The death of an infant/child is one of the most devastating experiences for parents and immediately throws them into crisis. Spiritual and religious coping strategies may help parents with their loss. The purposes of this longitudinal study were to: 1) describe differences in bereaved parents’ use of spiritual coping strategies across racial/ethnic and religious groups, mother/father dyads, and time – one (T1) and three (T2) months after the infant’s/child’s death in the neonatal (NICU) or pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and 2) test the relationship between spiritual coping strategies and grief, mental health, and personal growth for mothers and fathers at T1 and T2. A sample of 126 Hispanic, Black/African American, and White parents of 119 deceased children completed the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Impact of Events-Revised, Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist, and a demographic form at T1 and T2. Controlling for race and religion, spiritual coping was a strong predictor of lower grief, better mental health, and greater personal growth for mothers at T1 and T2 and lower grief for fathers at T1. The findings of this study will guide bereaved parents to effective strategies to help them cope with their early grief.

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Resumé This thesis looks at the issue of "Parental Obligations to Provide Child Support" in the Czech Republic - how the system works now and how it might work in the future. As part of this future look, the thesis examines how this issue is currently being handled in Germany. Current Czech legislation dealing with these obligations of parents to provide for the welfare and well-being of children has been criticized both by experts in the field as well as the general public for being inadequate and insufficiently specific. Due to this lack of specificity, current Czech law compromises the principle of providing legal certainty. This thesis is broken down into three primary areas. In the first part, which is key to all that follows, there is an appraisal and assessment of the current Czech legislation dealing with parental child support obligations. The thesis tries to identify and describe the basic concepts that underlie this legislation and it provides a list of the key laws dealing with these child support obligations, including the criminal sanctions that support the fulfillment and enforcement of these obligations on mothers and fathers. This first part also provides an overview of the different changes that have been made in the area family law in the Czech Republic with an emphasis on the so-far most...

Esta tese objetiva compreender a implantação dos primeiros grupos escolares em Mato Grosso. O olhar se desloca das reformas educacionais e da história institucional e recai sobre a história da infância. Pretende perceber como este modelo escolar foi organizado para formar o futuro cidadão \"desejável\" para atuar na sociedade, inquirindo a cultura escolar que nela surgiu e as representações concorrentes de infância, presentes na sociedade mato-grossense. O período delimitado, de 1910 a 1927, refere-se ao tempo que vigorou o Regulamento da Instrução Pública Primária de 1910, responsável pela introdução deste modelo institucional no Estado. Entre muitas formas de se examinar a cultura escolar, privilegiei as fontes documentais encontradas no Arquivo Público de Mato Grosso, Arquivo da Casa Barão de Melgaço, Arquivo da Escola Estadual Presidente Médici, Arquivo da Secretaria Estadual de Educação, os quais oferecem enorme quantidade de informações a respeito do funcionamento dos grupos escolares e das representações dos governantes e dos profissionais da educação naquele momento. Refiro-me a regulamentos, legislações, mensagens de presidentes de estado, relatórios da direção dos grupos escolares e da instrução pública, atas da Congregação, ofícios internos dos grupos, jornais em circulação na época, entre outros. A tese está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, discorro sobre a infância brasileira, principalmente a matogrossense, e as várias representações sociais em luta na época. Rivalizavam-se à representação de infância associada à escolarização dos grupos escolares (idade correspondente à série, afastamento da criança da família e da produção por cinco anos consecutivos, dentre outros) disseminada pelos governantes, outras concepções do lugar social da criança manifesta por pais e representantes da Igreja. Na segunda parte, analiso aspectos da cultura escolar, tais como o tempo, espaço, saberes e métodos. Busco, também, indícios para a construção da identidade da criança-aluno dos grupos escolares, perscrutando suas características; o acesso à escola; permanência e problemas com o fracasso escolar. O estudo da implantação dos grupos escolares, viabilizada pelo conjunto documental, permitiu me perceber a existência de representações concorrentes de infância e de sua escolarização, materializadas na organização de escolas públicas e privadas voltadas para o atendimento da criança em idade escolar. Possibilitou-me, também, constatar que o currículo dos grupos escolares foi organizado com a finalidade de constituir uma infância produtiva e ordeira, concebida como necessária a progresso social. / This thesis aims at understanding the implementation of the first scholar groups in Mato Grosso. The view departs from educational reforms and institutional history and looks at the infancy history. It tries to perceive how this scholar model was organized to form the future \"desirable\" citizen to act in the society, inquiring a scholar culture that arose and the concurrent representations of infancy, present in the Mato Grosso society. The chosen period, from 1910 to 1927, refer to the time which was enforced the 1910 Primary Public Instruction Regulation, responsible for the introduction of this institutional model in the State. Among the several forms to examine the scholar culture, I privileged the documental sources found in the Public Archive of Mato Grosso, the House of Barão de Melgaço Archive, the Presidente Médice State School Archive, the State Education Secretary Archive, which offer an enormous amount of information related to the way the infant\'s schools and the government representation and the education professionals worked at that time. I refer to regulations, legislations, messages from state presidents, reports from the infant\'s schools and public instruction directors, Congregation reports, internal documents from the infant\'s schools, newspapers circulating at the time, among others. The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part, I describe about the brazilian infancy, particularly in Mato Grosso, and the several social representations fighting at the time. The representation of infancy associated to the scholarization of the infant´s schools (ages corresponding to the series, child away from the family and from the production for five consecutive years, among others) disseminated by the governants, rivaled other conceptions of the social place for children by the parents and Church representatives. In the second part, I analyze aspects of the scholar culture, such as time, space, knowledge and methods. I search, also, indications for the construction of the child-student identity in the infant\'s schools, investigating minutely their characteristics; the access to school; permanency and problems with scholar failure. The study of the implementation of the infant\'s schools, made possible by the documentary set, allowed me to observe the existence of concurrent representations of infancy and its schooling, materialized in the organization of public and private schools directed toward the attendance of the child in pertaining to school age.It made possible, also, for me to evidence that the curriculum of the infant\'s school was organized with the purpose to constitute a productive and orderly infancy, conceived as necessary to a social progress.

Esta tese objetiva compreender a implantação dos primeiros grupos escolares em Mato Grosso. O olhar se desloca das reformas educacionais e da história institucional e recai sobre a história da infância. Pretende perceber como este modelo escolar foi organizado para formar o futuro cidadão \"desejável\" para atuar na sociedade, inquirindo a cultura escolar que nela surgiu e as representações concorrentes de infância, presentes na sociedade mato-grossense. O período delimitado, de 1910 a 1927, refere-se ao tempo que vigorou o Regulamento da Instrução Pública Primária de 1910, responsável pela introdução deste modelo institucional no Estado. Entre muitas formas de se examinar a cultura escolar, privilegiei as fontes documentais encontradas no Arquivo Público de Mato Grosso, Arquivo da Casa Barão de Melgaço, Arquivo da Escola Estadual Presidente Médici, Arquivo da Secretaria Estadual de Educação, os quais oferecem enorme quantidade de informações a respeito do funcionamento dos grupos escolares e das representações dos governantes e dos profissionais da educação naquele momento. Refiro-me a regulamentos, legislações, mensagens de presidentes de estado, relatórios da direção dos grupos escolares e da instrução pública, atas da Congregação, ofícios internos dos grupos, jornais em circulação na época, entre outros. A tese está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, discorro sobre a infância brasileira, principalmente a matogrossense, e as várias representações sociais em luta na época. Rivalizavam-se à representação de infância associada à escolarização dos grupos escolares (idade correspondente à série, afastamento da criança da família e da produção por cinco anos consecutivos, dentre outros) disseminada pelos governantes, outras concepções do lugar social da criança manifesta por pais e representantes da Igreja. Na segunda parte, analiso aspectos da cultura escolar, tais como o tempo, espaço, saberes e métodos. Busco, também, indícios para a construção da identidade da criança-aluno dos grupos escolares, perscrutando suas características; o acesso à escola; permanência e problemas com o fracasso escolar. O estudo da implantação dos grupos escolares, viabilizada pelo conjunto documental, permitiu me perceber a existência de representações concorrentes de infância e de sua escolarização, materializadas na organização de escolas públicas e privadas voltadas para o atendimento da criança em idade escolar. Possibilitou-me, também, constatar que o currículo dos grupos escolares foi organizado com a finalidade de constituir uma infância produtiva e ordeira, concebida como necessária a progresso social. / This thesis aims at understanding the implementation of the first scholar groups in Mato Grosso. The view departs from educational reforms and institutional history and looks at the infancy history. It tries to perceive how this scholar model was organized to form the future \"desirable\" citizen to act in the society, inquiring a scholar culture that arose and the concurrent representations of infancy, present in the Mato Grosso society. The chosen period, from 1910 to 1927, refer to the time which was enforced the 1910 Primary Public Instruction Regulation, responsible for the introduction of this institutional model in the State. Among the several forms to examine the scholar culture, I privileged the documental sources found in the Public Archive of Mato Grosso, the House of Barão de Melgaço Archive, the Presidente Médice State School Archive, the State Education Secretary Archive, which offer an enormous amount of information related to the way the infant\'s schools and the government representation and the education professionals worked at that time. I refer to regulations, legislations, messages from state presidents, reports from the infant\'s schools and public instruction directors, Congregation reports, internal documents from the infant\'s schools, newspapers circulating at the time, among others. The thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part, I describe about the brazilian infancy, particularly in Mato Grosso, and the several social representations fighting at the time. The representation of infancy associated to the scholarization of the infant´s schools (ages corresponding to the series, child away from the family and from the production for five consecutive years, among others) disseminated by the governants, rivaled other conceptions of the social place for children by the parents and Church representatives. In the second part, I analyze aspects of the scholar culture, such as time, space, knowledge and methods. I search, also, indications for the construction of the child-student identity in the infant\'s schools, investigating minutely their characteristics; the access to school; permanency and problems with scholar failure. The study of the implementation of the infant\'s schools, made possible by the documentary set, allowed me to observe the existence of concurrent representations of infancy and its schooling, materialized in the organization of public and private schools directed toward the attendance of the child in pertaining to school age.It made possible, also, for me to evidence that the curriculum of the infant\'s school was organized with the purpose to constitute a productive and orderly infancy, conceived as necessary to a social progress.

The goal of this thesis was to study early social games in natural interaction between mother and child of 4 month age. Infant's affectivity and gaze orientation as a sign of participation was coded. We also observed how can mother and infant influence the social game routine. We examined mother's warm sensitivity and infant's temperament as a variables potentiallz influenced the social game interaction. Fifty five dyads participated in the present study when infants were four months old. Social games were analyzed in natural mother-infant interaction and identified on the given criterions. To assess maternal warm sensivity Materna Affect Attunement was used. Mother's evaluated infant's temperament on fourteen scales of IBQ-R. The results indicate that social games are an inherent part of mother-infant interactions in infant's 4 months of age, and their occurance is influenced by temperament. Keywords: play, game, social game routine, structure, social interaction, infant's positive affect infant age, sensitivity, temperament