The period 1840 to 1880 is important for the demographic history of both Scotland and New Zealand. During the second half of the nineteenth century Scotland had the second or third highest rate in Europe of emigration to destinations overseas. New Zealand became a British territory in 1840 and in the four following decades immigration, not natural increase, was the main source of New Zealand's population growth. Most of the immigrants who entered New Zealand during these years were born in the UK, and of these about one quarter were Scots. Between 1853 (when estimates can first be made) and 1880 Scottish emigrants who went to New Zealand account for 12 per cent of the gross total of Scots emigrating overseas. This was a significant minority of all Scots who left the land of their birth in this period, and for a time emigration to New Zealand was a highly visible movement which captured the popular imagination in Scotland. The thesis asks 'who' were the emigrants who left Scotland for New Zealand, 'why' did they travel 15 000 miles to Britain's farthest colony when other 'established' destinations were closer and cheaper to reach, and 'how' were they enabled to go. As a preliminary to answering these questions, the geographic and social background of the emigrants is explored. The thesis takes a 'longitudinal' approach: nominal data derived from New Zealand ships' lists are traced back to a variety of Scottish sources including vital registers and unpublished records of the census enumerators. Wherever possible the thesis compares these data with similar evidence from other studies and finds that emigration from Scotland to New Zealand was not aberrant from the general experience of Scottish emigration, although Scots who went to New Zealand had a number of distinctive characteristics which set them apart from, say, Scottish emigrants who went to the USA or to Canada. The thesis finds that these characteristics were not the resultant of selective criteria such as the regulations which governed eligibility for an assisted passage on an emigrant ship. However, Scots who went to New Zealand took advantage of cost-cutting facilities whenever they could. This thesis aims to provide a quantitative contribution to both Scottish and New Zealand history. In addition, the thesis treats this particular exodus of people as a case-study to explore a number of themes current in the literature of nineteenth century European emigration. These themes include: the relationship between emigration and the social and economic origins of the emigrants; the relationship between emigration and internal mobility; the role of interventionist forces, such as recruiting agencies, in effecting the process of emigration; and the extent to which emigration can be explained by the self-generating effect of emigration 'chains'. The thesis contributes new data and ideas with relevance to each of these themes. Patterns of emigration from Scotland, and indeed from all of Britain, are found to diverge significantly from common trends detected in the emigration flow from other European countries.

Examining the place of immigrants in French society between 1950 and 1990, this dissertation traces both official policies and public reactions toward immigration, and immigrant responses to their treatment. Increased negative perceptions of North Africans during the 1970s and 80s, and escalating acts of violence and discrimination against them, sparked a national debate on the compatibility of Islam with French identity. North Africans’ presence in France seemed to throw into question common notions of “Frenchness” because the practices that characterized Islamic culture differentiated Muslims from other ethnic and religious minorities. I investigated North African, West African, and Antillean immigrant communities in Paris through the intersection of race, religion, and culture in order to explore changing French attitudes toward ethnic minorities and their cultural identities. My dissertation focuses on how these communities were or were not accepted into the French “nation,” and what their integration or lack thereof said about conceptions of what it meant to be “French.” In addition to offering a study of the government’s role in establishing or modifying perceptions about French identity, I also evaluate race and culture from the perspective of the immigrants themselves. This project thus offers an analysis of immigrants of color and the discourses and policies of the institutions that helped define certain ethnic groups encoded as “racially other” as also culturally inassimilable. The dissertation argues that the state’s construction of racially distinct citizens and immigrant communities as different limited their access to the nation and their acceptance by the general public. In the 1980s, the growing popularity of extreme right political rhetoric glorifying the nation and its supposed heritage gave voice to racism and fears of losing a uniquely French culture. An implicit racial hierarchy prevented immigrant groups and ethnic minorities from fully integrating into the nation. At the same time, ethnic groups from North Africa, West Africa, and the Antilles worked to redefine “Frenchness” along more inclusive lines in order to minimize tensions and improve relations between these groups and those who seemed more unquestionably “French.”

Utifrån egna erfarenheter har vissa ensamkommande barn och ungdomar en något förskönad bild av landet och livet i Sverige. En sådan förskönad bild kan bli ett hinder för den egna integrationen hos de ensamkommande. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur ensamkommande barn och ungdomars föreställningar om Sverige ser ut samt om dessa har förändrats och i så fall på vilket sätt förändringen har skett under tiden i Sverige. Överlag så finns det mycket forskning om ensamkommande ungdomar men när det gäller forskning som handlar om deras föreställningar om Sverige visar det sig vara ett ganska outforskat ämne. Studien bygger på fem stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med ensamkommande ungdomar där fokus har legat på deras subjektiva bild och förväntningar på Sverige samt vilka bidragande faktorer som tvingade dem till flykt och vad som låg bakom deras val att fly till Sverige. Var det en slump eller redan förutbestämt? Det har visat sig att det finns skilda förväntningar på Sverige som land, där vissa förväntningar har infriats, medan andra inte har stämt överens med verkligheten bland ungdomarna. Betydelsen av att vara medveten om hur samhällets verklighet ser ut lägger en god grund för deras egen utveckling. För att underlätta integrationen och vägen in i det svenska samhället så krävs det mer kunskap och förståelse om ämnet.

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"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit LL.M." / Depuis longtemps, les pays s'intéressent aux conditions de santé des immigrants au moment d'autoriser leur entrée au pays pour y demeurer. C'est pourquoi les examens médicaux des demandeurs d'immigration font partie des démarches à suivre pour leur admission. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une analyse des implications de la santé dans le champ de l'immigration, en focalisant l'attention sur les situations particulières du Canada et de la France. Nous avons examiné les cadres juridiques des deux pays, ainsi que le contexte européen. Nous avons pris en considération trois approches mettant l'accent sur la santé et la sécurité publiques, des considérations économiques et des considérations d'ordre humanitaire. Nous avons observé que la portée des contrôles médicaux à effectuer varie selon l'orientation adoptée. Dans l'approche économique, l'examen de la condition médicale des requérants est plus exhaustive, et l'information de nature prédictive présente de l'intérêt. Bien que les objectifs des examens médicaux de l'immigration soient eux-mêmes légitimes, le caractère sensible des renseignements de santé, y compris génétiques, dont l'utilisation peut être vue comme une source possible de discrimination ou d'intervention injustifiée dans la vie privée des individus, requiert la plus grande prudence et le respect des principes largement reconnus relatifs au consentement et à la confidentialité. L'exigence d'un lien raisonnable et proportionné entre l'information demandée et les buts de la politique d'immigration doit également être respectée afin d'arriver à un juste équilibre entre la sauvegarde des intérêts considérés légitimes et les droits des personnes et leur dignité. / For a long time countries have been interested in the health conditions of immigrants in order to authorize their entry and to remain there. This is why the medical examination of immigration applicants is done as part of the admission requirements. In this thesis, we propose an analysis of the health implications in the immigration field by focusing on the particular situations of Canada and France. We examine the legal framework of the two countries, as weIl as the European context. We identify three approaches concentrated in the public health and safety, the economic considerations and the humanitarian reasons. We observe that the range of medical controls to be carried out varies according to the adopted approach. From the economic perspective, the examination of the medical condition of the applicants is more exhaustive, and the predictive information captures sorne attention. Although the objectives of the medical examination in the immigration field are themselves legitimate, the sensitive nature of the health information, including genetic information, can be seen as a possible source of discrimination or unjustified intervention in private life. This imposes the greatest prudence and respect of the well-known principles of consent and confidentiality. The requirement of a reasonable and proportioned link between the required information and the goals of the immigration policies must also be respected, in order to achieve the right balance between the legitimate interests of countries and the rights of the people.

The issue of refugees and the factors which result in forced migration are of growing importance. Currently, one in every 120 people is living outside of his or her nation of origin by force. There appears to be no end in sight to this situation. This paper seeks to examine conditions within a nation which contribute to the production of refugees. Using a model based on Clark's (1989) early warning system, this paper examines both proximate and root causes of refugee migration. The findings suggest that human rights violations have a proximate causal relationship to refugee production. High levels of state autocracy, low per capita energy consumption, larger rural populations, and a recent negative net migration have an associative relationship to refugee production. Further studies are needed to examine the interrelationship between the proximate and root conditions and their effect on refugee flow.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.