (5-week-old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=10 per group): (1) vehicle; (2) a recommended dosage of 15 mg per 75 mL once per day for adult human (ACD-1X); (3) a 2-fold of recommended usage for adult human (ACD-2X). Mice were given orally either vehicle or A. camphorate drink by gavage for 28 days. The groups ACD-1X and ACD-2X showed significant increases in forelimb grip strength, swimming time to exhaustion skeletal, and muscle glycogen as compared to the vehicle group. Blood lactate and ammonia levels in the ACD-1X and ACD-2X groups were significantly lower than in the vehicle group post a swimming test. Moreover, the activity of plasma creatine kinase (CK), a marker of muscular damage, was significantly decreased in the ACD-1X and ACD-2X groups than vehicle group after swimming exercise. These results suggest that A. camphoratahas great potential for application in relevant fields for its ergogenic and anti-fatigue activities. / 第一章 緒論 .........................................................................................................................1 第一節 研究目的..............................................................................................................2 第二章 文獻探討 .................................................................................................................3 第一節 牛樟芝成份及相關研究......................................................................................3 第二節 葛花成份及相關研究..........................................................................................6 第三節 枳椇子成份及相關研究......................................................................................7 第四節 山楂成份及相關研究..........................................................................................8 第五節 運動與疲勞..........................................................................................................9 第三章 材料與方法 ...........................................................................................................12 第一節 實驗測試樣品....................................................................................................12 第二節 實驗動物之飼養與實驗流程............................................................................14 第三節 血液與組織樣本之收集與前處理....................................................................16 第四節 統計分析............................................................................................................17 第四章 結果與討論 ...........................................................................................................18 第一節 補充牛樟芝複方飲品對於小鼠游泳運動能力表現之測試............................18 第二節 補充牛樟芝複方飲品對於小鼠游泳運動後血液中乳酸、血氨、血糖濃 度以及 CK 活性之分析..................................................................................................19 第三節 補充牛樟芝複方飲品對於小鼠前肢抓力表現之測試....................................20 第四節 補充牛樟芝複方飲品對於小鼠肌肉與肝臟部位肝醣含量之分析................21 第五章 結論 .......................................................................................................................22 參考文獻.............................................................................................................31

The main objective of this dissertation is to build site index curves relating dominant height and age and to elaborate density management diagram (DMD) for individuals of Hovenia dulcis located in the central area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To do that, it was used information from 4 stands, aged 25, located at Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO) and from a population of free trees, with DAPs varying from 5 to 45 cm, located at the campus of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), both in the municipal district of Santa Maria. For the construction of the sites indexes, information from 18 dominant trees was gathered in the 4 stands located at FEPAGRO, observing the methodology for trunk analysis. In places where trees were under competition, data for the elaboration of the density management diagrams were collected in trees of dominant, intermediate and dominated strata, considering the method of the punctual density. In the place where trees were free from competition, census was made. As a result, in the elaboration of the site index curves, the Backman model was selected, being verified the necessity of construction of two groups of index curves, from 5 to 25 years-old, with interval of 2 meters and index of 25. For the Site I-A, 3 index curves were created from 22 to 24 meters and, for the join of the Sites I-B+II+III, 6 index curves from 8 to 18 meters were produced. It was also possible to conclude that the Reineke model adjusted itself to calculate the closing density lines of the dossal and of the self-thinning, with angular coefficients very close to -1.5, for both of them, being demonstrated that the potency law of -3/2 of self-thinning was taken into account and that it was very similar to the hypothesis postulated by Reineke. The population density, for the beginning of the total capacity of the dossal, was of 42.5% of the maximum number of trees that the place allows, and that, with the collected data, it was possible to build diagrams for the density management, from the 5 to the 31 cm of diameter of the tree of medium basal area. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é construir curvas de índice de sítio relacionando altura dominante e idade e elaborar diagramas de manejo de densidade (DMD), para populações de Hovenia dulcis localizadas na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações de 4 povoamentos, com idades de 25 anos, localizado na Fundação de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), e de uma população de árvores livres, com DAPs variando de 5 a 45 cm, localizado no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), ambos no município de Santa Maria. Para a construção dos índices de sítios, coletaram-se informações de 18 árvores dominantes, nos 4 povoamentos localizados na FEPAGRO, observando a metodologia para análise de tronco. Nos locais onde as árvores estavam sob concorrência, os dados para a elaboração dos diagramas de manejo da densidade, foram coletados em árvores dos estratos dominante, intermediário e dominado, pelo método da densidade pontual. No local onde as árvores estavam livres de concorrência, realizou-se censo. Como resultado, na elaboração das curvas índice de sítio, o modelo de Backman foi o selecionado, ficando constatada a necessidade da construção de dois conjuntos de curvas índices, da idade de 5 a 25 anos, com intervalo de 2 metros e idade índice de 25 anos. Para o sítio I-A, foram geradas 3 curvas índice, de 22 a 24 metros e, para a união dos Sítios I-B+II+III, 6 curvas índices de 8 a 18 metros. Também foi possível concluir que o modelo de Reineke ajustou-se satisfatoriamente para estimar as linhas de densidade de fechamento do dossel e de autodesbaste, com coeficientes angular se aproximando muito de -1,5, para ambas, ficando demonstrado que a lei da potência de -3/2 de autodesbaste foi contemplada e que se aproximou muito da hipótese postulada por Reineke. A densidade populacional, para o início da total lotação do dossel, foi de 42,5% do número máximo de árvores que o local permite, sendo que com os dados coletados foi possível construir diagramas para o manejo da densidade, dos 5 aos 31 cm de diâmetro da árvore de área basal média.