La polyarthrite rhumatoïde est une pathologie auto-immune qui affecte près de 1% de la population mondiale et se caractérise par une inflammation articulaire, des altérations cartilagineuses et osseuses notamment associées à des douleurs chroniques articulaires, souvent résistantes aux thérapeutiques actuelles. Que ce soit à un stade préclinique, où l’on parle d’arthralgie, ou à un stade établi de la pathologie, ces douleurs constituent un réel handicap pour les patients atteints avec plus de 60% d’entre eux insatisfaits de sa prise en charge. La présence d’une synovite étant nécessaire au diagnostic de la PR, aucune stratégie thérapeutique n’est mise en place à un stade préclinique. En outre, à un stade établi, la stratégie actuelle vise en premier lieu à diminuer l’activité de la pathologie sans prise en charge de la douleur en tant que telle. Parmi les acteurs de la synovite dans la PR, un rôle essentiel est attribué au facteur de croissance des nerfs ou Nerve Growth Factor dans la mise en place et le maintien des symptômes douloureux. Les anti-NGF sont connus comme des molécules antalgiques prometteuses. Néanmoins, de par son action pléiotropique, cibler cette neurotrophine conduit à des effets indésirables potentiellement importants. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons cherché à mieux caractériser l’implication spécifique des voies de signalisation intracellulaires au récepteur tyrosine kinase de type A (TrkA) de haute affinité au NGF, dans un contexte de douleur articulaire inflammatoire (arthrite) mais aussi de douleurs somatique et viscérale. Un modèle de knock-out total pour le récepteur TrkA n’étant pas viable, nous avons réalisé une étude multimodale chez des souris knock-in TrkA/C, exprimant un récepteur chimérique composé de la partie extracellulaire native du récepteur TrkA et des parties transmembranaire et intracellulaire fonctionnelles du récepteur à la neurotrophine 3 : le récepteur TrkC. Ce dernier n’étant que peu ou pas impliqué dans la douleur inflammatoire. Ainsi, le NGF pourra se lier normalement au récepteur TrkA/C mais activera les voies de signalisation intracellulaires du récepteur TrkC. Les résultats de nos études ont mis en évidence qu’une absence d’activation de certaines voies en aval de TrkA (i.e. c-Jun et p38 MAPK) au niveau des DRGs chez les souris TrkA/C, impacte significativement la mise en place des symptômes douloureux, en particulier l’hypersensibilité mécanique, que ce soit dans un contexte de douleur articulaire, somatique ou viscérale, sans affecter l’hyperalgie thermique au chaud. Ces résultats résultent d’une part de la diminution de la néo-innervation CGRP+ mais aussi de changements transcriptionnels de certains neurotransmetteurs et mécanotransducteurs dont le canal ionique sensible aux protons : ASIC3. De plus, un lien entre NGF/TrkA et le remodelage osseux, en particulier, l’activation ostéoclastique, a été démontré mettant en avant un rôle doublement bénéfique de l’inhibition de certaines voies associées à TrkA, à la fois dans certains symptômes douloureux et l’érosion osseuse retrouvée dans la PR. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes impliqués dans l’arthralgie induite par l’injection d’autoanticorps anti-peptides citrullinées (ACPA). La majorité des patients PR sont positifs pour les ACPA qui peuvent être produits des mois voire des années, avant son diagnostic et semblent être directement associés au développement des symptômes douloureux. Cette arthralgie constitue l’un des premiers signes d’une PR émergente et peu persister, même suite à la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients PR. Tout d’abord, nous avons confirmé que les sous-types monoclonaux IgG1 ACPA diffèrent par leurs propriétés pronociceptives et érosives de l’os, certainement liées à leurs différentes réactivités vis-à-vis des épitopes citrullinés. (...) / Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects nearly 1% people worldwide and is characterized by joint inflammation, cartilage and bone damages, associated with chronic joint pain, often resistant to current therapies. Whether at a preclinical stage, where we talk about arthralgia, or at an established stage of the pathology, pain constitutes a real burden for the patients with more than 60% rating their pain management has unsatisfactory. The presence of synovitis is necessary for the diagnosis of established RA, therefore, no real therapeutic strategy is used at a preclinical stage. In addition, at an established stage, the current strategy aimed primarily at reducing the activity of the pathology without an actual management of the pain as such. Among the actors of synovitis in RA, Nerve Growth Factor plays a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of painful symptoms. Anti-NGF are known as promising analgesic drugs. Nevertheless, due to pleiotropic effects of NGF, targeting this neurotrophin leads to significant adverse effects. In the first part of this work, we sought to better characterize the specific involvement of intracellular signaling pathways of the high affinity tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor of NGF in a context of inflammatory joint pain (arthritis), but also of somatic and visceral pain. Since a total knockout of TrkA receptor in mice is not viable, we performed a multimodal study in TrkA/C knock-in mice, expressing a chimeric receptor composed of the native extracellular part of TrkA receptor and, the transmembrane and intracellular functional parts of the neurotrophin 3 receptor: TrkC receptor, which is not really involved in inflammatory pain. Thus, NGF can bind normally to the TrkA/C receptor but activates the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of TrkC receptor. Our results have shown that a lack of activation of certain TrkA pathways (i.e. c-Jun and p38 MAPK) in the DRGs of TrkA/C mice, has a significant impact on the development of painful symptoms, especially mechanical hypersensitivity in a context of articular, somatic, or visceral pain, without affecting heat thermal hyperalgesia. These effects result, on one hand, from the decrease of CGRP+ nerve sprouting and in another hand, from the transcriptional changes of some neurotransmitters and mechanotransducers including the proton-sensitive ion channel: ASIC3. In addition, our studies highlight a direct link between NGF/TrkA and bone remodeling, in particular, osteoclastic activity, suggesting a beneficial role of the inhibition of some specific TrkA-associated pathways, in both mechanical hypersensitivity and bone erosion found in RA.In a second part of our work, we investigated the mechanisms involved in arthralgia induced by the injection of autoantibodies against citrullinated peptides (ACPA). The majority of RA patients is positive for ACPA that can be produced months to years before RA diagnosis and appear to be directly associated with the development of pain. Arthralgia is one of the first signs of an emerging RA and can persist even following RA treatment. First, we confirmed that monoclonal ACPA IgG1 subtypes differ in their pronociceptive and bone erosive properties certainly link to their reactivity patterns against citrullinated epitopes on different targets especially those engaging osteoclast activity. Thus, the combination of B02/B09 ACPA clones induced pain like behaviour without any inflammation, but is associated with an alteration of bone homeostasis in injected mice. We suggest that as a result of ACPA-induced osteoclast activation, certain factors (e.g. protons and/or lipids) are released, which sensitize ASIC3, ultimately leading to pain.

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Die Therapiemöglichkeiten für Pferde, die an Culicoides-Hypersensitivität (Sommerekzem) leiden, sind heute noch oft unbefriedigend. Sie reduzieren sich größtenteils auf symptomatische Behand-lungen und auf die Vermeidung der allergieauslösenden Allergene. Es existieren Studien, bei denen rekombinante Proteine in ihrer Wirksamkeit auf die Culicoides-Hypersensitivität beim Pferd untersucht wurden. Für die spezifische Immuntherapie gibt es in der Veterinärmedizin bislang keine oralen Präparate für eine mögliche sublinguale Therapie. Am Beispiel der Culicoides-Hypersensitivität soll letztlich ein Verfahren für die spezifische Immuntherapie entwickelt werden, bei dem die Peptide sowohl zur Diagnostik als auch Therapie allergischer Erkrankungen in der Veterinärmedizin genutzt werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden erste Schritte in diese Richtung unternommen. Dafür wurden eine intrakutan zu applizierende Darreichungsform und eine für das Pferd neuartige, sublingual zu applizierende Arzneiform eingesetzt. Ausgewählte, synthetisch hergestellte Peptide von Mücken der Gattung Culicoides wurden bezüglich ihres Potentials für die spezifische Immuntherapie hinsichtlich der Sicherheit bei ihrer Anwendung im Pferd und Nutzung in der serologischen Diagnostik untersucht. Sieben ausgewählte Peptide, bestehend aus 30-35 Aminosäuren, wurden für in-vitro und in-vivo-Untersuchungen an gesunden (n=6) und an Sommerekzem erkrankten (n=12) Pferden eingesetzt. Nach einer Testphase auf die Verträglichkeit an klinisch gesunden Pferden, wurden die an Culicoides-Hypersensitivität erkrankten Tiere randomisiert in zwei Gruppen (intradermale und sublinguale Arzneiform) eingeteilt. Sie bekamen im Sonner, bei möglicher natürlicher Culicoides-Exposition die jeweilige Arzneiform über 21 Wochen hinweg verabreicht. Während dieser Zeit fanden in regelmäßigen Abständen Kontrollen des Gesundheitszustandes der Tiere statt, bei denen insbesondere klinische Symptome, Blutbilder und die Bildung spezifischer Antikörper erfasst wurden. Das Hautbild der Tiere wurde in Woche 1, 13 und 25 mithilfe eines Sommerekzem-Scores beurteilt. Die zwölf häufigsten vom Ekzem betroffenen Stellen am Pferde-körper wurden hierbei unabhängig voneinander bewertet. Die Besitzer der Tiere wurden mithilfe eines Fragebogens nach ihrer Meinung zur Entwicklung bzw. Ausprägung der klinischen Symptome und dem Befinden ihres Pferdes befragt. Zur Detektion spezifischer Antikörper im Serum der Tiere, unter Verwendung rekombinanter Pepti-de als Antigen, konnten für IgE und die IgG-Isotypen IgG1, IgG3/5 und IgG4/7 direkte bzw. indirekte ELISA etabliert werden. Des Weiteren wurde ein kommerzielles ELISA-Kit verwendet, um den Verlauf der IgE-Gesamtkonzentration während der Studienlaufzeit zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der geringen Studienteilnehmerzahl und vieler nicht verwendbarer Daten aus den ELISA Untersuchungen wurde die statistische Auswertung auf deskriptive Analysen beschränkt. Beide Applikationsarten wurden von den Studienteilnehmern gut toleriert und vertragen. Die Verabreichung der Sublingualtablette konnte durch die zuvor geschulten Pferdebesitzer eigenständig durchgeführt werden. Zu Beginn der Studie betrug der Dermatitisgrad 14 Punkte in der intradermalen Gruppe bzw. 13,67 Punkte in der sublingualen Gruppe. Am Ende der Studienlaufzeit lag der durchschnittliche Dermatitisgrad bei 40,33 bzw. 38,50 Punkten. Damit verschlechterte er sich während der Studienlaufzeit. Der Gehalt an gesamtem IgE im Serum der Probanden sank während des Untersuchungszeitraumes über beide Gruppen hinweg von 2,7 U/l auf 2,1 U/l. Bei den Tieren der Intradermalen Applikationsgruppe reduzierte sich das freie IgE dabei um 0,8 U/l und in der Sublingualen Gruppe um 0,3 U/l. Die Peptid-basierten ELISA zur spezifischen Serologie verschiedener Serum-Antikörperklassen waren nicht valide auswertbar. Die Untersuchungen zu peptidspezifischen IgE ergaben individuelle Verlaufsformen. Da keine Kontrollgruppe ohne Peptid-Applikation eingeschlossen wurde und die Studie in der Saison mit unkontrollierter, natürlicher Culicoides-Exposition durchgeführt wurde, ist keine Aussage zur Wirksamkeit der Behandlung auf klinische oder serologische Parameter möglich. Die entwickelte Sublingualtablette war durch ihre Form, Stabilität und Handhabung gut anwendbar und kann als Applikationsmethode in der Veterinärmedizin in Erwägung gezogen werden. Die synthetischen Peptide waren für den Einsatz in-vivo unschädlich und einsetzbar. Es bleibt zukünftigen Untersuchungen vorbehalten, ihr diagnostisches und therapeutisches Potential zur An-wendung bei Culicoides-Hypersensitivität und gegebenenfalls weiteren allergisch bedingten Erkrankungen des Pferdes weiter zu evaluieren. Aufgrund von limitierenden Faktoren, wie der sehr kleinen Zahl an Studienteilnehmern, dem Fehlen einer Placebogruppe und der Durchführung während der Expositionszeit hat die vorliegende Arbeit insgesamt präliminären Charakter.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 2 Literaturübersicht 2.1 Allergie 2.1.1 Allergene 2.1.1.1 Charakteristika von Allergenen (Was macht eine Substanz zum Allergen) 2.1.1.2 Kreuzreaktivitäten 2.1.2 Typ-I-Allergie 2.1.2.1 Produktion sensibilisierender Antikörper bei Erstkontakt 2.1.2.2 Ausbildung allergischer Reaktionen bei Folgekontakt 2.1.3 Immunglobulin-System des Pferdes 2.1.4 Potenzielle Bedeutung der IgG-Isotypen bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen 2.2 Das Sommerekzem des Pferdes 2.2.1 Epidemiologie, Ätiologie und Pathogenese 2.2.2 Bedeutende Allergene 2.2.3 Diagnostische Ansätze 2.2.3.1 In-vivo-Test (Intradermal Test) 2.2.3.2 In-vitro-Tests 2.2.3.3 Nachweis von IgE 2.2.3.4 Funktionelle in-vitro-Tests 2.2.4 Therapeutische Ansätze 2.2.4.1 Vermeidung Allergenkontakte, medikamentöse Therapieversuche 2.2.4.2 Allergenspezifische Immuntherapie (ASIT) 2.2.4.3 Desensibilisierung mit nativen Allergenextrakten 2.3 Wechsel von Allergenextrakten auf die molekulare Ebene der Allergene - Bedeutung für Diagnostik und Therapie 2.4 Einsatz synthetischer Peptide in der ASIT 3 Geräte, Material und Methoden 3.1 Geräte 3.2 Material 3.2.1 Klinikbedarf 3.2.2 Laborbedarf 3.2.3 Reagenzien, Puffer und Lösungen 3.2.4 Allergene (Peptide) - Auswahl und Synthese 3.2.5 Antikörper 3.3 Tiere 3.3.1 Gesunde Kontrollgruppe 3.3.2 An Sommerekzem erkranke Studienteilnehmer 3.4 Methoden 3.4.1 Blutentnahme und weitere Verarbeitung 3.4.2 Herstellung der arzneilichen Formulierungen 3.4.2.1 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die intradermale Applikation 3.4.2.2 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die orale Applikation 3.4.3 Prüfung der Unbedenklichkeit an klinisch gesunden Pferden 3.4.3.1 Durchführung der Unbedenklichkeitsprüfung 3.4.3.2 Kontrollen des Gesundheitsstatus 3.4.4 Verabreichung der hergestellten Applikationslösungen an Patienten 3.4.4.1 In-Vivo-Test (Intradermaltest) 3.4.4.2 Intradermale Verabreichung der individuellen Peptidlösungen 3.4.4.3 Orale Verabreichung der individuellen Peptidlösungen 3.4.5 Klinische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 3.4.5.1 Dokumentation und klinische Beurteilung der Symptome 3.4.5.2 Fragebogen zur objektiven Einschätzung durch die Patientenbesitzer 3.4.6 In-Vitro-Test (ELISA) 3.4.6.1 Prinzip des ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) 3.4.6.2 Methode des eingesetzten ELISA 3.4.7 Statistik 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Auswahl und Einsatz synthetischer Peptide für die Diagnostik und Therapie des equinen Sommerekzems 4.1.1 Arzneiliche Formulierung für den Intrakutantest 4.1.2 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die Intradermale Applikation 4.1.3 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die orale Applikation 4.2 Klinische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 4.2.1 Dermatitisgrad– Beurteilung des Hautbildes 4.2.2 Veränderte Symptomatik in der Studienlaufzeit – Einschätzung der Besitzer 4.3 Labordiagnostische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 4.3.1 Differentialblutbild 4.3.2 Ergebnisse des IgE-ELISA 4.3.3 Ergebnisse des IgG-ELISA 4.4 Vergleich der Werte des IgE ELISA mit den klinischen Symptomen (Score) 5 Diskussion 5.1 Einsatz synthetisch hergestellter Peptide in der Diagnostik und Therapie 5.2 Therapeutischer Einsatz synthetisch hergestellter Peptide für die intradermale Applikation 5.3 Etablierung einer Arzneiform für die sublinguale Therapie beim Pferd 5.4 Klinische Veränderungen in Folge der SIT 5.5 Therapiebegleitende Labordiagnostik 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Summary 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang 8.1 Tierkarte der Vorstudie mit klinisch gesunden Pferden 8.2 Besitzereinverständniserklärung und Datenschutzerklärung am Beispiel der Intradermalen Verabreichung 8.3 Tierkarte zur Erfassung des Gesundheitsstatus und Symptomentwicklung 8.4 Protokoll zur Durchführung des Intradermaltests 8.5 Protokoll zur Evaluierung des Dermatitisscores der an SE erkankten Pferde 8.6 Fragebogen zur Besitzerbefragung am Ende der Studie 8.7 Protokoll zur Durchführung eines ELISA am Beispiel der Untersuchung auf peptidspezifisches IgE im Patientenserum 9 Danksagung / The treatment options for horses suffering from Culicoides hypersensitivity are still often unsatisfac-tory. They are mainly reduced to symptomatic treatments and avoiding the allergy-triggering aller-gens. In various studies recombinant proteins were examined for their effectiveness on Culicoides hyper-sensitivity in horses. However, there are currently no oral preparations available in veterinary medicine for specific immunotherapy. Using Culicoides hypersensitivity as an example, a process for specific immunotherapy shall ulti-mately be developed in which the peptides can be used for both, the diagnosis and therapy od allergic diseases in veterinary medicine. The present study tool the first steps in this direction. For this purpose, an intracutaneously adminis-tered dosage form and a sublingually administered dosage form, which is new for horses, were used. Selected, synthetically produced peptides from mosquitoes of the genus Culicoides were ex-amined regarding their potential for specific immunotherapy in terms of their safety after application in horses in-vivo and their use in serology. Seven selected peptides, consisting of 30-35 amino acids, were used for in-vitro and in-vivo studies on healthy (n=6) and horses suffering from Culicoides hypersensitivity (n=12). After a test phase for tolerability in clinically healthy horses, the animals suffering from Culicoides hypersensitivity were randomly divided into two groups (intradermal and sublingual dosage forms). They were administered the respective dosage form for 21 weeks during the summer season with possible natural Culicoides exposure. During this time, the animals' health status was checked at regular intervals, in particular clinical symptoms, blood counts and the formation of specific antibodies were recorded. The skin appearance of the animals was assessed at weeks 1, 13 and 25 using a dermatitis score. The twelve most common areas on the horse's body affected by eczema were evaluated inde-pendently of each other. The owners of the animals were asked using a questionnaire about their opinion on the development or severity of their horse's clinical symptoms and well-being. To detect specific antibodies in the serum of the animals, using recombinant peptides as antigen, direct and indirect ELISAs were established for IgE and the IgG isotypes IgG1, IgG3/5 and IgG4/7. Furthermore, a commercial ELISA kit was used to examine the course of the total IgE concentration during the study period. Due to the small number of study participants and numerous invalid data from the ELISA studies, the statistical analysis was limited to descriptive analyses. Both types of application were well tolerated by the study participants. The administration of the sublingual tablet could be carried out by previously trained horse owners. At the start of the study, the dermatitis score was 14 points in the intradermal group and 13.67 points in the sublingual group. At the end of the study period, the average dermatitis grades were 40.33 and 38.50 points, respectively, and deteriorated during the course of this study. The owner survey revealed a slight improvement in symptoms compared to previous years. The level of total, free IgE in the test subjects' serum fell from 2.7 U/l to 2.1 U/l during the study period. In the animals in the intradermal application group, the free IgE was reduced by 0.8 U/l and in the sublingual group by 0.3 U/l. Peptide-based ELISA to determine different serum antibody isotypes binding the peptides could not be evaluated reliably. Peptide-specific IgE revealed individ-ual variations. Due to the lack of a control group without peptide application and conduction of the study during the season with uncontrolled, natural Culicoides exposure conclusions of effectiveness regarding clinical disease or serological effects cannot be drawn. The sublingual tablet developed was easy to use due to its shape, stability and handling and can be considered as an application method in veterinary medicine. The synthetic peptides were harmless and usable for in-vivo application. It remains reserved for future studies to further evaluate its diagnostic and therapeutic potential for use in equine Culicoides hypersensitivity and possibly other allergic diseases in horses. Due to limiting factors such as the very small number of study participants, the lack of a placebo group and the implementation during the exposure period, the present work is of a preliminary nature.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 2 Literaturübersicht 2.1 Allergie 2.1.1 Allergene 2.1.1.1 Charakteristika von Allergenen (Was macht eine Substanz zum Allergen) 2.1.1.2 Kreuzreaktivitäten 2.1.2 Typ-I-Allergie 2.1.2.1 Produktion sensibilisierender Antikörper bei Erstkontakt 2.1.2.2 Ausbildung allergischer Reaktionen bei Folgekontakt 2.1.3 Immunglobulin-System des Pferdes 2.1.4 Potenzielle Bedeutung der IgG-Isotypen bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen 2.2 Das Sommerekzem des Pferdes 2.2.1 Epidemiologie, Ätiologie und Pathogenese 2.2.2 Bedeutende Allergene 2.2.3 Diagnostische Ansätze 2.2.3.1 In-vivo-Test (Intradermal Test) 2.2.3.2 In-vitro-Tests 2.2.3.3 Nachweis von IgE 2.2.3.4 Funktionelle in-vitro-Tests 2.2.4 Therapeutische Ansätze 2.2.4.1 Vermeidung Allergenkontakte, medikamentöse Therapieversuche 2.2.4.2 Allergenspezifische Immuntherapie (ASIT) 2.2.4.3 Desensibilisierung mit nativen Allergenextrakten 2.3 Wechsel von Allergenextrakten auf die molekulare Ebene der Allergene - Bedeutung für Diagnostik und Therapie 2.4 Einsatz synthetischer Peptide in der ASIT 3 Geräte, Material und Methoden 3.1 Geräte 3.2 Material 3.2.1 Klinikbedarf 3.2.2 Laborbedarf 3.2.3 Reagenzien, Puffer und Lösungen 3.2.4 Allergene (Peptide) - Auswahl und Synthese 3.2.5 Antikörper 3.3 Tiere 3.3.1 Gesunde Kontrollgruppe 3.3.2 An Sommerekzem erkranke Studienteilnehmer 3.4 Methoden 3.4.1 Blutentnahme und weitere Verarbeitung 3.4.2 Herstellung der arzneilichen Formulierungen 3.4.2.1 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die intradermale Applikation 3.4.2.2 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die orale Applikation 3.4.3 Prüfung der Unbedenklichkeit an klinisch gesunden Pferden 3.4.3.1 Durchführung der Unbedenklichkeitsprüfung 3.4.3.2 Kontrollen des Gesundheitsstatus 3.4.4 Verabreichung der hergestellten Applikationslösungen an Patienten 3.4.4.1 In-Vivo-Test (Intradermaltest) 3.4.4.2 Intradermale Verabreichung der individuellen Peptidlösungen 3.4.4.3 Orale Verabreichung der individuellen Peptidlösungen 3.4.5 Klinische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 3.4.5.1 Dokumentation und klinische Beurteilung der Symptome 3.4.5.2 Fragebogen zur objektiven Einschätzung durch die Patientenbesitzer 3.4.6 In-Vitro-Test (ELISA) 3.4.6.1 Prinzip des ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) 3.4.6.2 Methode des eingesetzten ELISA 3.4.7 Statistik 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Auswahl und Einsatz synthetischer Peptide für die Diagnostik und Therapie des equinen Sommerekzems 4.1.1 Arzneiliche Formulierung für den Intrakutantest 4.1.2 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die Intradermale Applikation 4.1.3 Arzneiliche Formulierung für die orale Applikation 4.2 Klinische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 4.2.1 Dermatitisgrad– Beurteilung des Hautbildes 4.2.2 Veränderte Symptomatik in der Studienlaufzeit – Einschätzung der Besitzer 4.3 Labordiagnostische Veränderungen infolge der SIT 4.3.1 Differentialblutbild 4.3.2 Ergebnisse des IgE-ELISA 4.3.3 Ergebnisse des IgG-ELISA 4.4 Vergleich der Werte des IgE ELISA mit den klinischen Symptomen (Score) 5 Diskussion 5.1 Einsatz synthetisch hergestellter Peptide in der Diagnostik und Therapie 5.2 Therapeutischer Einsatz synthetisch hergestellter Peptide für die intradermale Applikation 5.3 Etablierung einer Arzneiform für die sublinguale Therapie beim Pferd 5.4 Klinische Veränderungen in Folge der SIT 5.5 Therapiebegleitende Labordiagnostik 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Summary 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang 8.1 Tierkarte der Vorstudie mit klinisch gesunden Pferden 8.2 Besitzereinverständniserklärung und Datenschutzerklärung am Beispiel der Intradermalen Verabreichung 8.3 Tierkarte zur Erfassung des Gesundheitsstatus und Symptomentwicklung 8.4 Protokoll zur Durchführung des Intradermaltests 8.5 Protokoll zur Evaluierung des Dermatitisscores der an SE erkankten Pferde 8.6 Fragebogen zur Besitzerbefragung am Ende der Studie 8.7 Protokoll zur Durchführung eines ELISA am Beispiel der Untersuchung auf peptidspezifisches IgE im Patientenserum 9 Danksagung

Dentre as opções de terapias dessensibilizantes, a proposta mais recente para o tratamento da Hipersensibilidade Dentinária é o uso do biovidro. Esse novo material apresenta a capacidade de promover a formação de hidroxiapatita na superfície da dentina, representando uma união química mais estável e duradoura sobre os túbulos dentinários. Este trabalho comparou o efeito de uma nova formulação de biovidro disperso em ácido fosfórico 30%, associado ao laser de Nd:YAG e ao laser de CO2 na obliteração de túbulos dentinários expostos. Foram obtidas 96 amostras de dentina humana que foram divididas em 6 grupos experimentais (n=16) e distribuídas como a seguir: G1 -­ controle negativo (nenhum tratamento adicional);? G2 -­ laser de Nd:YAG;? G3 -­ laser de CO2;? G4 -­ pasta de biovidro (biovidro + ácido fosfórico 30%);? G5 -­ pasta de biovidro + laser de Nd:YAG;? G6 -­ pasta de biovidro + laser de CO2. Os grupos G5 e G6 foram irradiados com laser de Nd:YAG e laser de CO2, respectivamente, após tratamento com a pasta de biovidro disperso em ácido fosfórico. Ao final do experimento, os grupos foram analisados qualitativamente por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho na Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia de Raios X (EDS). As análises evidenciaram que a dipersão do biovidro em ácido fosfórico 30% é capaz de formar cristais de hidrogenofosfato de cálcio e, quando a pasta formulada é aplicada sobre a dentina, ocorrem reações químicas com a estrutura dental, formando cristais de monetita. Ao irradiar os cristais formados com laser de Nd:YAG e CO2, ocorreu a desidratação desses cristais, levando à formação de hidroxiapatita. As imagens de MEV demonstram a formação de precipitados cristalinos e amorfos de dimensões variadas sobre a superfície de dentina e na entrada dos túbulos dentinários em todos os grupos que receberam o tratamento com a formulação de biovidro. O laser de CO2 foi capaz de promover alterações na morfologia do material formado de maneira ainda mais evidente especialmente nas dimensões e disposição dos cristais de hidroxiapatita formado sobre a superfície. A análise de EDS evidenciou presença de silício, composto que não está presente naturalmente na estrutura dentária, mas somente na composição do biovidro. Dessa forma, pode-­se concluir que a associação do pó de biovidro com ácido fosfórico 30% permitiu a formação de uma camada de cristais na superfície e entrada dos túbulos dentinários, evidenciando que a pasta formulada viabiliza a aplicação e manutenção do biovidro sobre a superfície dentinária. Sua associação com o laser de Nd:YAG e CO2 parece melhorar a interação desses cristais com a dentina, formando cristais de hidroxiapatita. Nesse estudo, o laser de CO2 promoveu a melhor distribuição e conformação dos cristais sobre a dentina. / Among desensitizing therapies options, the most recent proposal for Dentin Hypersensitivity treatment is the use of bioglass. This new material presents the ability to promote the formation of hydroxyapatite on dentin surface, representing a more stable and lasting chemical bond on dentin tubules. This work compared the effect of a new formulation of bioglass dispersed in 30% phosphoric acid, associated with Nd: YAG laser and CO2 laser in the obliteration of exposed dentin tubules. 96 human dentin samples were obtained, divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 16) and distributed as follows: G1 -­ negative control (no additional treatment);? G2-­ Nd: YAG laser;? G3 - CO2 laser;? G4 -­ bioglass paste (bioglass + 30% phosphoric acid);? G5 -­ bioglass paste + Nd: YAG laser;? G6 -­ bioglass paste + CO2 laser. Groups G5 and G6 were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser and CO2 laser, respectively, after treatment with the slurry dispersed in phosphoric acid. At the end of the experiment, all groups were qualitatively analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-­ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-­ray Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis showed that the dispersion of bioglass in 30% phosphoric acid forms calcium hydrogen phosphate crystals and when the formulated paste is applied on dentin surface, chemical reactions occur with the dental structure, forming monetite crystals. When irradiating these crystals with Nd: YAG and CO2 laser, dehydration of these crystals occurred leading to the formation of hydroxyapatite. MEV images demonstrate the formation of crystalline and amorphous precipitates of varying dimensions on the dentin surface and at the entrance of dentinal tubules in all groups receiving treatment with the bioglass formulation. The CO2 laser was able to promote changes in the morphology of the formed material even more evident especially in the dimension and arrangement of hydroxyapatite crystals formed on the surface. The analysis of EDS showed the presence of silicon, a compound that is not naturally present in the tooth structure, but only in the bioglass composition. Thus, it can be concluded that the association of bioglass powder with 30% phosphoric acid allowed the formation of a layer of crystals on the surface and its entrance of the dentinal tubules, evidencing that the formulated paste enables the application and maintenance of bioglass on dentin surface. Its association with the Nd:YAG and CO2 laser seems to improve the interaction of these crystals with dentin, forming hydroxyapatite crystals. In this study. CO2 laser promoted better crystals distribution and conformation on dentin surface.

INTRODUÇÃO: A toxina botulínica tipo A (TXB-A) tem sido testada no tratamento da rinite, principalmente nos casos de rinite idiopática. Sugere-se que um estado de hiper-reatividade do nervo trigêmeo esteja envolvido na fisiopatologia da rinite idiopática. O nervo trigêmeo possui fibras sensitivas não mielinizadas tipo C (FSNMT-C) que contém os neuropeptídeos substância P (SP) e peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP). O óxido nítrico (NO) produzido pelas enzimas óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) também está envolvido nesse processo de neurorregulação nasal. O transporte mucociliar, mecanismo primário de defesa do sistema respiratório, é formado pelo batimento ciliar e muco nasal, e esses componentes podem ser influenciados por diferentes neuropeptídeos e neurotransmissores presentes na mucosa nasal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da TXB-A sobre a expressão da SP, CGRP e óxido nítrico sintase neural (nNOS), além de sua influência sobre o transporte mucociliar nasal em coelhos. MÉTODOS: Coelhos machos saudáveis da linhagem Nova Zelândia foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo tratamento recebeu TXB-A (25UI) na concha nasomaxilar (CNM) do lado direito e soro fisiológico a 0,9% (SF0,9%) na CNM esquerda. O grupo controle recebeu SF0,9% na CNM direita e nenhuma intervenção na CNM esquerda. Foram investigados os efeitos da TXB-A sobre a expressão da SP, CGRP e nNOS no tecido de CNM por meio da imuno-histoquímica. Para esta análise, dividiu-se o tecido em camada externa (CE, acima da membrana basal) e camada interna (CI, abaixo da membrana basal). Avaliou-se também a presença de apoptose celular, a frequência de batimento ciliar (FBC), o perfil histoquímico do muco nasal (glicoproteínas ácidas e neutras) e a espessura do epitélio (ESP-CE). RESULTADOS: Foi observado um aumento significativo na quantidade de células apoptóticas na CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu TXB-A em comparação aos controles (p <= 0,001). A CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu SF0,9% exibiu um aumento na quantidade de células apoptóticas na CI ao comparar com os controles (CNM SF0,9%, p=0,035) (CNM sem intervenção, p=0,022), e também um aumento da expressão de SP na CE em comparação aos controles (CNM SF0,9%, p=0,021) (CNM sem intervenção, p=0,040). A expressão de CGRP apresentou um aumento na CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu TXB-A em comparação à CNM sem intervenção (p=0,008). A FBC, expressão de nNOS, perfil histoquímico do muco nasal e ESP-CE não apresentaram diferenças significativas. DISCUSSÃO: O aumento da expressão de CGRP e SP pode ter sido causado por inibição de sua exocitose vesicular pela TXB-A, levando ao seu acúmulo intracelular. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na FBC ou perfil histoquímico do muco nasal, indicando que o aumento da expressão de CGRP e SP não foi associado à inflamação. O aumento da quantidade de células apoptóticas e da expressão de SP na CNM SF0,9% do grupo tratamento pode ter sido causado por um efeito central da TXB-A. CONCLUSÃO: A administração nasal de TXB-A aumentou a expressão de CGRP e SP, possivelmente por acúmulo intracelular por causa da inibição da sua exocitose, mas sem alterar a FBC e o perfil histoquímico do muco nasal / INTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been assessed in the treatment of rhinitis, especially in cases of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal hyper-responsiveness appears to be involved in the pathological process of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal nociceptive type C unmyelinated sensory fibers contain the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are also involved in this nasal neurorregulation process. The mucociliary clearance, primary defense system of the respiratory system, is composed by the ciliary beat and nasal mucus. These components can be influenced by different nasal neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BoNT-A on the expression of SP, CGRP and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its influence on nasal mucociliary clearance in rabbits. METHODS: Healthy New Zealand male rabbits were divided into two groups: the treatment group was challenged with BoNT-A (25UI) in the right nasomaxillary turbinate (NMT) and saline (SF0.9%) in the left NMT. The control group received SF0.9% in the right NMT and no-intervention in the left NMT. We investigated the effects of BoNT-A on SP, CGRP and nNOS expression in the NMT tissue by immunohistochemistry. Each area of interest was subdivided into an internal layer (IL: below the basement membrane) and outer layer (OL: above the basement membrane) for analysis. It was also assessed signs of cellular apoptosis, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), mucus histochemical profile (acidic and neutral glycoproteins) and epithelial thickness (EP-TH). RESULTS: It was observed a significant increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with controls (p <= 0.001). The NMT of treatment group which received only SF0.9% showed an increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the IL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.035) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.022), and also an increase in the SP expression in the OL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.021) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.040). CGRP expression showed higher expression in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with no-intervention NMT (p=0.008). The CBF, nNOS expression, mucus histochemical profile and EP-TH did not show significant differences. DISCUSSION: The increased CGRP and SP expression could be due to inhibition of vesicular exocytosis by BoNT-A, leading to CGRP and SP intracellular accumulation. No significant differences in CBF or mucus histochemical profile were observed, indicating that the increased CGRP and SP expression was not associated with inflammation. The increase in the amount of apoptotic cells and SP expression in the SF0.9% NMT of treatment group may be due to a central effect of BoNT-A. CONCLUSION: Nasal administration of BoNT-A increased SP and CGRP expression, possibly via inhibition of their release, but did not change the CBF or mucus profile

Dentre as opções de terapias dessensibilizantes, a proposta mais recente para o tratamento da Hipersensibilidade Dentinária é o uso do biovidro. Esse novo material apresenta a capacidade de promover a formação de hidroxiapatita na superfície da dentina, representando uma união química mais estável e duradoura sobre os túbulos dentinários. Este trabalho comparou o efeito de uma nova formulação de biovidro disperso em ácido fosfórico 30%, associado ao laser de Nd:YAG e ao laser de CO2 na obliteração de túbulos dentinários expostos. Foram obtidas 96 amostras de dentina humana que foram divididas em 6 grupos experimentais (n=16) e distribuídas como a seguir: G1 -­ controle negativo (nenhum tratamento adicional);? G2 -­ laser de Nd:YAG;? G3 -­ laser de CO2;? G4 -­ pasta de biovidro (biovidro + ácido fosfórico 30%);? G5 -­ pasta de biovidro + laser de Nd:YAG;? G6 -­ pasta de biovidro + laser de CO2. Os grupos G5 e G6 foram irradiados com laser de Nd:YAG e laser de CO2, respectivamente, após tratamento com a pasta de biovidro disperso em ácido fosfórico. Ao final do experimento, os grupos foram analisados qualitativamente por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho na Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Energia de Raios X (EDS). As análises evidenciaram que a dipersão do biovidro em ácido fosfórico 30% é capaz de formar cristais de hidrogenofosfato de cálcio e, quando a pasta formulada é aplicada sobre a dentina, ocorrem reações químicas com a estrutura dental, formando cristais de monetita. Ao irradiar os cristais formados com laser de Nd:YAG e CO2, ocorreu a desidratação desses cristais, levando à formação de hidroxiapatita. As imagens de MEV demonstram a formação de precipitados cristalinos e amorfos de dimensões variadas sobre a superfície de dentina e na entrada dos túbulos dentinários em todos os grupos que receberam o tratamento com a formulação de biovidro. O laser de CO2 foi capaz de promover alterações na morfologia do material formado de maneira ainda mais evidente especialmente nas dimensões e disposição dos cristais de hidroxiapatita formado sobre a superfície. A análise de EDS evidenciou presença de silício, composto que não está presente naturalmente na estrutura dentária, mas somente na composição do biovidro. Dessa forma, pode-­se concluir que a associação do pó de biovidro com ácido fosfórico 30% permitiu a formação de uma camada de cristais na superfície e entrada dos túbulos dentinários, evidenciando que a pasta formulada viabiliza a aplicação e manutenção do biovidro sobre a superfície dentinária. Sua associação com o laser de Nd:YAG e CO2 parece melhorar a interação desses cristais com a dentina, formando cristais de hidroxiapatita. Nesse estudo, o laser de CO2 promoveu a melhor distribuição e conformação dos cristais sobre a dentina. / Among desensitizing therapies options, the most recent proposal for Dentin Hypersensitivity treatment is the use of bioglass. This new material presents the ability to promote the formation of hydroxyapatite on dentin surface, representing a more stable and lasting chemical bond on dentin tubules. This work compared the effect of a new formulation of bioglass dispersed in 30% phosphoric acid, associated with Nd: YAG laser and CO2 laser in the obliteration of exposed dentin tubules. 96 human dentin samples were obtained, divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 16) and distributed as follows: G1 -­ negative control (no additional treatment);? G2-­ Nd: YAG laser;? G3 - CO2 laser;? G4 -­ bioglass paste (bioglass + 30% phosphoric acid);? G5 -­ bioglass paste + Nd: YAG laser;? G6 -­ bioglass paste + CO2 laser. Groups G5 and G6 were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser and CO2 laser, respectively, after treatment with the slurry dispersed in phosphoric acid. At the end of the experiment, all groups were qualitatively analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-­ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-­ray Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis showed that the dispersion of bioglass in 30% phosphoric acid forms calcium hydrogen phosphate crystals and when the formulated paste is applied on dentin surface, chemical reactions occur with the dental structure, forming monetite crystals. When irradiating these crystals with Nd: YAG and CO2 laser, dehydration of these crystals occurred leading to the formation of hydroxyapatite. MEV images demonstrate the formation of crystalline and amorphous precipitates of varying dimensions on the dentin surface and at the entrance of dentinal tubules in all groups receiving treatment with the bioglass formulation. The CO2 laser was able to promote changes in the morphology of the formed material even more evident especially in the dimension and arrangement of hydroxyapatite crystals formed on the surface. The analysis of EDS showed the presence of silicon, a compound that is not naturally present in the tooth structure, but only in the bioglass composition. Thus, it can be concluded that the association of bioglass powder with 30% phosphoric acid allowed the formation of a layer of crystals on the surface and its entrance of the dentinal tubules, evidencing that the formulated paste enables the application and maintenance of bioglass on dentin surface. Its association with the Nd:YAG and CO2 laser seems to improve the interaction of these crystals with dentin, forming hydroxyapatite crystals. In this study. CO2 laser promoted better crystals distribution and conformation on dentin surface.

INTRODUÇÃO: A toxina botulínica tipo A (TXB-A) tem sido testada no tratamento da rinite, principalmente nos casos de rinite idiopática. Sugere-se que um estado de hiper-reatividade do nervo trigêmeo esteja envolvido na fisiopatologia da rinite idiopática. O nervo trigêmeo possui fibras sensitivas não mielinizadas tipo C (FSNMT-C) que contém os neuropeptídeos substância P (SP) e peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina (CGRP). O óxido nítrico (NO) produzido pelas enzimas óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) também está envolvido nesse processo de neurorregulação nasal. O transporte mucociliar, mecanismo primário de defesa do sistema respiratório, é formado pelo batimento ciliar e muco nasal, e esses componentes podem ser influenciados por diferentes neuropeptídeos e neurotransmissores presentes na mucosa nasal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da TXB-A sobre a expressão da SP, CGRP e óxido nítrico sintase neural (nNOS), além de sua influência sobre o transporte mucociliar nasal em coelhos. MÉTODOS: Coelhos machos saudáveis da linhagem Nova Zelândia foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo tratamento recebeu TXB-A (25UI) na concha nasomaxilar (CNM) do lado direito e soro fisiológico a 0,9% (SF0,9%) na CNM esquerda. O grupo controle recebeu SF0,9% na CNM direita e nenhuma intervenção na CNM esquerda. Foram investigados os efeitos da TXB-A sobre a expressão da SP, CGRP e nNOS no tecido de CNM por meio da imuno-histoquímica. Para esta análise, dividiu-se o tecido em camada externa (CE, acima da membrana basal) e camada interna (CI, abaixo da membrana basal). Avaliou-se também a presença de apoptose celular, a frequência de batimento ciliar (FBC), o perfil histoquímico do muco nasal (glicoproteínas ácidas e neutras) e a espessura do epitélio (ESP-CE). RESULTADOS: Foi observado um aumento significativo na quantidade de células apoptóticas na CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu TXB-A em comparação aos controles (p <= 0,001). A CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu SF0,9% exibiu um aumento na quantidade de células apoptóticas na CI ao comparar com os controles (CNM SF0,9%, p=0,035) (CNM sem intervenção, p=0,022), e também um aumento da expressão de SP na CE em comparação aos controles (CNM SF0,9%, p=0,021) (CNM sem intervenção, p=0,040). A expressão de CGRP apresentou um aumento na CNM do grupo tratamento que recebeu TXB-A em comparação à CNM sem intervenção (p=0,008). A FBC, expressão de nNOS, perfil histoquímico do muco nasal e ESP-CE não apresentaram diferenças significativas. DISCUSSÃO: O aumento da expressão de CGRP e SP pode ter sido causado por inibição de sua exocitose vesicular pela TXB-A, levando ao seu acúmulo intracelular. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na FBC ou perfil histoquímico do muco nasal, indicando que o aumento da expressão de CGRP e SP não foi associado à inflamação. O aumento da quantidade de células apoptóticas e da expressão de SP na CNM SF0,9% do grupo tratamento pode ter sido causado por um efeito central da TXB-A. CONCLUSÃO: A administração nasal de TXB-A aumentou a expressão de CGRP e SP, possivelmente por acúmulo intracelular por causa da inibição da sua exocitose, mas sem alterar a FBC e o perfil histoquímico do muco nasal / INTRODUCTION: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been assessed in the treatment of rhinitis, especially in cases of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal hyper-responsiveness appears to be involved in the pathological process of idiopathic rhinitis. Trigeminal nociceptive type C unmyelinated sensory fibers contain the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are also involved in this nasal neurorregulation process. The mucociliary clearance, primary defense system of the respiratory system, is composed by the ciliary beat and nasal mucus. These components can be influenced by different nasal neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BoNT-A on the expression of SP, CGRP and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its influence on nasal mucociliary clearance in rabbits. METHODS: Healthy New Zealand male rabbits were divided into two groups: the treatment group was challenged with BoNT-A (25UI) in the right nasomaxillary turbinate (NMT) and saline (SF0.9%) in the left NMT. The control group received SF0.9% in the right NMT and no-intervention in the left NMT. We investigated the effects of BoNT-A on SP, CGRP and nNOS expression in the NMT tissue by immunohistochemistry. Each area of interest was subdivided into an internal layer (IL: below the basement membrane) and outer layer (OL: above the basement membrane) for analysis. It was also assessed signs of cellular apoptosis, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), mucus histochemical profile (acidic and neutral glycoproteins) and epithelial thickness (EP-TH). RESULTS: It was observed a significant increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with controls (p <= 0.001). The NMT of treatment group which received only SF0.9% showed an increase in the amount of apoptotic cells in the IL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.035) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.022), and also an increase in the SP expression in the OL compared with controls (NMT SF0.9%, p = 0.021) (NMT no-intervention, p = 0.040). CGRP expression showed higher expression in the BoNT-A-challanged NMT compared with no-intervention NMT (p=0.008). The CBF, nNOS expression, mucus histochemical profile and EP-TH did not show significant differences. DISCUSSION: The increased CGRP and SP expression could be due to inhibition of vesicular exocytosis by BoNT-A, leading to CGRP and SP intracellular accumulation. No significant differences in CBF or mucus histochemical profile were observed, indicating that the increased CGRP and SP expression was not associated with inflammation. The increase in the amount of apoptotic cells and SP expression in the SF0.9% NMT of treatment group may be due to a central effect of BoNT-A. CONCLUSION: Nasal administration of BoNT-A increased SP and CGRP expression, possibly via inhibition of their release, but did not change the CBF or mucus profile

.La consommation journalière de fructose est en augmentation croissante, jusqu'à plus de 50g par jour aux Etats-Unis et en Europe de l'Ouest. Le fructose est de plus en plus incorporé dans les boissons, les produits laitiers et les conserves, les produits cuisinés ou transformés. Le fructose peut déclencher ou aggraver les symptômes digestifs chez des volontaires sains, mais aussi dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Le rôle de l'hypersensibilité viscérale dans le déclenchement des symptômes, lié à la prise de fructose a été suspecté mais n'a jamais été évalué. La prévalence de la malabsorption du fructose était mal documentée chez les patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable, principalement en raison de l'hétérogénéité des méthodes diagnostiques. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de définir, dans une population de patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable, la prévalence de la malabsorption du fructose. Notre test de malabsorption du fructose a été défini par une dose de charge de 25g. Chez nos patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable, 22% présentaient une malabsorption du fructose. Les patients jeunes et de sexe masculin étaient plus à risque de malabsorption du fructose. Nous avons également étudié l'association de la malabsorption du fructose avec d'autres anomalies physiopathologiques connues dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Nous n'avons pas retrouvé d'association entre la présence d'une inflammation digestive et la présence ou non d'une malabsorption du fructose. En revanche, une association a été retrouvée entre malabsorption du fructose et hypersensibilité viscérale. L'efficacité du régime appauvri en fructose dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable est connue. L'existence ou non d'une malabsorption du fructose associée pourrait être un facteur prédictif d'efficacité d'un tel régime. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer si le test de dépistage de la malabsorption au fructose permettait de prédire l'efficacité du régime appauvri en fructose sur les symptômes digestifs des patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Les résultats de notre étude ont confirmé l'efficacité du régime appauvri en fructose dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. En revanche, la présence ou non d'un test respiratoire au fructose positif n'impactait pas l'efficacité du régime. Le dernier objectif de ce travail était de modéliser la malabsorption du fructose sur des modèles murins, pour permettre d'identifier les mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents. La modélisation sur 3 modèles murins de malabsorption du fructose (par régime riche en fructose, par délétion des gènes codant les transporteurs du fructose GLUT5 et GUT2) permettait d'induire une hypersensibilité viscérale associée à une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale, deux anomalies déjà rapportées dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. L'étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents a permis d'écarter l'implication d'une inflammation de bas grade qui n'était pas retrouvée chez nos souris. L'augmentation d'activité élastase dans les selles de souris avec malabsorption du fructose était associée à l'hypersensibilité viscérale. Or il a déjà été démontré que l'activité protéasique pouvait être responsable d'une hypersensibilité viscérale et d'une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale. Les récepteurs associés à la protéase-2 sont connus pour être associés à l'hypersensibilité viscérale et l'augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale. Les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de ce travail soulignent le rôle de la malabsorption du fructose, qui entraine la survenue d'une hypersensibilité viscérale et d'une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale, dans le syndrome de l'intestin irritable. Un régime appauvri en fructose n'améliore pas de manière ciblée les symptômes des patients souffrant d'un syndrome de l'intestin irritable avec malabsorption du fructose. / Fructose intake has increased by up to 50 g per day in the USA and Western Europe. Fructose is increasingly incorporated in beverages, dairy products and canned, baked or processed foods worldwide. Fructose has been shown to trigger or worsen digestive symptoms not only in healthy volunteers, but also in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The involvement of visceral hypersensitivity has been suspected but has never been assessed. The prevalence of fructose malabsorption in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Western Europe remains poorly documented, due to the heterogeneity of available tests. Therefore, the first objective of this present work was to assess the prevalence of fructose malabsorption in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. We assessed fructose malabsorption with a fructose breath test, after a 25 g load. We systematically ruled out small intestinal bacterial overgrowth which could promote false positive. In our irritable bowel syndrome patients, 22% had fructose malabsorption. Young, male patients were more likely to have fructose malabsorption. We also assessed the association between fructose malabsorption and other abnormalities. We did not observe any association between low-grade inflammation (with faecal calprotectin dosage) or fructose malabsorption. In contrast, an association between fructose malabsorption and visceral hypersensitivity was evidenced. Low fructose diet is known to improve symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The presence of fructose malabsorption could be predictive of the efficacy of a low fructose diet. The second objective of this work was to determine if an abnormal fructose breath test was a predictor of symptomatic response to low fructose diet in irritable bowel syndrome. Our study has confirmed the efficacy of low fructose diet on irritable bowel syndrome. However, the results of the fructose breath test had no impact on its efficacy. One explanation for this result could be the presence of other abnormalities (including visceral hypersensitivity) that were not addressed only with a diet. The last objective of this work was to model fructose malabsorption in mice, in order to identify the underlying mechanisms. We used three models of fructose malabsorption (high fructose diet, invalidation of GLUT5 and GLUT2 coding gene). In these models, fructose malabsorption induced visceral hypersensitivity and increased intestinal permeability, the two abnormalities being reported in irritable bowel syndrome. In our models, there was no low-grade inflammation. Increased elastase activity in mice faeces was associated with visceral hypersensitivity. Protease-activated receptor-2 is known to be associated with visceral hypersensitivity and increases intestinal permeability. Further works are warranted to determine the involvement of protease-activated receptor-2 in fructose malabsorption-associated visceral hypersensitivity. The results of this work underlined the role of fructose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome, in the onset of visceral hypersensitivity and increased intestinal permeability. A low fructose diet is not helpful to improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with fructose malabsorption.

Le syndrome de l’intestin irritable (SII) et le syndrome de la vessiedouloureuse (SVD) sont tous deux caractérisés par une hypersensibilité viscérale àla distension. Sur le plan épidémiologique, ces deux syndromes sont étroitementassociés puisque les patients SII ont une prévalence du syndrome de la vessiedouloureuse 7 fois plus élevée que la population générale. Cependant, le mécanismeresponsable de la sensibilisation du tube digestif et de l’appareil urinaire n’a jamaisété étudié. Compte tenu de l’innervation commune de ces deux organes, il estprobable que ce mécanisme mette en jeu sur le long terme des phénomènes de laplasticité neuro-gliale aux niveaux communs d’intégration de la sensibilité pelvienne.L’objectif général de ce travail était d’établir et de caractériser un modèleanimal de sensibilisation croisée vessie/colon, aigu et chronique, afin de mieuxcomprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans l’hypersensibilité viscérale croisée. / Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) are bothcharacterized by visceral hypersensitivity to distension. Epidemiology showed thatthese two syndromes are closely associated since IBS patients have a prevalence ofbladder pain syndrome that is 7 times higher than the general population. However,the mechanism responsible for sensitization of the gastrointestinal tract and theurinary tract has never been studied. Given the common innervation of these twoorgans, it is likely that this mechanism involves long-term phenomena of neuro-glialplasticity at the common levels of integration of pelvic sensitivity.The overall objective of this work was to establish and characterize an animalmodel of bladder / colon cross-sensitization, acute and chronic, to better understandthe mechanisms involved in cross-visceral hypersensitivity.

La prévalence de l’arthrose féline augmente fortement avec l’âge atteignant plus de 80% des chats de plus de 11 ans. L'arthrose induit une douleur chronique s’exprimant par des changements de comportements et une diminution de la mobilité. Il n'existe aucun outil validé pour évaluer la douleur chronique associée à l’arthrose chez le chat. Conséquemment, aucun traitement ciblant cette douleur n’a pu être validé. Notre hypothèse de recherche est que la douleur arthrosique chez le chat induit des handicaps fonctionnels, des changements neurophysiologiques et un état d'hypersensibilité qu'il faut évaluer pour quantifier de manière fiable cette douleur et ses répercussions sur la qualité de vie de l'animal. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de développer des outils adaptés aux chats mesurant les handicaps fonctionnels grâce à des outils cinématiques, cinétiques et de suivi de l'activité motrice ; 2) de caractériser les changements fonctionnels et neurophysiologiques secondaires à la douleur arthrosique et de tester avec ces outils un traitement analgésique à base d'anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien ; 3) de développer une technique adaptée aux chats pouvant caractériser la présence du phénomène de sensibilisation centrale à l'aide d'une évaluation de la sommation temporelle mécanique ; 4) de tester la possibilité de mesurer le métabolisme glucidique cérébral par tomographie d’émission par positrons comme marqueur des changements supraspinaux secondaires à la chronicisation de la douleur. Grâce au développement d’outils de mesure de douleur chronique objectifs, sensibles et répétables nous avons caractérisé la douleur chez les chats arthrosiques. Ils présentent des signes de boiterie quantifiée par une diminution de l’amplitude de l’articulation ou par une diminution de la force verticale d’appui au sol et une diminution de l’activité motrice quotidienne. Ces deux derniers outils ont permis de démontrer qu’un anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien (le méloxicam) administré pendant quatre semaines réduit la douleur arthrosique. De plus, grâce au développement de tests sensoriels quantitatifs et à l'utilisation d'imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que la douleur arthrosique conduisait à des modifications du système nerveux central chez le chat. Particulièrement, les chats arthrosiques développent le phénomène de sensibilisation centrale mis en évidence par un seuil de retrait aux filament de von Frey diminué (mesure réflexe) mais aussi par une facilitation de la sommation temporelle mécanique (mesure tenant compte de la composante cognitive et émotionnelle de la douleur). L'augmentation du métabolisme cérébral dans le cortex somatosensoriel secondaire, le thalamus et la substance grise périaqueducale, souligne aussi l'importance des changements liés à la chronicisation de la douleur. Un traitement analgésique adapté à l’arthrose permettra d’améliorer la qualité de vie des chats atteints, offrira une option thérapeutique valide aux praticiens vétérinaires, et profitera aux propriétaires qui retrouveront un chat actif et sociable. La découverte de l'implication du phénomène de sensibilisation central combiné à l'investigation des changements cérébraux secondaires à la douleur chronique associée à l'arthrose par imagerie fonctionnelle ouvre de nouvelles avenues de recherche chez le chat (développement et/ou validation de traitements adaptés à l'état d'hypersensibilité) et les humains (potentiel modèle naturel de douleur chronique associée à l'arthrose). / Feline osteoarthritis prevalence increases with age, up to 80% in cats aged 11 years old and more. Osteoarthritis is associated with chronic pain expressing as altered behaviour and a decrease in mobility. Currently, there is no validated technique to evaluate osteoarthritis-associated chronic pain in cats. This situation leads to an absence of approved medication for the treatment of OA-associated chronic pain in cats. Our hypothesis states that osteoarthritis-associated pain in cats is expressed as physical disabilities, neurophysiologic changes, hypersensibility, which need to be assessed to quantify adequately this pain and its impact on quality of life. Our objectives were 1) to develop a cat adapted method to assess physical disabilities using kinematics, kinetics and motor activity evaluations; 2) to describe functional and neurophysiologic changes related to osteoarthritis-associated pain, and to test a non steroidal anti-inflammatory based analgesic treatment; 3) to develop a cat adapted method to detect central sensitisation using mechanical temporal summation; 4) to test the feasibility of measuring carbohydrate brain metabolism using positron emission tomography as a marker of supraspinal changes-associated with pain chronicity. Using objective chronic pain evaluation tools determined as sensitive and repeatable, we characterized feline osteoarthritis-associated pain. Cats afflicted with osteoarthritis presented lameness characterised by decreased joint amplitude, or decreased peak ground reaction vertical force, and decreased motor activity. Using the two latter tools, we demonstrated the efficacy of a non steroidal anti-inflammatory (meloxicam) to alleviate osteoarthritis-associated pain after four weeks of administration. Moreover, using quantitative sensory testing and brain functional imaging, we demonstrated for the first time, that osteoarthritis-associated pain in cats led to central nervous system changes. Specially, cats afflicted with osteoarthritis developed central sensitisation as indicated by a decreased von Frey withdrawal threshold (a reflex evaluation), and also by a facilitated mechanical temporal summation (an approach allowing to take into account affective and cognitive dimensions of pain). The increase of brain metabolism in the secondary somatosensory cortex, thalamus and periaqueductal grey matter also highlighted the importance of pain chronicity related changes. Using an analgesic treatment built to alleviate osteoarthritis-associated pain will improve cats quality of life, will help veterinarians, and will benefit owners who will retrieve an active and social cat. Demonstrating both the importance of central sensitisation and assessment of brain changes related to osteoarthritis-associated chronic pain using brain functional imaging opens new research opportunities in cats (development and/or validation of hypersensitivity related treatments), and humans (potential natural model of osteoarthritis-associated pain).