In this thesis information received from a hybrid vehicle battery test equipment wasstructured and analyzed. This test equipment is currently placed on a fleet of Scaniatrucks with the purpose of emulating hybrid vehicle environment on battery cell level.A Microsoft Access database structure was set up in order to make it possible to savetest data in a structured way. In addition, Matlab scripts were made with the purposeof calculating cell aging from pulse- and capacity tests. Furthermore, drive cycleanalysis was performed looking at statistics for selected parameters. Data collectedfrom late October 2010 until beginning of July does not yet show any aging of the fieldtested battery cells regarding capacity loss or resistance increase. The internalresistance of the batteries was calculated to 2 to 4 milli ohm and the capacity wasfrom the tests found to be around 3 ampere hours. The energy efficiency, which wascalculated from pulse test data, shows an efficiency between 95 to 97%.

Αυτή η διπλωματική εργασία παραθέτει όλα τα στοιχεία που χρειάζονται για την εξέλιξη ενός συμβατικού κινητήρα εσωτερικής καύσης σε υβριδικό κινητήρα καύσης υδρογόνου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η λειτουργία ενός συμβατικού βενζινοκινητήρα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι ιδιότητες του υδρογόνου και η λειτουργία ενός ηλεκτρικού υβριδικού οχήματος και η τοπολογία που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί στην μοντελοποίηση. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται τα επιμέρους στοιχεία που πρέπει να μεταβληθούν σε έναν βενζινοκινητήρα για να γίνει καύσης υδρογόνου. Τέλος στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται το μοντέλο του υβριδικού κινητήρα σε Simulink και εξηγείται η λειτουργία του. / This diploma thesis indicates all the structural elements that are needed for the development of a conventional internal combustion engine into a hybrid electric vehicle with a hydrogen combustion engine.The second chapter is about description and main functions of a conventional gasoline engine.In the third chapter are discribed the properties of hydrogen for use in a combustion engine, the main function of a hybrid electric vehicle and the structure that will be used into the modelling.In the forth chapter are analysed the further structural elements that have to be changed in an internal combustion engine in order to be fueled with hydrogen.Finally in the fifth chapter a model of a hybrid electric vehicle with a hydrogen combustion engine in Simulink is described and the main functions of it are described along with certain results.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de conception d’une stratégie de gestion de l’énergie dans un système hybride de génération d'énergie électrique composé d’une pile à combustible (PC) et un module de supercondensateurs (SC). La source hybride fournit une puissance maximale de 1,2 kW et sa conception implique des décisions concernant la sélection de l’architecture du système hybride ainsi que le choix de la topologie et le dimensionnement d’une unité de convertisseurs. La stratégie de gestion vise à satisfaire la demande d’énergie électrique de la charge et favoriser la consommation énergétique efficiente ; sa performance est évaluée en développant un simulateur qui comprend la dynamique des éléments mis en jeu : deux sources et l’unité de convertisseurs. Le générateur hybride est supposé alimenter un profil de consommation correspondant à un véhicule électrique, de ce fait un cycle standard de conduite en ville en échelle est demandé lors des simulations, ce qui permet d’évaluer la performance du générateur hybride et plus spécifiquement de la stratégie de gestion énergétique.Dans une première étape de cette thèse, un simulateur intégral a été construit avec des librairies de Simscape. Le simulateur est constitué des blocs de différents domaines, contenant des modèles fondamentaux des composants du système. Le block de pile à combustible modèle la dynamique d’un système BAHIA® (400 W - 1100 W, 0 A - 70 A nominale) et le block de supercondensateur modèle les cycles charge-décharge d’un module Maxwell de 400 F et 16 V. Un onduleur de tension pont complet avec convertisseur élévateur conditionne l’énergie délivrée par la pile à combustible et un convertisseur bidirectionnel (buck-boost) est connecté au module de supercondensateurs afin de conditionner les cycles de charge-décharge. L’unité des convertisseurs a été dimensionné, puis, un modèle moyen de petits signaux a été formulé afin de décrire la dynamique de ces dispositifs. Les différents composants ont été intégrés dans l’environnement Simulink. Dans une deuxième étape, la stratégie de gestion énergétique a été conçue en considérant les caractéristiques et performances des sources ; le résultat est une stratégie de trois niveaux hiérarchiques, dont l’aspect principal es la définition des lois de commande locales et globale. Dans une troisième étape, le système complet est évalué en termes du niveau d’utilisation des sources, du domaine d’opération de la pile à combustible, et de l’accomplissement des objectifs des commandes locales et global, qui engagent notamment le SOC des supercondensateurs et la régulation de la tension du générateur hybride. / Energy generation from fossil fuels combustion is predicted to have severe future impacts in the world’s economy and ecology. Fuel cells and supercapacitors are an alternative power source, environmentally friendly.This dissertation presents a regulation architecture developed to coordinate a hybrid renewable source for typical solicitations of electric vehicles in a scaled operating range of 1 kW. The hybrid system is composed of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell module, a supercapacitors bank and their respective power conditioning units. In order to optimize the overall operation, the proposed strategy is organized into three hierarchical levels, and the power demand for each energy source is determined in real time with a basis on a frequency distribution and a cutoff frequency, defined in accordance with the dynamical capabilities of the sources.Even if numerous researches have been reported on the subject, few studies have taken into account the proper dynamics of each source in order to optimize the global performance of the hybrid power supply.The goal of this work is to implement a complete simulator integrating not only dynamical models of each energy source, but also dynamical models of the power conditioning units. The control strategy consists of nested loops, arranged in three functional levels of hierarchy. The central idea is to find the optimal set point for each energy source, according to their own physical properties. Contrary to the existing control strategies, this strategy dynamically calculates the appropriate power demand for each energy source. Due to the complexity of the system, cascade control loops are proposed, organized into blocks, according to the system functionality and dynamics.A functional simulation is obtained, where the system ensures the adequate supercapacitor state of charge and soft current demands to keep the fuel cell working in its safe operating region. Thus, lower fuel consumption and rapid response to load demands are guaranteed to improve efficiency.Results demonstrate that the control strategy allows the regulation of the DC bus voltage under UDDS and ECE-15 driving cycles as load profiles. The fuel cell works within its maximum efficiency region, without falling in the degradation zone. In addition, the supercapacitor state of charge remains within the recommended range.

This thesis deals with the problematic of lead acid batteries for HEVs. It starts with classification of electrochemical cells then proceeds to focus on lead acid batteries, mainly because they are the most used source of electrical power in automotive industry. The practical part of the work describes the process of manufacturing the electrode system used in the later parts. The experimental part is focused on the behaviour of the cells under conditions that appear in hybrid electric vehicles. The effect of aditives in active matter of the negative electrode on the parameters of the cells is observed, such as voltage, capacity and operating life

The thesis briefly discusses the issue of electrochemical power sources, especially with a focus on lead-acid batteries operating in modes that are typical of hybrid electric vehicles. The theoretical part of the thesis should be a good basis for the subsequent practical part, in which several experimental electrodes and their parameters will be performed and evaluated. The output of the practical part will be conclusions regarding the influence of different variants of modified carbon used as an additive in the active material of the negative electrode on the capacity and life of cells