Os elevados índices de crescimento urbano alcançado pelas grandes cidades nas últimas décadas afetam diretamente o processo organizado de expansão urbana, pois os atuais níveis de desenvolvimento da infra-estrutura nas grandes cidades não acompanham o ritmo do crescimento populacional atual. Frente a isso, os resultados deste cenário podem ser vistos através do surgimento de ocupações irregulares que comprometem o desenvolvimento da cidade de maneira ordenada, além de atingirem áreas de preservação ambiental, consideradas fundamentais para se manter padrões desejáveis na qualidade de vida. Com isso, a necessidade de se obter mapeamentos de maneira rápida e confiável se torna cada vez mais evidente, pois decidir sobre as estratégias e projetos referentes ao planejamento urbano depende da existência de um conjunto atualizado de informações sobre as áreas de expansão. Sendo assim, a obtenção de mapeamentos em áreas urbanas por meio de dados adquiridos com alta resolução espacial provenientes de imageamento orbital e aerotransportado se torna cada vez mais presente e necessária. O surgimento de novos sensores aerotransportados com capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial, como se destaca o sensor HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), permite inovar e automatizar soluções referentes aos problemas de mapeamento. O sensor HRSC-AX, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Aeroespacial de Berlim na Alemanha (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), possui como característica a capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial nas faixas espectrais referentes ao visível (RGB) e infravermelho próximo (NIR), além de imagens estéreo fotométricas que permitem gerar modelos digitais de superfície (DSM). Essa característica permite a utilização desses dados em processos de classificação de imagens de alta resolução. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta e valida uma proposta metodológica para caracterizar objetos do cenário urbano utilizando índices de realce extraídos de dados do sensor HRSC-AX. Com base nos resultados obtidos é possível concluir que a proposta apresentada fornece uma ferramenta alternativa para a obtenção de informações sobre os objetos presentes no cenário urbano como edificações, áreas verdes, áreas sombreadas, áreas de solo exposto e objetos asfaltados de maneira rápida e confiável, além de prover subsídios para a tomada de decisões no planejamento urbano. / The heightened rates of urban growth attained by the large cities during the last decades affect directly the urban sprawl as an organized process, whereas the current development rates of the infrastructure do not keep up with the population increase of today. As a visible result of this scenario, irregular occupations appear, compromising an organized development of the city, besides jeopardizing environmental preservation areas, essential to the maintenance of desirable standards of quality of life. Hence, the ever growing necessity of obtaining maps in a fast and reliable fashion is evident, because the decision-making on strategies and projects, regarding to urban planning, is based on the existence of an updated set of information about the expanding areas. Therefore, the attainment of urban area maps, which are based in high resolution data acquired through orbital and airborne imagery, become increasingly present and necessary. The appearing of new airborne sensors, with the capacity to acquire high resolution image data, as, for instance, the HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), allows the innovation and automation of solutions related to problems in mapping. The HRSC-AX sensor, developed by the Berlin based German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), is characterized by its capacity to acquire imagery data with high resolution in the visible spectral channels (RGB) as for the near infrared (NIR), besides the possibility to extract stereo photometric imagery, allowing the generation of digital surface models (DSM). This feature allows the improvement of the classification process of high resolution imagery. Hence, the present study presents and validates a methodological proposal to characterize objects in the urban scenario, using enhancement indexes extracted from HRSC-AX data. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the presented proposal supplies an alternative tool for the obtainment of information regarding the objects that are present in the urban scenario, such as buildings, vegetation areas, shadowed areas, bare soil and asphalt covered objects, in a fast and reliable manner, besides allowing the decision-making in urban planning.

Os elevados índices de crescimento urbano alcançado pelas grandes cidades nas últimas décadas afetam diretamente o processo organizado de expansão urbana, pois os atuais níveis de desenvolvimento da infra-estrutura nas grandes cidades não acompanham o ritmo do crescimento populacional atual. Frente a isso, os resultados deste cenário podem ser vistos através do surgimento de ocupações irregulares que comprometem o desenvolvimento da cidade de maneira ordenada, além de atingirem áreas de preservação ambiental, consideradas fundamentais para se manter padrões desejáveis na qualidade de vida. Com isso, a necessidade de se obter mapeamentos de maneira rápida e confiável se torna cada vez mais evidente, pois decidir sobre as estratégias e projetos referentes ao planejamento urbano depende da existência de um conjunto atualizado de informações sobre as áreas de expansão. Sendo assim, a obtenção de mapeamentos em áreas urbanas por meio de dados adquiridos com alta resolução espacial provenientes de imageamento orbital e aerotransportado se torna cada vez mais presente e necessária. O surgimento de novos sensores aerotransportados com capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial, como se destaca o sensor HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), permite inovar e automatizar soluções referentes aos problemas de mapeamento. O sensor HRSC-AX, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Aeroespacial de Berlim na Alemanha (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), possui como característica a capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial nas faixas espectrais referentes ao visível (RGB) e infravermelho próximo (NIR), além de imagens estéreo fotométricas que permitem gerar modelos digitais de superfície (DSM). Essa característica permite a utilização desses dados em processos de classificação de imagens de alta resolução. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta e valida uma proposta metodológica para caracterizar objetos do cenário urbano utilizando índices de realce extraídos de dados do sensor HRSC-AX. Com base nos resultados obtidos é possível concluir que a proposta apresentada fornece uma ferramenta alternativa para a obtenção de informações sobre os objetos presentes no cenário urbano como edificações, áreas verdes, áreas sombreadas, áreas de solo exposto e objetos asfaltados de maneira rápida e confiável, além de prover subsídios para a tomada de decisões no planejamento urbano. / The heightened rates of urban growth attained by the large cities during the last decades affect directly the urban sprawl as an organized process, whereas the current development rates of the infrastructure do not keep up with the population increase of today. As a visible result of this scenario, irregular occupations appear, compromising an organized development of the city, besides jeopardizing environmental preservation areas, essential to the maintenance of desirable standards of quality of life. Hence, the ever growing necessity of obtaining maps in a fast and reliable fashion is evident, because the decision-making on strategies and projects, regarding to urban planning, is based on the existence of an updated set of information about the expanding areas. Therefore, the attainment of urban area maps, which are based in high resolution data acquired through orbital and airborne imagery, become increasingly present and necessary. The appearing of new airborne sensors, with the capacity to acquire high resolution image data, as, for instance, the HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), allows the innovation and automation of solutions related to problems in mapping. The HRSC-AX sensor, developed by the Berlin based German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), is characterized by its capacity to acquire imagery data with high resolution in the visible spectral channels (RGB) as for the near infrared (NIR), besides the possibility to extract stereo photometric imagery, allowing the generation of digital surface models (DSM). This feature allows the improvement of the classification process of high resolution imagery. Hence, the present study presents and validates a methodological proposal to characterize objects in the urban scenario, using enhancement indexes extracted from HRSC-AX data. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the presented proposal supplies an alternative tool for the obtainment of information regarding the objects that are present in the urban scenario, such as buildings, vegetation areas, shadowed areas, bare soil and asphalt covered objects, in a fast and reliable manner, besides allowing the decision-making in urban planning.

The power of the relationship between the photographic apparatus and migration is situated at a metaphorical crosslink between the two-dimensional outcome of marking borders on a map, or printing an image on a flat surface, and the time that affects the events that shape the very heart of that crosslink. The rigidity of borders, and sometimes their false ideas of flexibility can be seen on how recently Europe has proved (again) that ‘open boundaries’ is a non specific inclusive idea. The experience of migrants going through conflict situations is representative of the relationship between the ‘having to deal with’ the happenings, in most cases forced, and at the same time changing, transforming the landscape, leaving or bringing old and new values. Therefore the democratic power in this work is intended as the collective recognition of the importance of simple acts of looking, bringing values to the transformative nature of human beings. Because of its mechanical nature and the stillness of the images it produces, photography has the capacity to show transformation, with the quality of its materiality, which continuously challenges the users of photography in accessing different formats, since its invention. In the context of this work (Cartographers), photography becomes an inspiration for the concept, planning and making of the film process. Film can embrace elements that photography doesn’t have, like sound and duration, added to landscape and to portraits. These elements may help the viewer to understand a narrative that grows from a single trunk, the film, whose roots are holding onto the lightness of the sky instead of the thickness of the ground by representing, filmically, the expressions of the people who speak about their experiences. The ‘democratization of cartography’ – is in this written text considered as a shift of attention from the act of cartography to who makes it, the cartographers. Therefore map-making does not function as a merely two-dimensional outcome but as a nuance of an experience that is individual and collective. Cartographers reveals a map visible through the memory of a community of people who originate from the same place and have lived the same conflict (WWII) while being scattered across several different countries (Italy, France, Scotland). The work Cartographers, a film and series of archival aerial image, makes available the maps of these happenings, which memories are pulled together and suggest a reflection towards a democratic act of cartography making. The aim of this research is opposite to the creation of a cartography newly created by joining points from different journeys, experiences or concepts: in this work as the director of the film I have attempted to make emerge that the cartographers are aware of each other, their map is drawn collectively and everyday, and it does not join different points, but it starts from a single one and it explodes in different directions. The exploration of this work and research was made by attempting to represent what can be felt with the connection they have with the starting point. This is not only a process that looks at a certain community but is a dialogue with the memory of that community of cartographers which aids the understanding of the landscape that we traverse in our daily lives. With their memories, the subjects of the interviews - which I refer to as the Cartographers - leave a transparent but permanent trace that remains fixed in the landscape and makes it what it is today. The role of the artist in this case, is not the one of the ‘creator’ of a certain map, but the one that wipes the dust about to reveal the map of the treasure, and finds a way to show to the public, that the suspended moment of revelation, is the treasure itself.