Both science and empirical knowledge seem to indicate that anatomical considerations relating to potential muscular interference be established at the incipiency of the serious study of voice. Experience shows that if this aspect of vocal development is not pursued with utmost diligence, an early deterioration of the vocal instrument is possible many years before a normal expectancy. It has been discovered, also, that the study of articulation, pronunciation, modulation, emphasis, gestures and interpretation seem to avoid, primarily, the necessity of muscular training, per. This thesis will not include, in detail, the aspects of the use of the breath, except in a perfunctory manner. The same can be said of resonance and diction. It will endeavor, however, to indicate the muscular differences of the singing and swallowing actions. Furthermore, it will advance some suggestions for the avoidance of constrictive muscular influences which might impede the singing musculature. Finally, a phonatory process will be presented for consideration as a muscular mechanism to be made operative in connection with a direct control procedure.

No description available.

One of the basic goals of the physical anthropologist is to create a biological profile, consisting of sex, ancestry, age, and stature, from the skeletal material that they are presented with. This thesis seeks to explore size and shape differences related to sex and ancestry from the hyoid bones of the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection in order to gauge its usefulness in the process of developing a biological profile. A series of measurements were taken from 398 hyoids and analysis was conducted using a number of statistical methods. Independent samples t-tests were used to examine size differences between sexes and ancestries, while linear regression analysis and principle component analysis were used to examine shape differences. Discriminant function analysis was employed to test the ability of the hyoids to be classified by sex or ancestry. The ultimate goal of the thesis is to provide physical anthropologists with a series of discriminant function equations that can be used to estimate the sex and ancestry of a hyoid. Five equations ranging in accuracy from 83-88% were developed to determine sex of a hyoid, while four equations ranging in accuracy from 70-89% can be used to determine ancestry. In addition, the t-tests, regression analyses, and principle component analysis have identified several variations in size and shape between sexes and ancestries. These analyses have provided further knowledge as to the morphological form of the hyoid, as well as a method that can be easily used by physical anthropologists to assess sex and ancestry.

No description available.

Orientador: Darcy Flavio Nouer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho-Ferraz_MariaJuliaPereira_M.pdf: 2070510 bytes, checksum: 1906fc46ce92e3367e053f187e658ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: complexo craniofacial, contribui como um elemento adicional importante no processo de diagnóstico ortodôntico e ortopédico funcional dos maxilares. No presente trabalho realizou-se a avaliação cefalométrica da posição do osso hióide em relação ao padrão respiratório em 28 indivíduos com padrão respiratório predominantemente nasal e de 25, com padrão respiratório predominantemente bucal. Todos eram do gênero feminino, leucodermas e com Classe I de Angle, cujas idades médias foram de aproximadamente 10 anos. As medidas cefalométricas Ar-Pog, PP-Me, ENP-PM, S-PM, Ângulo Goníaco, BaN.PM, PTM.PM, PO.PM foram utilizadas como parâmetro de identificação da morfologia mandibular. As medidas cefalométricas horizontais, verticais e angulares, incluindo o Triângulo Hióideo (Bibby & Preston, 1981) foram utilizadas com a finalidade de determinar a posição do osso hióide. Estabeleceu-se uma comparação entre os grupos por meio do teste ¿t¿ de student com nível de significância de 5%, bem como correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis. Observou¿se que não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas significativas para a posição mandibular e posição do osso hióide e o tipo do padrão respiratório. O limite ântero-posterior do espaço aéreo superior representado pelo Atlas-Espinha Nasal Posterior (AA-ENP) também foi constante para o grupo com respiração predominantemente nasal e bucal, com um valor médio de 32,87mm ± 3,34 e 32,86mm ± 2,18, respectivamente. No Triângulo Hióideo, o coeficiente de correlação de 0,40 foi significativo entre AA-ENP e C3-H (distância entre o ponto mais anterior e inferior da terceira vértebra cervical e o corpo do osso hióide) demonstrando uma relação positiva entre os limites ósseos do espaço aéreo superior e inferior. Para as medidas cranianas houve uma correlação significativa de 0,50 e 0,43 entre as medidas Ar-Pog e a distância horizontal do osso hióide e PP-Me e distância vertical do osso hióide, respectivamente, sugerindo uma relação entre a posição do osso hióide com a morfologia mandibular. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o osso hióide mantém uma posição estável para garantir as proporções corretas das vias aéreas e não depende do padrão respiratório predominante / Abstract: craniofacial complex, contributes as an additional and important element in the process of orthodontic diagnosis and jaw functional orthopedics. The cephalometric evaluation of the hyoid bone position relatated to the respiratory pattern consisted of 29 people having a predominantly nasal respiratory pattern and 25 having a predominantly buccal respiratory pattern, both group female, white skin and presetting Class I of Angle and the average ages were from 10 years, approximately. The cephalometric measures Ar-Pog, PP-Me, ENP-PM, Goniac angle, BaN.PM, PTM.PM, PO.PM were utilized as parameters of the mandibular morphology identification. The horizontal, vertical and angular cephalometric measures, including the Hyoid Triangle (Bibby & Preston, 1981) were utilized for the purpose of fixing the hyoid bone position. A comparison between the groups was made throught ¿t¿ of St udent test, as well as Pearson correlation between the variables. Important statistic differences weren¿t noted for the mandibular position or for the hyoid bone position and neither for the respiratory pattern type. The anterior-posterior limit of the upper airway represented by the Atlas to Posterior Nasal Spine (AA-PNS) was permanent in the group with predominantly nasal and buccal respiration, having an average value of 32, 87mm ± 3,34 and 32, 86mm ± 2, 18, respectively. In the Hyoid Triangle, the correlation coefficient of 0, 40 was significant between AA-PNS and C3-H (distance between the most anterior and inferior point of the third cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone body) showing a positive relationship between the bone limits of the upper and lower airway space. The cranial measures showed a significant correlation of 0,50 and 0,43 between the Ar-Pog measures and the distance of the hyoid bone and PP-Me and the vertical of the hyoid bone, respectively, showing a relationship between the hyoid bone position and the mandibular morphology. The results led to the conclusion that the hyoid bone keeps a permanent position in order to guarantee that the correct proportion of the airway space and it doesn¿t depend on the predominant respiratory pattern / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Ortodontia

The hyoid apparatus in laryngeally echolocating bats forms a mechanical connection between the larynx and auditory bullae and has been hypothesized to transfer the outgoing echolocation call to the middle ear during echolocation call emission. We used µCT data to build models of the hyoid apparatus and middle ear from six species of bats and used finite element modeling (FEM) to measure the vibroacoustic response of the tympanic membrane due to hyoid-borne sound generated during echolocation. We found that hyoid-borne sound in all six species stimulated the eardrum within a range likely heard by bats. Although there were minor differences at frequencies above 60kHz, there were no obvious morphological explanations to account for it. This suggests that variation in the morphology of the hyoid apparatus in laryngeally echolocating bats is likely driven by other functions associated with the hyoid.

No description available.

The use of self-ligating brackets has gained popularity recently in orthodontic treatment. The Damon philosophy is a system that employs passive self-ligation with the use of light forces to achieve arch development and to relieve dental crowding. The philosophy of the system is that the use of light forces does not overpower the forces of the lips, tongue, and other peri-oral soft tissue thereby allowing for optimal equilibration of forces that is customized to every individual. If this actually occurs, changes in the posture of the tongue and hyoid would be expected as is seen after orthognathic surgery and rapid maxillary expansion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if these postural adjustments do occur, and, if they do, to assess if there is a stratification of treatment effect based on dental classification. A customized cephalometric evaluation was designed from an amalgamation of previous cephalometric studies. This cephalometric study not only evaluated changes due to treatment but also assessed changes in cervical postural position to validate the quality of the measurements and to verify that radiographs were taken in a correct and repeatable head position. Cephalometric measurements were correlated with measurements of posterior dental expansion at the premolars and molars. Results of the study showed a correlation in tongue length and hyoid to mandible measurements. Lack of significance in the cervical posture cephalometric changes validated the cephalometric design and the quality of radiograph included in the study. Significant posterior dental expansion was documented although this expansion was limited to the premolar regions. Changes in tongue length correlated with dental expansion, particularly in the lower premolars. Lastly, increases in upper airway space correlated with dental expansion, particularly in Class III patients. This finding is very interesting and suggests the need for further research in this area. Additionally, replication of this study with more subjects may yield very interesting results. Overall, this study supports the fact that studies of soft tissue changes in relation to orthodontic treatment need further investigation as these tissues are involved in the equilibrium of forces and are directly related to the stability of orthodontic treatment. / Oral Biology

Objectives: Orthodontic arch development expands and broadens the dentition beyond the confines of the original arch perimeter. This is often accomplished by means of self-ligating fixed appliances. When movements take the teeth outside those confines, without adoption, the muscular forces are unbalanced and may lead to dental relapse. Muscle spindles and associated reflex loops within the tongue provide feedback to arch perimeter changes that may produce postural changes to the new archform. Resting posture has long been accepted as aiding in tooth position. The objective of this study was to assess the oral and pharyngeal postural changes that result from arch development with the Damon system and report the amount of expansion accomplished. Methods: Pre- and post-treatment models and lateral cephalograms were collected on 69 previously treated orthodontic patients from four different private practices. Expansion was measured from the buccal cusp tips of the first and second premolars and first molars. A new cephalometric analysis was implemented to diagnose both variations in malocclusion and variations in posture of the head, neck, pharynx, hyoid bone and tongue. Results: Both tongue height and length increased, 2.9mm (P-value 0.001, SEM=1.06) and 3.76mm (P-value 0.00002, SEM=0.62) respectively, following posterior dental arch expansion using Damon archwires. Hyoid position was not significantly different. Conclusion: As dental arches are expanded the tongue increases in both length and height to fill the space and therefore may aid in stability during the retention phase of treatment. The lack of change in hyoid bone position, as one would expect with a rise in tongue position, might be explained by either slight changes in head position or the need to maintain the airway. / Oral Biology

Objective: Ultrasound is used increasingly in swallowing research because it can be a non-invasive, repeatable and cost effective measure of swallowing dynamics and rehabilitative effects. However unstable head position and transducer movement while imaging may result in measurement error that is substantive enough to bias research results. This study investigated the variation in measures of hyoid displacement and submental muscle size within and across three sessions using two methods of acquisition. Methods: Twenty-four healthy participants over the age of 50 attended three sessions. In each session, five dynamic video clips of hyoid movement and five static images of submental muscles were imaged in 2D ultrasound using two acquisition methods. One method involved manual hand-held stabilisation of the transducer and the other method involved a custom-designed stand for stabilisation of the transducer and participant. Hyoid displacement was measured as a percent change between measures made at rest and at maximal excursion. Additionally, cross sectional area (CSA) measurements were made of the paired geniohyoid and the left and right anterior belly of digastric (ABD) muscles at rest. Results: Out of 720 possible measures of hyoid displacement, 675 measures were analysed. There were no significant order effects of session or trial with changes that were <1% and no greater 4.5% for session and no greater than 1.5% for trial from estimated baseline measures. There was a significant effect of method (p<.01), with a systematic decrease in stand measures that were <9.5% and no greater than 16% from estimated baseline measures. Variance was larger across sessions than within sessions. The stand condition was more variable than the hand-held condition for measures of hyoid displacement. Out of a total of 2160 possible measures of submental muscle size, 555 measures of geniohyoid and 1408 measures of ABD muscles were analysed. There were no significant order effects of session, trial or method in geniohyoid muscle measures. The estimated order effects of session were <3% and no greater than 13%, and trials were <0.4% and no greater than 0.7% from estimated baseline measures. There were no significant order effects of session and method in ABD muscle measures with order effects of session that were <2% and no greater than 5.5%. There were significant effects of trial (p<.01) in both ABD muscles with a small systematic increase that was <0.5% and no greater than 0.8%. Variance was larger across sessions than within sessions in all measures of submental muscle size. The stand condition was less variable than the hand-held condition for all measures of submental muscle size. Conclusion: The results from this study provide guidance to researchers who intend to use repeated measures from ultrasound imaging as an outcome measure in swallowing research. The large variability within and across participants in measures of hyoid displacement and geniohyoid muscle size may require further investigation. When the variations described in this current study are considered in the measures of the ABD muscle size then it can be a valuable measure of rehabilitative techniques.