Based on Prime Minister Harper’s 2008 Apology for the Indian Residential School (IRS) system, this thesis addresses the need to confront the intergenerational legacy of this system on non-Indigenous Canadians in order to challenge our ability to actually ‘journey together’ with Indigenous Survivors. Aiming to break the silence that has surrounded this legacy, the voices of non-Indigenous descendents of former staff, as well as my own as a non-Indigenous Canadian, expose personal experiences of the lived reality of the IRS legacy. Working from a narrative methodology from within a decolonizing framework, this research includes interviews with two descendents of former staff, as well as an auto-ethnography of myself, as researcher, to capture the lived experiences with relation to this legacy. Results from this introductory work illustrate a variety of themes needing to be acknowledged, and deals with notions of opening dialogue, violence, guilt and responsibility within the context of the IRS system. / Graduate / 0334 / 0626 / 0630 / khaiste@gmail.com

The purpose of this project is to develop a theory of collective resentment. Collective resentment, on my view, is resentment that is felt and expressed by individuals in response to a perceived threat to a collective to which they belong. This is particularly important for understanding resentments that arise from social vulnerability, resentments which are often about membership within a particular social group. In this thesis, I develop my theory of collective resentment and apply it to understand the resentments of indigenous and settler Canadians in response to the Indian Residential Schools. I then explore the relationship between resentment and different kinds of responsibility, including the responsibility to relinquish inappropriate resentment and the responsibility to give resentments uptake. I conclude that focusing on the resentments that persist in indigenous-settler relations, and specifically the collective resentments that dominate the political landscape, brings us a lot further in understanding how to move from hostility and hopelessness toward peaceful coexistence.

Les Indigènes canadiens vivent une rapide transition nutritionnelle marquée par une consommation accrue des produits commercialisés au dépit des aliments traditionnels. Ce mémoire cherche à identifier les patrons alimentaires associés à une meilleure alimentation des femmes autochtones vivant dans les réserves en Colombie Britannique. L’échantillon (n=493) a été sélectionné de l’étude ‘First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study’. L’étude a utilisé des rappels alimentaires de 24 heures. Pour identifier les patrons alimentaires, un indice de qualité alimentaire (QA) basé sur 10 éléments nutritionnels (fibre alimentaire, gras totaux/saturés, folate, magnésium, calcium, fer, vitamines A, C, D) a permis de classifier les sujets en trois groupes (tertiles). Ces groupes ont été comparés sur leur consommation de 25 groupes alimentaires (GAs) en employant des tests statistiques non-paramétriques (Kruskal-Wallis et ANCOVA). Une analyse discriminante (AD) a confirmé les GAs associés à la QA. La QA des sujets était globalement faible car aucun rappel n’a rencontré les consommations recommandées pour tous les 10 éléments nutritionnels. L'AD a confirmé que les GAs associés de façon significative à la QA étaient ‘légumes et produits végétaux’, ‘fruits’, ‘aliments traditionnels’, ‘produits laitiers faibles en gras’, ‘soupes et bouillons’, et ‘autres viandes commercialisées’ (coefficients standardisés= 0,324; 0,295; 0,292; 0,282; 0,157; -0.189 respectivement). Le pourcentage de classifications correctes était 83.8%. Nos résultats appuient la promotion des choix alimentaires recommandés par le « Guide Alimentaire Canadien- Premières Nations, Inuits, et Métis ». Une consommation accrue de légumes, fruits, produits laitiers faibles en gras, et aliments traditionnels caractérise les meilleurs patrons alimentaires. / Indigenous Canadians are going through a rapid nutrition transition marked by an increased consumption of market foods and a decreased intake of traditional products. The aim of this research is to identify dietary patterns associated with a better diet quality among Indigenous female adults living on reserve in British Columbia. The sample (n=493) was selected from the First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study. The study used 24-hour food recalls. To identify dietary patterns, individuals were classified in three groups (tertiles) according to points obtained on a dietary score (based on Dietary Reference Intakes for dietary fiber, total fat, saturated fat, folate, magnesium, calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, D). The tertiles were compared for their consumption of 25 food groups (FGs) using statistical non-parametric tests (i.e. Kruskal-Wallis and ANCOVA tests). A discriminant analysis was used to confirm the FGs significantly associated with diet quality. Generally, subjects had poor diet quality since no food recall met the recommended intakes for all selected nutritional elements. The discriminant analysis confirmed that the FGs significantly associated with diet quality were “vegetables and vegetable products”, “fruits”, “traditional foods”, “low-fat dairy products”, “soups and broth”, and “other market meat” (standardized discriminant function coefficient= 0.324, 0.295, 0.292, 0.282, 0.157, -0.189 respectively). The percentage of correct classifications was 83.8%. In conclusion, our findings support the promotion of dietary choices according to the “Eating well with the Canadian Food Guide – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis”. It is greater use of vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy products, and traditional foods that characterizes better dietary patterns.

Les Indigènes canadiens vivent une rapide transition nutritionnelle marquée par une consommation accrue des produits commercialisés au dépit des aliments traditionnels. Ce mémoire cherche à identifier les patrons alimentaires associés à une meilleure alimentation des femmes autochtones vivant dans les réserves en Colombie Britannique. L’échantillon (n=493) a été sélectionné de l’étude ‘First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study’. L’étude a utilisé des rappels alimentaires de 24 heures. Pour identifier les patrons alimentaires, un indice de qualité alimentaire (QA) basé sur 10 éléments nutritionnels (fibre alimentaire, gras totaux/saturés, folate, magnésium, calcium, fer, vitamines A, C, D) a permis de classifier les sujets en trois groupes (tertiles). Ces groupes ont été comparés sur leur consommation de 25 groupes alimentaires (GAs) en employant des tests statistiques non-paramétriques (Kruskal-Wallis et ANCOVA). Une analyse discriminante (AD) a confirmé les GAs associés à la QA. La QA des sujets était globalement faible car aucun rappel n’a rencontré les consommations recommandées pour tous les 10 éléments nutritionnels. L'AD a confirmé que les GAs associés de façon significative à la QA étaient ‘légumes et produits végétaux’, ‘fruits’, ‘aliments traditionnels’, ‘produits laitiers faibles en gras’, ‘soupes et bouillons’, et ‘autres viandes commercialisées’ (coefficients standardisés= 0,324; 0,295; 0,292; 0,282; 0,157; -0.189 respectivement). Le pourcentage de classifications correctes était 83.8%. Nos résultats appuient la promotion des choix alimentaires recommandés par le « Guide Alimentaire Canadien- Premières Nations, Inuits, et Métis ». Une consommation accrue de légumes, fruits, produits laitiers faibles en gras, et aliments traditionnels caractérise les meilleurs patrons alimentaires. / Indigenous Canadians are going through a rapid nutrition transition marked by an increased consumption of market foods and a decreased intake of traditional products. The aim of this research is to identify dietary patterns associated with a better diet quality among Indigenous female adults living on reserve in British Columbia. The sample (n=493) was selected from the First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study. The study used 24-hour food recalls. To identify dietary patterns, individuals were classified in three groups (tertiles) according to points obtained on a dietary score (based on Dietary Reference Intakes for dietary fiber, total fat, saturated fat, folate, magnesium, calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, D). The tertiles were compared for their consumption of 25 food groups (FGs) using statistical non-parametric tests (i.e. Kruskal-Wallis and ANCOVA tests). A discriminant analysis was used to confirm the FGs significantly associated with diet quality. Generally, subjects had poor diet quality since no food recall met the recommended intakes for all selected nutritional elements. The discriminant analysis confirmed that the FGs significantly associated with diet quality were “vegetables and vegetable products”, “fruits”, “traditional foods”, “low-fat dairy products”, “soups and broth”, and “other market meat” (standardized discriminant function coefficient= 0.324, 0.295, 0.292, 0.282, 0.157, -0.189 respectively). The percentage of correct classifications was 83.8%. In conclusion, our findings support the promotion of dietary choices according to the “Eating well with the Canadian Food Guide – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis”. It is greater use of vegetables, fruits, low-fat dairy products, and traditional foods that characterizes better dietary patterns.