Nous proposons des liaisons optiques en Silicium à faible coût utilisant des longueurs d'onde de propagation de 650 à 850 nm. La création de circuits intégrés optoélectroniques à grande échelle et de bus de données optiques au sein même des circuits intégrés, utilisant des composés Silicium CMOS, ont été envisagées présentant une voie prometteuse [1] - [3]. Dans les dernières tentatives de réalisation de systèmes optoélectroniques en CMOS, les technologies était principalement orientée sur l'utilisation des longueurs d'onde à 1550 nm [4] - [6], principalement en raison de la facilité de conception et de fabrication des guides d'ondes dans ce régime de longueur d'onde. Cependant, aucune source optique rapide efficace et aucun photo-détecteur Si ne sont disponibles à cette longueur d'onde de 1550 nm. Aujourd'hui, les solutions pour surmonter le problème sont principalement axées sur l'intégration de sources optiques basées sur des éléments du groupe IIIV reportés sur Silicium par liaison moléculaire [7a] - [7b].Si la source optique, le détecteur, les guides d'ondes et les capteurs pouvaient être réalisés sur la même puce CMOS Silicium, par exemple à une longueur d'onde de 750 nm, divers systèmes micro-photoniques sur puces, légers et miniaturisés, pourraient être conçus et réalisés. Alors que les sources optiques au Silicium ne sont peut-être pas encore au niveau de performance requis pour les communications à très haut débit, les systèmes optoélectroniques "tout-Silicium" à faible coût restent encore un excellent point de départ. Ces sources pourraient également conduire à un nouveau champ qui pourrait s'appeler «microsystèmes photoniques Si» ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles applications et produits notamment pour l'optique médicale, biomédicale, les interconnexions optiques et la biophotonique. Ces systèmes ne nécessitent de bande passante à très haute fréquence pour émettre, et les puissances d'émission de nos diodes électroluminescentes (LED) à avalanche peuvent être suffisantes pour assurer le fonctionnement de tels systèmes. Ce travail de thèse de doctorat traite donc des liaisons optiques SiGe / Si à faible coût en utilisant des dispositifs Photonique-Microondes tels que une source à Diode Electro-Luminescente (DEL) à avalanche en Silicium (SiAvLED) et Silicium-Germanium intégrée en technologie bipolaire, des guides d'ondes optiques en Nitrure de Silicium et en Oxyde de Silicium, des phototransistors bipolaires à hétérojonction (HPT) SiGe. Ce travail se concentre sur l'intégration combinée de sources optiques à l'échelle micrométrique, de guides d'ondes optiques et de détecteurs sur une même puce pour former une liaison de communication complète pour diverses applications iv impliquant des liaisons de courte longueur d'onde (750 nm à 950 nm). Les progrès fournis par ce travail par rapport aux travaux antérieurs pourraient être synthétisés comme suit:• La source optique, le guide d'ondes et le détecteur ont tous été intégrés et alignés sur la même puce, dans une technologie industrielle RF bipolaire SiGe 0,35μm, pour former une liaison optique ou optique micro-onde complète sur puce à la longueur d'onde de 750 nm.• Une série de liaisons de communication optique de deuxième génération de 50μm de longueur, utilisant des longueurs d'onde de propagation de 650 à 850 nm, a été conçue et réalisée en technologie SiGe bipolaire également. Des sources optiques, des guides d'ondes et des détecteurs de dimensions micrométriques ont tous été intégrés sur la même puce pour former une communication complète sur les liaisons micro-optiques. Des LED Si à base d'avalanche (Si Av LED), des contacts Schottky, des stratégies de densification TEOS, des guides d'ondes à base de Nitrure de Silicium et des technologies de détection bipolaire SiGe de pointe ont été utilisées comme stratégies de conception clés.• Le logiciel de simulation R-soft (Beam Prop) a été utilisé comme outil de simulation / We propose a low cost full-silicon optical links utilizing 650 – 850 nm propagation wavelengths. The creation of large-scale opto-electronic integrated circuits and optical data “highways” inCMOS integrated circuitry, utilizing Si CMOS compounds, have been envisioned and hold much promise [1] - [3] The latest attempts for realizing optoelectronic systems in CMOS technology have until now mainly been focused on utilizing wavelengths at 1550 nm [4] - [6], mainly because of the ease of design and fabrication of waveguides in this wavelength regime. However, no effective high-speed optical sources and Si detectors are available at this 1550nmwavelength. Today solutions to overcome the problem are mostly focused on the integration of group III-V elements based optical sources on Silicon through molecular bonding [7a] – [7b]. If optical sources, detectors, waveguides, and sensors could be realized on the same Si CMOS chip at, say, 750 nm wavelength, various low power consuming, light and miniature on-chip-based micro-photonic systems can be designed and realized. While Silicon optical sources may not yet be at the required performance level for very-high speed communications, the low cost “all silicon”opto-electronic systems still remain a great grail. These sources could lead as well to new field that could be appropriately named “Si photonic microsystems” opening the route to new sensing applications and products especially for the medical, biomedical optics, optical interconnect and bio-photonics field. These systems also do not require ultrahigh frequency bandwidths to transmit, and the emission powers of our avalanche Si light-emitting diodes(LEDs) may be sufficient to sustain the operation of such systems. This PhD thus deals with low cost SiGe/Si optical links using Microwave-Photonics devices such as, Bipolar integrated SiAvLED, Silicon Nitride and Silicon Oxide optical waveguides, SiGeHPTs, Si and SiGe/Si LEDs. It focuses on the combined integration of micron-scale optical sources, optical waveguides and detectors on the same chip to form a complete communication link for various applications involving short wavelength links (750nm to 950nm). The progress provided by this PhD to previous works could be synthesized as below:• Optical source, waveguide and the detector were all integrated and aligned on the same chip, in an industrial based technology, to form complete on-chip micro-optical links at750nm wavelength, with a SiGe radio frequency (RF) 0.35µm bipolar process.• A series of second generation of on-chip optical communication links of 50µm length, utilizing 650 – 850 nm propagation wavelengths, have been designed and realized inSiGe. Micron dimensioned optical sources, waveguides and detectors were all integrated ion the same chip to form a complete communication on-chip micro-optical links. Avalanche based Si LEDs (Si Av LEDs), Schottky contacting, TEOS densification strategies, Silicon-Nitride based waveguides, and state of the art SiGe bipolar detector technologies were used as key design strategies.• R-soft simulation software (Beam Prop) was used as a mathematical capable simulation tool to model various Silicon-Nitride optical waveguide structures, before the designing, the fabrication, characterization and testing of the device. Various device structures were modeled, simulation iterations were performed on several optical waveguide designed structures before the device design, and the devices were tested experimentally.• Best performances of the designed on-chip optical links show a conversion loss as low as30dB from source to detector with up to 500MHz in cut off frequency. The good alignment and the good efficiency of each device are then clearly achieved. Higher frequency performances are also envisaged from preliminary measurements

The natural light presents countless advantages. Among them the variability, which serves as source of physiological and emotinal stimulation to the human being. In environments where people are interned in a hospital, the long stay and the physical vulnerability ask for not only efficient environmental conditions, but also capable of providing positive reactions in the patient recuperation. In Brazil, the norms that rules the hospital's projects don't talk specifically about the natural light subject. In this case, the levels of ilumination are treated throught the recomendations related to artificial lights. On the other hand, studies about the visual confort estabilish parameters throught the relations of brightness of the surfaces. Moreover, the National Policies of Humanizations of the Attention and of the Administration of the Unic Health System talks about the eviromental comfort as a priority, making it important to know, with the population that uses it, their opnion about the enviromental conditions. Before this context, this research has the objective of analyzing the patient satisfaction about the conditions of the natural ilumination and, specifically, evaluate the visual comfort considering the behavior of the natural light and its levels, the condition of the sky, the opennings, the use of colors on the surfaces and the visual needs. The studies took place at the Infirmaries 28 and 35 of the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Maceió. The Evaluation Post-Occupation (EPO), method chosen by this evaluation, approaches a comparative analysis between the conditions of natural ilumination and the degree of satisfaction of it's users. The results show that the conditions to the visual comfort are not exclusively based upon estabilished quantitative indexes and that the user's visual satisfaction at infirmaries goes throught a series of aspects from the patient‟s clinical conditions and hospitalar routine to expectations and personal desires. Thus, it's hoped that this study is able to contribute in the discussion about the visual comfort and in the projectual process of hospital environments. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A luz natural apresenta inúmeras vantagens entre elas a variabilidade, servindo como fonte de estímulo fisiológico e emocional para o ser humano. Em ambientes de internação hospitalar a permanência prolongada e a vulnerabilidade física solicitam condições ambientais não só eficientes como confortáveis e capazes de proporcionar respostas positivas na recuperação dos pacientes. No Brasil, as normas que regem os projetos hospitalares não tratam especificamente a questão da luz natural. Neste caso, os níveis de iluminação são tratados a partir de recomendações relativas à luz artificial. Por outro lado, estudos acerca do conforto visual estabelecem parâmetros através das relações de brilho das superfícies. Ademais, a Política Nacional de Humanização da Atenção e da Gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde apresenta o conforto ambiental como prioridade, tornando-se importante conhecer junto à população usuária deste sistema qual a sua opinião sobre as condições ambientais. Diante deste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar a satisfação do paciente em relação às condições de iluminação natural e especificamente avaliar o conforto visual, considerando o comportamento da luz natural e seus níveis, as condições do céu, as aberturas, o uso de cores nas superfícies e as necessidades visuais. Os estudos foram realizados nas Enfermarias 28 e 35 do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Maceió. A Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO), metodologia adotada para esta avaliação, aborda uma análise comparativa entre as condições de iluminação natural e o grau de satisfação dos usuários. Os resultados mostraram que as condições para o conforto visual não se baseiam exclusivamente em índices quantitativos normatizados e que a satisfação visual do usuário em enfermarias perpassa por uma série de aspectos que vão desde sua condição clínica e rotina hospitalar a expectativas e desejos pessoais. Assim, espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir na discussão sobre conforto visual e no processo projetual de ambientes hospitalares.