Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa effective leadership is an important priority in all walks of life. With the implementation of Curriculum 2005, greater emphasis is placed on the development of leadership skills to prepare learners for leadership demands in adult life. In order to do this one must firstly create leadership opportunities. Secondly it is important to convey the knowledge and skills necessary for the optimum fulfillment of their roles as leaders. Personality types and preferences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the leader and other group members can be utilized to enhance teamwork and improve leadership. The empirical investigation comprised the determination of the personality types of the research group as well as leadership positions held by them during their school careers, and the leadership skills perceived as important by them. Fifty youth leaders, representative of head boys and head girls in former model C schools, who attended the conference for youth leaders annually hosted by Die Burger, were used as the investigation group. For the purpose of this research the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®), Form G, was used. The MBTI® is based on Carl Jung's theory of personality types. The most important findings of the study are that trends exist in the personality types that were reported by the youth leaders. The dominant personality type preference of the youth leaders was ESTJ. This shows a preference for extroversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T) and judging (J). Good interpersonal relationships, listening skills and high moral values were identified as the most important characteristics for effective leadership. The implications for leadership development, emanating from the knowledge of the personality types and preferences of the youth leaders, are discussed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika is effektiewe leierskap op alle vlakke van die samelewing 'n belangrike prioriteit. Ook in die opvoedingsituasie word daar met die implementering van Kurrikulum 2005 groter klem geplaas op die ontwikkeling van leierskapsvaardighede om leerders voor te berei vir leierskapseise wat in hulle volwasse leeftyd gestel gaan word. Om dit te kan doen moet daar in die eerste plek geleenthede geskep word waartydens die leerders leierskap kan beoefen en tweedens is dit belangrik dat kennis en vaardighede wat die leerder kan help om sy rol as leier so suksesvol moontlik te vervul, aan hom oorgedra word. Kennis oor die leier en ander groeplede se persoonlikheidstipes en voorkeure asook elkeen se sterkpunte en leemtes kan suksesvol benut word om groepsamewerking te verbeter en sodoende suksesvolle leierskap te bevorder. Die empiriese gedeelte van die ondersoek het die vasstelling van die ondersoekgroep se persoonlikheidstipes, die leierskapsposisies wat deur hulle beklee is gedurende hulle skoolloopbaan asook die leierskapseienskappe wat deur die betrokke leerders as belangrik geag is, behels. 'n Ondersoekgroep van 50 jeugleiers, bestaande uit 'n seleksie van hoofseuns en -meisies in die vorige Model C skole wat Die Burger se jaarlikse jeugleierskonferensie bygewoon het, word by hierdie navorsing betrek. Vir die doel van hierdie ondersoek word gebruik gemaak van die Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®), vorm G. Die MBTI® is gebaseer op Carl Jung se persoonlikheidsteorie. Die belangrikste bevindinge van die ondersoek is dat daar tendense bestaan in die persoonlikheidstipes wat meer algemeen by jeugleiers voorkom. Die oorwegende persoonlikheidstipevoorkeur wat by die jeugleiers voorgekom het, was ESTJ. Dit dui 'n voorkeur vir ekstroversie(E); sintuiglike waarneming (S); denke (T) en beoordeling (J) aan. Goeie luistervaardighede en hoë morele waardes is as die belangrikste eienskappe vir effektiewe leierskap geïdentifiseer. Die implikasies vir die leierskapsontwikkeling van leerders wat voortspruit uit die kennis van leiers se persoonlikheidstipe en -voorkeure, word bespreek.

Coatings are often used as a means of protecting aluminum alloy and steel structures in industry. The assessment of corrosion under these coatings can be challenging. Corrosion sensing coatings can exhibit properties that allow undercoating corrosion to be identified before it can be seen with the naked eye. This would be very advantageous and could potentially result in tremendous savings in time and money when structures undergo routine maintenance. Our work involved the study of corrosion sensing coatings with incorporated fluorescent indicators that can be used to sense the undercoating corrosion on metal substrates. The fluorescent indicator in the coated-aluminum system was a negative indicator, i.e. the indicator in the coating was initially fluorescent and subsequently non-fluorescent due to the reduced pH at the anodic sites of corrosion. The fluorescent indicator in coated-steel system was positive, in the sense that the coating changed from non-fluorescent to fluorescent over the cathodic areas due to increased pH. The corrosion sensing coating was composed of commercial epoxy-polyamide and the indicator: 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (7-AMC) for the coated-aluminum alloy system and 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (7-DMC) for the coated-steel system. The feasibility of using 7-AMC for sensing early undercoating corrosion was demonstrated by using fluorescent observations, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tests. EIS results estimated that with continuous immersion the undercoating corrosion occurred within 24 hours after immersion in the salt solution. When corrosion occurred, the corrosion was invisible under natural light. However, small spots appeared in the fluorescent image, changing from initially fluorescent to non-fluorescent where the anodic sites were identified by SEM and EDS. In other words, the fluorescent indicator could sense the early undercoating corrosion, although blistering can be a competing mechanism associated with corrosion under some conditions. The sensitivity of the 7-AMC corrosion detection system was tested by applying anodic current to the metal and measuring the charge at which fluorescence quenching was detected. The critical charge for a detectable pit under the coating was approximately 2x10⁻⁵ C, which implied a critical radius of a single corrosion spot or set of spots of approximately 10 [mu]m. The fluorescent properties of 7-AMC, its effect on the protectiveness, its sensitivity to pH and its concentration in the coating are explored as well. Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the structure of the coating with and without 7-AMC. The results suggested that there is no structure change occurring after adding 7-AMC into the coating. Fluorescence behavior, electrochemical behavior, microscopic evidence, and visual observations of coated steel specimens with 7-DMC are compared based on exposure to saltwater conditions. Some of the challenges associated with the use of these types of coatings will be presented. This includes the interference from the increased production of ferrous and ferric ions. All of this information is aimed at the development of corrosion sensing coatings that can reveal undercoating corrosion before it is visible to the naked eye. / text

The contamination of inland surface water by point and nonpoint sources is a widespread human health concern. To address this problem, a thorough understanding of the sources and persistence of this pollution is necessary. Using fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as a surrogate for enteric pathogens, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies have developed surface water quality standards. If a segment does not meet these standards, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) must be developed for the watershed to identify sources of bacterial pollution. Currently, FIB pollution is the leading pollution type addressed by TMDLs in the country. One source of FIB identified in TMDLs is colonies of birds roosting under bridges. It has been proposed that the birds’ feces can augment the FIB concentrations downstream of bridges. In this year-long study of Bull Creek in Austin, Texas, it was determined that the concentrations of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform downstream of a bridge were significantly greater when migratory cliff swallows were nesting under the bridge. The downstream concentrations of both FIB exceeded contact recreation standards. Data also suggest that FIB from the feces could be swept into the stream by runoff from storm events. No enterococci loading was observed in conjunction with the swallows. This study also investigated the affects of sediment resuspension on surface water FIB concentrations and the persistence of FIB in shady, inland streams. The resuspension of sediments with attached FIB could also increase the FIB concentration in the water column and increase its persistence. The results of reactor-based experiments demonstrated that the concentration of E. coli in water from an effluent-dominated stream increased by a factor of 3 when riverine sediments were resuspended and exceeded single sample standards for contact recreation, suggesting sediments as a reservoir of E. coli. Additionally, concentrations of E. coli decreased by approximately 90% and 70% over 2 days in reactors containing stream water and sediment-laden stream water, respectively. / text

Tyrimo medžiaga (žirgelių lervos, išnaros ir suaugėliai) buvo rinkta 2008 – 2009 metais Nemuno ir Dauguvos takoskyroje esančiuose nenuotakiuose ežeriukuose Gražutės regioninio parko bei Smalvų-Smalvykščio kraštovaizdžio draustinio administracinėse teritorijose. Šiame darbe siekiama įvertinti žirgelių rūšių įvairovę ir jų pasiskirstymo ypatumus nenuotakiuose ežeruose. Tyrimams pasirinkta 31 nenuotakus ežeras, kurie pagal dydį, savo apyežerių plotus, hidrologinę būklę buvo suskirstyti į tris atskiras grupes. Juose buvo užregistruotos 35 žirgelių rūšys, iš kurių 6 įrašytos į LRK ir 3 į ES buveinių direktyvos (92/43/EEC) II priedą. Tarp ištirtų ežerų, remiantis rūšinės sudėties stabilumo skaičiuokle (Nestedness temperature calculator (NTC)), patvariausias žirgelių rūšių rinkinys nustatytas tik antros grupės ežeruose T = 31,75° (p = 0,06). Būdingos trijų ežerų grupėse rūšys nesutapo (W > 51%). Nenuotakių nedidelių ežerų kaip žirgelių buveinių svarbą patvirtina indikatorinės rūšys (sutinkamumas nuo 15% iki 40% ežerų), kurios yra skirtingos visoms ežerų grupėms (išskyrus vieną – Leucorrhinia albifrons), kuri sutapo pirmai ir antrai ežerų grupėms). Tarp indikatorinių rūšių patenka net 5 Lietuvos raudonosios knygos rūšys. / Material (dragonfly larvae, exuviae and imagos) for the study were gathered in 2008 - 2009 in closed lakes of Nemunas and Daugava basins watershed, which are located in Gražutė regional park and Smalvas-Smalvykštis landscape reserve. This work aims to evaluate the dragonfly species diversity and distribution characteristics in closed lakes. 31 closed lakes were selected for research, which according to hydrological conditions and shore size were divided into three groups. 35 species of dragonfly were recorded, of which 6 are enrolled in the Red list of Lithuania and 3 to EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Annex II. According to Nestedness temperature calculator the most durable species complex of dragon-fly among investigated lakes occurred in second group of lakes, only T = 31.75 ° (p = 0.06). Characteristic dragonfly species for all three of groups lakes were differed (W> 51%). The importance of small closed lake as a dragonfly habitat as well confirms the fact that all indicator species (abundant from 15% to 40% of lakes) were different for all groups of lakes(except one Leucorrhinia albifrons which coincided to first and second groups of lakes). Among indicator species there were five species of the Red list of Lithuania.

Output gap belongs to standard indicators of inflationary pressures used in central banks. The aim of this paper is to find the answer to the question, whether we can consider output gap as a suitable indicator of inflation for the Czech economy. First hypothesis, which we analysed is that we can estimate output gap only with uncertainty. For confirmation or refutation of this hypothesis we used ten models of estimation of output gap. The second hypothesis is that output gap can be used as suitable indicator of inflation. For testing of this hypothesis we chose gap model from Coe, McDetmott (1997) -- with the level of output gap and the change (difference) of output gap. All tests confirmed, that central bank can use inflation as a useful indicator of inflation.

This thesis analyses possibilities of currency crises prediction in several countries of Central and Eastern Europe region. The thesis is structured into theoretical and practical part. Theoretical part generally describes currency crises, its importance and includes concrete cases of currency crises. There are also stated possibilities of currency crises prediction and usable indicators. Practical part of the thesis identifies currency crises among countries of the referenced region. Identification of currency crises is made on base of simple currency approach and also on base of Market Pressure Indices, more comprehensive method. Then risk of currency crises inception is analyzed according to method of International Monetary Fund and by using Signal approach. Last section of the practical part analyses influence of capital market on domestic currency and potential of capital market for currency crises prediction.

In the play store today, users are shown download count, app rating, reviews, screenshots etc. when deciding to download an application, and it’s shown very conveniently. If the users however are interested in viewing privacy in- formation about the application, it is multiple clicks away and there is no default in how to display it. This is where privacy indicators come in handy. With privacy indicators, data can be analyzed and displayed to the user in a way they understand, even if they don’t understand what the data itself means and what is dangerous. This however comes with the challenge of deciding what is dangerous and what is not. This report creates and implements an app store with added privacy infor- mation displayed to the user in the form of a privacy indicator and some detailed information about each application. To test the effectiveness of the privacy indicator, a small scale study was conducted where it was discovered that users who were not already interested in privacy didn’t pay much at- tention to it, while those who were took it more into account when deciding to download applications.

Indicadores são essenciais para os serviços de saúde tanto no diagnóstico, como na avaliação e controle de suas ações. Com a evolução do SUS, os municípios ainda estão se adequando às novas funções decorrentes do processo de municipalização. Para tanto, é imprescindível um sistema de informação em saúde consistente, fator preponderante no planejamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os sistemas de informações e os indicadores de saúde bucal utilizados pelos municípios da região de Osasco, bem como aperfeiçoá-los e propor o uso de outros indicadores. O estudo foi desenvolvido nos municípios pertencentes à extinta Direção Regional de Saúde (DIR) V Osasco, através do Comitê de Saúde Bucal da região. Inicialmente, os coordenadores de saúde bucal responderam questionários referentes aos sistemas de informações e indicadores utilizados. Em seguida, foram realizadas oficinas com estes coordenadores para aprimoramento destas ferramentas. Observou-se que os municípios enfrentam problemas para o efetivo uso dos indicadores no controle, avaliação e planejamento de ações de saúde bucal. Esperase que a região, através das coordenações locais de saúde bucal, desenvolvam mecanismos para utilizar cada vez mais e com maior qualidade as informações geradas pelos seus sistemas de informações e possam traduzi-las em indicadores confiáveis e úteis para o fortalecimento de suas gestões. / Indicators are essential for health care both in diagnosis, as in the evaluation and control of their actions. With SUS development, municipalities are still adjusting to the new tasks arising from municipalization process. So, a consistent health information system is very important, predominant factor in planning. The purpose of this study was to analize information systems and oral health indicators used by municipalities in the region of Osasco, besides improve them and propose the use of other indicators. The study was conducted in the municipalities belonging to the defunct Regional Direction of Health (DIR) V - Osasco, through the Committee for Oral Health in the region. Initially, the coordinators of oral health filled out questionnaires concerning information systems and indicators used. Then workshops were held with these coordinators to improve these tools. It was observed that municipalities face problems for the effective use of the indicators in control, evaluation and planning of actions of oral health. It is expected that the region, through the coordination of local oral health, develop mechanisms to use ever more and with higher quality the information generated by its information systems, translating them into useful and reliable indicators for the strengthening of their management .

A resistência de cinco microrganismos presentes na microbiota da área de produção estéril (Cristalização Estéril), frente a ação do gás de peróxido de hidrogênio foi determinada e o valor O obtido para cada microrganismo foi comparado ao valor D do Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 exposto ao mesmo agente. Os microrganismos testados foram Bacillus sp, M. luteus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus sp e Penicillium sp. Este teste tinha a finalidade de comprovar que a resistência do Bacillus stearothermophilus é maior quando da exposição ao peróxido de hidrogênio se comparada a outros microrganismos presentes na área produtiva. A metodologia consistiu da inoculação de 0,01 mL da suspensão de cada microrganismo na contagem de 102UFC/0,01 mL em cupons de aço inoxidável, previamente esterilizados por calor seco e posterior exposição ao gás de peróxido de hidrogênio. O experimento demonstrou que o valor D obtido para o Bacillus stearothermophilus ésuperior aos obtidos para os outros microrganismos em teste comprovando que a escolha deste microrganismo para o desafio contra o peróxido de hidrogênio é apropriada. Também executou-se o teste que visava garantir que o aço inoxidável é o material de suporte mais recomendado para este fim, utilizando-se suportes de diversos materiais normalmente encontrados no interior dos isoladores (PVC, aço inoxidável, CKC, teflon, polipropileno, látex, silicone, Hypalon, vidro, nylon, saco de alumínio) com 0,01 mL de inóculo de Bacillus stearothermophilus na contagem de 102UFC/O,01 mL, o que foi devidamente comprovado. / The resistance of tive microrganisms found in the sterile production area (Crystallization Area) flora was tested against the hydrogen peroxide gas and the D value of each microrganism was compared to the Bacillus stearothermophilus D Value ATCC 12980 exposed to the same agent. The microrganisms tested were Bacillus sp, M. luteus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus sp e Penicillium sp. The purpose of this test was to prove that the resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus against the exposition the hydrogen peroxide is higher when compared to others microrganisms found in the production area. The methodology consisted in inoculating 0.01 mL of microrganisms suspension with 102UFC/0,01 mL count in stainless steel coupons, treated previously with dry heat and further exposition to the hydrogen peroxide. The experiment demonstrated that the Bacillus stearothermophilus D value is higher against all others microrganisms tested proving that the use of this microrganism for the challenge is appropriate. It was also pertormed a test to guarantee that the stainless steel support is the most recommended one for this purpose, using supports of different materials normally found in the interior of the isolators (PVC, stainless steel, CKC, Teflon, polypropylene, latex, silicon, Hypalon, glass, nylon, aluminum foil) with 0,01 mL Bacillus stearothermophilus inoculum with the count of 102UFC/O,01 mL, that was properly veritied.

Based on data from my in-vitro investigation in the non-pulsatile flow test rig, my best estimate for the random (inter-reading) error was +/-10.0% (95% c.i.) for single and +/-5.8% for triplicate readings and the systematic (between catheters) error was +/-11.6%. Thus, the overall error was +/-15.3% for a single, and +/-13.0% for triplicate readings. / For the in-vitro model, a test rig through which water circulated at different rates with ports to insert catheters into a flow chamber was assembled. Flow rate was measured by an externally placed transonic flow probe and meter. The meter was calibrated by timed filling of a cylinder. Arrow and Edwards 7Fr thermodilution catheters, connected to a Siemens SC9000 cardiac output monitor, were tested. Thermodilution readings were made by injecting 5 mL of ice-cold water. Measurement error was divided into random and systematic components, which were determined separately. Between-readings (random) variability was determined for each catheter by taking sets of 10 readings at different flow rates. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each set and averaged. Between-catheters systems (systematic) variability was derived by plotting calibration lines for sets of catheters. Slopes were used to estimate the systematic component. Performances of three cardiac output monitors were compared: Siemens SC9000, Siemens Sirecust 1261, and Philips MP50. After the constant rate model, I also developed a pulsatile model and did a similar evaluation. / For the in-vivo model, ten domestic pigs, weight 27--32kg, were anaesthetized with propofol and ketamine infusion. The aortic flow probe was surgically placed via a left thoracotomy. A pulmonary artery catheter sheath was inserted in the right internal jugular vein. Both Arrow and Edwards catheters were used. A 10 ml, room temperature, saline injectate was used and cardiac output was calculated using the Seimens SC9000 monitor. Sets of cardiac output readings were taken over 5 minute intervals of stable haemodynamics. Catheters were frequently changed and cardiac output increased (e.g. Dopamine and Adrenaline) and decreased (e.g. Trinitrate and Beta-Blocker) using drug infusions. Baseline (e.g. no drug intervention) and drug treatment data were analyzed separately. / For the pulsatile model, the best estimate for the random (inter-reading) error (95% c.i.) was +/-16.7% for single and +/-9.7% for triplicate readings and the systematic (between catheters) error was +/-21.1 %. Thus, the overall error was +/-26.9% for a single, and +/-23.2% for triplicate readings. / I set out to evaluate in the pig model two types of measurement errors, random and systematic errors, which I defined using the test rig in-vitro, the coefficient of variation (CV) was +2.8% (95% c.i.), with random error (95% c.i.) of + 5.5%. But if the ranges of cardiac output was widened, the error was increased to + 19.3% . The systematic component ofthe error (95% c.i.) was +20.0%. / There was a good linear regression relationship between the two methods (e.g. thermodilution and flow probe). The mean correlation coefficient was 0.95 (0.9--0.99, 95% c.i.) based on data from 8 pigs'. However, there were significant systematic errors due to calibration of the measurement systems between pig experiment and catheter testings. By eliminating the systematic errors based on the calibration line corrections, I was able to draw modified Bland and Altman plots for the 8 pigs. The bias was eliminated and become 0 L/min. The limits of agreement or percentage errors of this analysis, were within the +/-30% limits. / Thermodilution cardiac output, measured using a pulmonary artery catheter and cardiac output monitor, is the reference standard against which all new methods of cardiac output measurement are judged. There has been a recent decline in the use of pulmonary artery thermodilution cardiac output in favour of less invasive methods. When validating these new methods comparisons are made using Bland and Altman analysis with single bolus thermodilution as the accepted reference method. 95% confidence intervals and percentage errors are generated that rely on a precision of +/-20% (Stetz et al (1982)) for thermodilution measurements. However, this precision is now being questioned as it is based on data collected over 30-years ago. Lack of precision of this reference standard, and uncertainty about its true values, causes difficulty when validating new cardiac output technology. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to reappraise the error of thermodilution by testing currently available catheters in both in-vitro and in-vivo settings. / When testing in haemodynamically unstable conditions (e.g. high and low flow states), the percentage error was increased by about +/-15% in the treatment groups comparing with baseline group data. This finding was in agreement with the growing world opinion that thermodilution may not be as accurate as originally thought, in extreme haemodynamic conditions, such as hypovolaemia or high cardiac output states. / Yang, Xiaoxing. / Adviser: Lester August Hall Critchley. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-178). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.