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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / An original design is presented for a system capable of measuring the relative angle of a flat surface using reflected ultrasonic wave pulses. No physical contact with the surface is necessary. The measurement range is from 0 to 54 degrees. Theoretical resolution is 5 minutes of arc, with actual measured resolution of approximately 20 minutes of arc. The system has performed successfully in limited flight tests, is capable of rates up to 80 angle measurements per second, and has a solid-state memory recording capacity of 24,000 bytes. The measurements are time-tagged as they are recorded and may be transferred to a personal computer at a later time over a standard RS-232 serial communications link. The system is small (approx. 6 by 4 by 1.5 inches) and uses two standard 9-volt batteries as its power source.

Σκοπός της παρούσας Διατριβής Ειδίκευσης είναι η παρακολούθηση του κατολισθητικού φαινομένου του οικισμού Καρυάς του Δήμου Πατρέων, με μετρήσεις αποκλισιομέτρων ώστε να προσδιοριστεί ποσοτικά ο ρυθμός μετακίνησης της περιοχής μελέτης και να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα για την μελλοντική του εξέλιξη, όπως καθορίζεται μέσω αναλύσεων ευστάθειας πρανών. Η εν λόγω περιοχή παρουσιάζει αξιόλογο ενδιαφέρον, λόγω των ιδιαίτερων και σύνθετων γεωλογικών συνθηκών, των συχνών και σημαντικών κατολισθητικών φαινομένων των τελευταίων ετών που προκάλεσαν σημαντικές καταστροφές σε τεχνικά έργα και ανθρώπινες περιουσίες. Στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής και της παράλληλης Έρευνας του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας στην περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος πραγματοποιήθηκε λεπτομερής γεωτεχνική έρευνα που περιελάμβανε ανόρυξη δειγματοληπτικών γεωτρήσεων σε επιλεγμένες θέσεις με ταυτόχρονη τοποθέτηση αποκλισιομέτρων, συστηματική λήψη αποκλισιομετρικών μετρήσεων, σειρά εργαστηριακών και επί τόπου δοκιμών σε κατάλληλα διαμορφωμένα δείγματα, λεπτομερή καταγραφή των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών της περιοχής με βάση κυρίως τη σύσταση, τη δομή των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών. Έγινε διάκριση των σχηματισμών της περιοχής έρευνας σε επιμέρους Γεωτεχνικές Ενότητες και σχεδιάστηκαν αντιπροσωπευτικές γεωτεχνικές – τεχνικογεωλογικές διατομές με σκοπό τη σύνθεση και ερμηνεία του γεωτεχνικού περιβάλλοντος της περιοχής. Παράλληλα πραγματοποιήθηκαν αναλύσεις ευστάθειας πρανών με χρήση εξειδικευμένου λογισμικού σε επιλεγμένες διατομές κατά μήκος των γεωτρήσεων στην κατολισθαίνουσα ζώνη Καρυάς. Σκοπός των αναλύσεων ευστάθειας πρανών ήταν να γίνει εκτίμηση πιθανών μετακινήσεων σε επιλεγμένα σημεία της περιοχής έρευνας και να παρατηρηθεί εάν το είδος ολίσθησης εξακολουθεί να είναι το ίδιο με αυτό που είχε διαπιστωθεί κατά την τελευταία εκδήλωση του κατολισθητικού φαινομένου. / The Aim of this ΜSc. Project is the exploration of the landslide phenomeno in the region of Karya, Patras, Western Greece by inclinometer measurements in order to define quantitatively the movement rate of the study area and export conclusions on its future development, as it specified via slope stability analysis. The study area is an area with complex geological conditions and is well known especially for the important and large-scale landslide phenomena which have taken place during the last years near Karya village and caused important destructions in engineering works and human fortunes. This project was done along with survey of the Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Geology Department, University of Patras. The full survey program included geological mapping focused on the engineering properties of the soil and rock formations, fifteen (15) sampling boreholes, inclinometer installation and measurement and laboratory tests. Through laboratory testing and detailed description of soil and rock samples the formations were classified in several units and several geotechnical cross-sections were constructed to make a general geological-geotechnical model of the study area. The geological and geotechnical data were used to perform Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability analysis. The survey results were used to define probable movements of the study area and to establish the slipping type.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

This diploma thesis deals with assessment of geometric accuracy of machining center MCV 754 QUICK. BlueSYSTEM digital inclinometers from WYLER AG, XL-80 laser interferometer from RENISHAW, Ballbar QC20-W from RENISHAW and LaserTRACER self-guiding laser interferometer from ETALON AG were used to measure accuracy. Error of the X straightness in the direction of the Z axis was assessed. The first part of the paper describes the geometric accuracy of the machine, currently available instruments for measuring geometric accuracy and an explanation of straightness. The second part consists of the design of measurements, experiment, evaluation and comparison of results and recommendations for teaching.