Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Sewaybricker Benito.pdf: 1243214 bytes, checksum: b5413385c789376fae0f24960c7537d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-05 / This paper examines the role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME s) on the Brazilian income distribution, based on municipal data between the years 2000 and 2010. The idea is to investigate if the SME s had an impact on the reduction of the high inequality of the country, through increasing labour income. The results we found show that on the poorer cities the SME s have a positive impact on income distribution. We also compare the evolution of SME s on the last decades in the BRICS countries. We conclude that the SME s have been increasing their participation on Brazilian economy and they have a very important role on the poorer cities / Esta dissertação examina o papel das Micro, Pequenas e Médias Empresas (MPME s) na evolução da distribuição de renda do Brasil, com base em dados municipais dos anos 2000 e 2010. O objetivo é investigar se as MPME s tiveram impacto na redução da alta desigualdade do país através do incremento da renda dos seus trabalhadores. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que nas cidades mais pobres as MPME s tiveram um impacto positivo na distribuição de renda. Também fizemos um comparativo da evolução das MPME s nas últimas décadas nos outros países dos BRICS. Nós concluímos que as MPME s vêm aumentando sua participação na economia brasileira e que elas têm um papel muito importante nos municípios de menor renda

Esta dissertação busca contribuir para a literatura sobre as elaticidades renda da demanda por importações. Mais especificamente, procura analisar em que medida a questão da distribuição pessoal da renda se relaciona com estas elasticidades para o Brasil. O país apresentou nos anos 2000 um processo singular de desenvolvimento, marcado por crescimento econômico com distribuição de renda. Analisa-se este processo através das perspectivas da teoria do crescimento sob restrição externa e da teoria da CEPAL, que consideram a elasticidade renda das importações um dos determinantes fundamentais ao processo de desenvolvimento. A indústria brasileira cresceu, como resposta tanto à expansão do consumo interno e quanto à dinâmica favorável internacional para os produtos da indústria extrativa. Já a indústria de transformação se voltou para dentro, uma vez que apresentou crescimento mas reduziu suas exportações. Entretanto, a penetração das importações desta indústria também aumentou. Tendo este cenário como motivação, realiza-se um exercício empírico de estimativa das elasticidades renda da demanda por importações a partir de dados de consumo das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares dos biênios 2002-2003 e 2008-2009, com o objetivo de comparar a evolução das elasticidades para diferentes classes de renda. Os resultados sugerem que, apesar da melhora na distribuição de renda e da subsequente expansão do consumo, a indústria nacional não atendeu à demanda. A elasticidade renda da demanda por importações aumentou, e o aumento foi maior para as classes mais pobres. / This dissertation aims to contribute to the literature on the import elasticities. More specifically, it seeks to analyze how personal income distribution relates to import elasticities for Brazil. The country presented in 2000 a unique development process, marked by economic growth and income distribution. This work analyzes that process through the perspectives of the theory of growth under external constraint and the ECLAC theory, considering the income elasticity of imports one of the key determinants in the development process. The Brazilian industry grew in response to both the expansion of domestic consumption and the international favorable dynamics for primary products. The manufacturing industry turned inward as it grew but reduced its exports. However, the import penetration in the industry also increased. Taking this scenario as motivation, this work carried out an empirical exercise of estimating income elasticities of demand for imports from consumption data from Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares of 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, in order to compare the evolution of import elasticities for different income classes. The results suggest that, despite the improvement in income distribution and the subsequent expansion of consumption, the domestic industry was unable to meet demand. The income elasticity of demand for imports increased, and the increase was greater for the poorer classes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gamliel_Evandro_Campos.pdf: 1456100 bytes, checksum: 5bac3054a2887ae706d2f7841c66d424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / This study addresses local entrepreneurship in low-income and what is the relationship between entrepreneurial behavior and financial results. This is an exploratory and confirmatory study using a questionnaire designed in a structured way, with 38 affirmative items using the Likert scale. 175 low-income entrepreneurs were selected. The data analysis was made by using fatorial analysis and two factors concerned to entrepreneurial behavior were considered positive for the microentrepreneurs financial growth: Prospection and innovation, management and persistence and one factor related to financial results. The results analysis showed the presence of entrepreneurial behavior with positive and negative financial results in the searched groups. From prospection and innovation point of view was found that microentrepreneurs implement new ideas to improve the quality of business, they change strategy, if necessary to achieve a goal, have responsibilities for completion of work on schedule, trust in their ability to overcome challenges, seek new ways of doing things, make sacrifices to complete tasks, renew their efforts to overcome obstacles, seek to create new services and develop new ideas for solving problems. Regarding management and persistence was found that microentrepreneurs join employees in tasks to meet deadlines, encourage team spirit among employees and encourage employee s participation in troubleshooting. With the help of perception maps, the prospection and innovation dimension had the majority part of individuals that achieved positive financial results and the management and persistence dimension had the minority part of individuals that achieved positive financial results. The instrument got the indexes statistically reliable related to its construction, validation and reliability, with the support of the instrument of entrepreneurial behavior measurement (IMAE) (Souza; Lopes Jr., 2005). / Esse estudo aborda o empreendedorismo local na baixa renda e qual a rela????o entre atitudes empreendedoras e resultados financeiros. A pesquisa ?? de car??ter explorat??rio e confirmat??rio com uso de question??rio constru??do de forma estruturada, com 38 itens afirmativos, utilizando a escala Likert. A amostra do estudo foi composta de 175 empreendedores de baixa renda. Foram realizadas v??rias an??lises, sendo que, a partir da an??lise fatorial, dois fatores, relativos ?? atitude empreendedora, e um relativo a resultados financeiros foram considerados como positivos para o crescimento financeiro dos empreendedores estudados: Prospec????o e Inova????o, e Gest??o e Persist??ncia e Resultados Financeiros. A an??lise dos resultados demonstrou a presen??a da atitude empreendedora com resultados financeiros tanto positivos como negativos nos grupos estudados. Do ponto de vista da dimens??o de prospec????o/inova????o constatou-se que os microempres??rios implementam novas ideias para a melhoria da qualidade do neg??cio, mudam de estrat??gia, caso seja necess??rio para alcan??ar uma meta, t??m responsabilidades pela conclus??o de trabalhos nos prazos estipulados, confiam nas suas capacidades de superar desafios, buscam novas maneiras de realizar tarefas, fazem sacrif??cios pessoas para concluir tarefas, renovam seus esfor??os para superar obst??culos, procuram criar novos servi??os e desenvolvem ideias novas para solu????o de problemas. No que concerne ?? dimens??o de gest??o/persist??ncia constatou-se que os microempres??rios juntam-se aos empregados nas tarefas para cumprir os prazos, estimulam o esp??rito de equipe entre os funcion??rios e a participa????o dos funcion??rios na busca de solu????o de problemas. Na dimens??o de resultados financeiros foi constatado com o aux??lio dos mapas de percep????o utilizando os escores fatoriais que na dimens??o prospec????o/inova????o uma parte relativa maior de indiv??duos obteve resultados financeiros positivos e na dimens??o gest??o/persist??ncia a minoria de indiv??duos obtiveram resultados financeiros positivos. O instrumento obteve ??ndices estatisticamente confi??veis em rela????o a sua constru????o, valida????o e confiabilidade, sendo utilizado como suporte o Instrumento de Mensura????o da Atitude Empreendedora (IMAE) (Souza; Lopes Jr., 2005).

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-08T11:33:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Nair Rodrigues.pdf: 1133005 bytes, checksum: 867525ff2b9ffbcac942eb632f3c48fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T11:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Nair Rodrigues.pdf: 1133005 bytes, checksum: 867525ff2b9ffbcac942eb632f3c48fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present research uses the analysis of recognized authors, to address the poor distribution of income in Brazil from the perspective of its structural constraints, particularly, it sought to point to technological dependence as the main determinant of inequality. It is argued that without the ownership technology, the internal market would tend to turn more and more towards the richer top of the population. In this model, only the highest income layer would be able to give continuity to capital accumulation. Thus, the National Development Plans while adopting economic growth policies, not changing the exogenous nature of technical transformations, referred to in the model, only reinforced underdevelopment. In addition, it is pointed out that this mode of accumulation implies overexploitation of labor. In rescuing the conclusions drawn by the pioneers in the underdevelopment, study, its causes and consequences, it is intended to contribute to bring the subject up for debate / A pesquisa que ora se apresenta, recorre às análises de Celso Furtado entre outros reconhecidos autores, para abordar a má distribuição de renda no Brasil sob a perspectiva de seus condicionantes estruturais, em especial, procura-se apontar a dependência tecnológica como o principal fator determinante da desigualdade. Argumenta-se que sem tecnologias próprias, o mercado interno tenderia a voltar-se cada vez mais para o topo mais rico da população. Nesse modelo de acumulação, somente a camada mais elevada da renda seria capaz de dar continuidade à acumulação de capital. Assim, os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento ao adotarem políticas de crescimento econômico, mantido o caráter exógeno das transformações técnicas, base do referido modelo, apenas reforçaram o subdesenvolvimento. Ademais, busca-se salientar que esse modo de acumulação implica em superexploração do trabalho. Ao resgatar as conclusões, elaboradas por um dos pioneiros no estudo do subdesenvolvimento, suas causas e consequências, pretende-se contribuir para trazer à tona o referido tema para o debate

The social conditions in the rural areas of South Africa are by now widely known and numerous researchers have documented the poverty stricken quality of life which generally prevails amongst black families in these areas (Wilson and Ramphele, 1989). The vast majority of rural households have incomes which are below subsistence levels and in the Homelands, agricultural productive ability has become so eroded that rural household income is now chiefly derived from remittances from migrants in the towns or from the wages of farm labourers (Nattrass and May, 1986). As such, at present the majority of black rural households living in Region E make up consumer communities which must purchase the majority of their subsistence needs, rather than producer communities in which subsistence needs can be met from the utilisation of local resources (Derman and Poultney, 1983). Despite this unpromising situation, the diminishing importance of agricultural production to the South African national economy (Bethlehem, 1989), and the dominance of urbanisation as a social force, it can be argued that the rural areas of Region E will be directly and substantially affected by efforts to restructure the South African economy as a whole. Consequently, revitalising the rural economy in a restructured social and economic system would be a concern in itself, even though the effect of this for a future growth path for South Africa may be uncertain (Kaplinsky, 1991:54). The report will first examine the broad demographic changes in Region E noting the impact of these changes on the rural areas. Thereafter, the economic processes which characterise the rural areas will be discussed, in particular, employment, income levels and income distribution. This will feed into a discussion of the social processes which will include changing dynamics of migration, and a socio-economic profile of rural households. The paper concludes by briefly examining access and usage of basic services and facilities in the rural parts of Region E.

This dissertation consists of three essays examining the role of transfer-program interactions for families and households who participate in the social safety net. The safety net is comprised of many different programs, run by different agencies, governed by different rules, and often administered by disparate and secluded entities. However, many households participate in multiple programs, subjecting them to the milieu of administrative hurdles. In this dissertation, I try to untangle some of the intended and unintended effects of program participation that may be experienced by these households. In Essay 1, I examine the effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) on food hardship in US households, utilizing food security information from the Food Security Supplement of the Current Population Survey. Because states adopted the Medicaid expansions provided under the ACA at different times beginning in 2014, the cross-state, over time variation allows me to separate the impact of the ACA on food hardship using triple difference specifications. The richness of questions in the Food Security Supplement allows me to examine the effect of the ACA across different measures of food hardship, and also examine differential response for households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Examining the mechanisms through which the ACA could affect food insecurity, I find the ACA not only increased average weekly food expenditure, but also the probability a household participates in SNAP. I employ a two-stage, control function approach to address reverse causality between SNAP and food insecurity. I find that the ACA reduced the probability that a household participating in SNAP falls into the two lowest food security categories by 6.5 percentage points and reduced the probability of being food insecure by 14.2 percentage points. Across specifications, I find strong evidence for increasing returns to program participation, and evidence of a differential impact of the ACA across the distribution of food hardship. In Essay 2, I examine how grant funding and fiscal structure affect program response over the business cycle. I compare child enrollment in Medicaid, a matching grant funding program, with enrollment the State Children's Health Insurance Program, a block grant funded program, utilizing the similarities in beneficiaries, program benefits, and administration to isolate the impact of fiscal structure. I utilize administrative enrollment records, along with individual level participation data, and find a one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate leads to a 7.6% decrease in the number of beneficiaries per person enrolled in block grant funded programs, and a 10% decrease in state expenditure per person decreases the probability of enrollment in a block grant program by 0.58 percentage points. I also find that enrollment is much more persistent among matching grant funded programs, and being enrolled in a block grant funded program the previous period increases the probability of enrolling in a matching grant program this period 75% more than remaining enrolled in the block grant funded program. Finally, in Essay 3 I explore the effect of the minimum wage on the self-reported value of public assistance program benefits, and the joint effect of the minimum wage and public assistance programs on the income to poverty ratio using data from the 1995-2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. In the first stage, I estimate a Tobit model controlling for the censoring of received benefits from below at zero, and examine the effect of changes in the minimum wage on the self-reported dollar value of benefits received for food stamps/the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)/Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), as well as the total sum of benefits. I find that the minimum wage reduces the value of means-tested benefits, but that this effect is strongest for programs with strong work requirements. Utilizing the residuals from the first stage, I employ a control function approach to estimate the joint effect of the minimum wage and program benefits on the income to poverty ratio. I find the own-effect of the minimum wage provides a small increase in the income to poverty ratio, but that the total effect, accounting for changes in benefits, attenuates by approximately 30%.

Harriet Beecher Stowe penned Uncle Tom’s Cabin which was published in 1852. This book exposed and condemned the atrocities of slavery. Her book became a bestseller and is said to be one of the primary reasons why slavery was eventually abolished. Though slavery has been dismantled the system of oppression which allowed the marginalization of others to thrive has never been eliminated. This system established a dominant culture; one which oppresses those of African descent and has endured for centuries. Tommi’s Place retells Uncle Tom’s Cabin in contemporary corporate America. Tommi’s Place reflects that this system of oppression is still alive and well today. It exists in the form of discriminatory practices that thwart, prevent, preclude, and stop the advancement of the marginalized especially those of African descent.

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Investigating how lending programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) affect poverty and inequality, we explicitly address model uncertainty. We control for endogenous selection into IMF programs using data on 86 low- and middle income countries for the 1982-2009 period and analyze program effects on various poverty and inequality measures. The results rely on averaging over 90 specifications of treatment effect models and indicate adverse short-run effects of IMF agreements on poverty and inequality for the whole sample, while for a 2000-2009 subsample the results are reversed. There is evidence that significant short-run effects might disappear in the long-run. (author's abstract)