Bakgrund Allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag ska enligt lag (2010:879) om allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag verka i ett allmännyttigt syfte och enligt affärsmässiga principer. Det saknas enhetliga beskrivningar om vad begreppen allmännyttigt syfte och affärsmässiga principer innebär vilket leder till att tolkningsföreträde finns. Varierande tolkningar inom organisationer så som Hyresgästföreningen och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL) förekommer vilket gör det intressant att gå ett steg längre och undersöka individers tolkningar inom kommunala bostadsbolag. Lag (2010:879) ses i denna studie som en nationell institution, medan ägardirektiven representerar lokala institutioner, där lokala tankegångar är närvarande. Otydligheten i lagen ligger således till grund för att ndersöka samspelet mellan nationell/lokal institution och individer inom bolagen. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med förståelse för hur allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag hanterar komplexiteten och förhållandet mellan begreppen affärsmässiga principer och allmännyttigt syfte. Samspelet mellan individ och institution kommer att vara i fokus. Metod Denna kvalitativa studie utgår från en abduktiv ansats med ett hermeneutiskt synsätt. Den kvalitativa undersökningen har genomförts genom en fallstudie med två deltagande kommunala bostadsbolag. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med VD, CFO och styrelseordförande från respektive bolag. Slutsats Studien visar att samspelet mellan individ och institution är väl fungerande på så sätt att ett styrande finns hos båda parter. Individerna följer den nationella institutionen, samtidigt som de formar den genom det stora tolkningsföreträdet. Långsiktighet är bolagens största argument för att uppfylla lagens båda begrepp. Avslutningsvis menar vi att lagen sätter käppar i hjulen för bolagen då ett byggande i ytterområden är svårt att förena med affärsmässiga principer. / Background Swedish municipal housing companies should by the law:lag (2010:879) om allmännyttiga kommunalabostadsaktiebolag operate in a charitable (allmännyttigt)purpose and according to businesslike (affärsmässiga)principles. There is a lack of unified explanations of whatthese concepts mean which in turn leads to preferential rightof interpretation. Varying interpretations withinorganisations like Hyresgästföreningen, and SverigesKommuner och Landsting (SKL) exists which lead this studyto go a step further and investigate interpretations made byindividuals working within Swedish municipal housingcompanies. The law (2010:879) is seen as a nationalinstitution in this study, while regulatory documents(ägardirektiv) represent local institutions, where local ideasare present. This vagueness within the law is the basis toinvestigate the interaction between national/local institutionsand individuals within the companies. Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding ofhow municipal housing companies manage the complexityand the relationship between the concepts affärsmässigaprinciper and allmännyttigt syfte. The interaction betweenthe individuals and institutions will be the central focus. Method This qualitative study is based on an abduktiv approach, witha hermeneutic perspective. The qualitative analysis has beenmade with a case studie where two municipal housingcompanies participated. Six semi-structured interviews havebeen made with CEO, CFO and chairman from the involvedcompanies. Conclusion The study shows that the interaction between the individualsand the institutions are well functioning in such way thatboth parts are leading and driving. The individuals follow thenational institution, in the same way they are shaping itthrough the wide preferential rights of interpretation. Longtermthinking is the companies’ main argument to meet theconcepts of the law (2010:879). Finally, we believe the lawputs a spoke in the wheels of the companies, as constructionin suburban areas is difficult to reconcile to business likeprinciples.

Makt inom socialt arbete, speciellt inom myndighetsutövning, har varit ett återkommande tema under vår tid på socionomprogrammet vid Linköpings universitet. Däremot har det talats mindre kring makt inom verksamheter som arbetar på uppdrag av socialtjänsten. Att socialarbetare på exempelvis SiSinstitutioner har ett maktövertag gentemot de placerade ungdomarna, i form av exempelvis indragna permissioner och inlåsning, är något som forskarna inom ämnet är överens om. Under vår verksamhetsförlagda utbildning (VFU) upptäckte vi att socialarbetare som arbetar på uppdrag av socialtjänsten har stort handlingsutrymme i sitt arbete då vi båda genomförde vår VFU inom sådana verksamheter. Det bekräftas även av litteraturen som menar att det medför dilemman för personalen. Studien syftar till att undersöka och analysera hur personal på en SiS-institution för ungdomar beskriver och resonerar kring sin maktbefogenhet och sitt handlingsutrymme. För att undersöka detta har vi genomfört åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer på en SiS-institution belägen i Sverige. Genom intervjuerna fann vi tre empiriskt grundade teman: Vi och Dom, “Det jag säger är ju deras lag” samt Maktens och handlingsutrymmets tvetydighet. Studiens analys vilar på Erving Goffmans Totala institutioner och Michel Foucaults teori om makt, med teoriernas tillhörande begrepp. Utifrån intervjuerna framkommer det att personalen resonerar olika kring sitt handlingsutrymme. Vissa anser att de har stort handlingsutrymme, medan andra anser att det är litet. Främst fann vi att personalens arbete styrs av begreppen lugn och säkerhet. Det framkom att personalens makt uttryckte sig genom att dagarna präglades av struktur och fasta tider, samt genom särskilda befogenheter och arbetsmetoden teckenekonomi. Sammanfattningsvis kan det, utifrån det empiriska materialet, konstateras att socialarbetares makt och handlingsutrymme kan ses som tvetydigt då det både stärker och hämmar dem i det dagliga arbetet.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This interpretive qualitative study examined university ESL instructors' experiences using technologies and their personal views of technology integration. The study also explored the factors that affected these instructors' decisions for using computer and other technologies in their teaching. The informants in the study were five ESL instructors from five different institutions of higher learning in the southern state. The qualitative data were collected mainly through interviews along with self-report surveys and document materials. Overall positive statements were found in the instructors' experience and perception of their technology use in teaching. Nevertheless, it appears that these instructors' computer use is very minimal and their beliefs and perceptions of technology use are impacted by their experience of using technologies. Eight influential factors are identified from the emerged themes in affecting these instructors' technology decisions. The factors include: perceived benefits or value; anxiety; personal style; machines and language teaching; environment; peer influence; teaching style; and time. The findings in this study also indicate that instructors' demographic information has no influence on their perceptions and use of technology despite whether or not they use computers in instruction and how they use them.

O aumento no consumo de substâncias psicoativas tem sido difundido como um problema social e um dos vinte mais importantes problemas de saúde pública no mundo. É preciso que se faça uma reflexão crítica e contextualizada acerca disto, retomando a questão do uso de drogas enquanto efeito de um discurso. Diferentes saberes têm sido convocados neste cenário. Dentre esses, destaca-se o da psicanálise que sustenta uma práxis a partir de uma política específica. Qual o trabalho que os psicanalistas vêm produzindo nesse cenário? Quais os desafios e possibilidades nesse contexto? O objetivo desta pesquisa constituiu-se em investigar os métodos de trabalho que têm sido propostos por psicanalistas em instituições de assistência a usuários de álcool e drogas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa em psicanálise, por meio dos seguintes procedimentos: i) uma revisão sistemática da literatura; ii) uso da técnica de entrevistas semiestruturadas com psicanalistas que trabalham em instituições. A sustentação de uma clínica analítica para além dos muros do consultório e das instituições psicanalíticas é uma aposta, desde Freud, e uma escolha cada vez mais recorrente dos analistas. Dentre os desafios, como prosseguir um trabalho que não se edifica sob a égide da normatividade, da universalização, da erradicação do sintoma, na relação com a equipe, numa instituição que tem justamente estes princípios como base? Como trabalhar fora do par, sem que isto signifique fora de um laço na instituição? A partir da revisão da literatura, foi possível extrair que, apesar de na lógica lacaniana, psicanálise em intensão e em extensão estarem em uma continuidade moebiana, os textos apresentavam uma espécie de ruptura. Se, por um lado, do ponto de vista metodológico, na clínica com o paciente usuário de álcool e drogas havia uma vasta e rica construção teórica; por outro, havia um certo silenciamento ou uma evidenciação exacerbada em termos das dificuldades do trabalho do analista na relação com os outros saberes. Uma das conclusões desta pesquisa é que o trabalho do analista na relação com outros discursos pode ser tomado não apenas em termos de dificuldade, mas como causa do trabalho analítico. Para isto, foi importante considerar a relação que o analista estabelece com o seu próprio saber, com um outro discurso e o que ele decide fazer a partir daí. Uma das contribuições desta pesquisa se dá pela formalização de uma possível modalidade de construção do lugar do analista na relação com outros discursos, utilizando-se como operadores de leitura as noções lacanianas de política, estratégia e tática. Entrar no cenário institucional não garante um lugar ao analista, é preciso um compromisso em construí-lo a cada vez. Construção que implica uma ética operada por um ato e uma modalidade de laco específica, em função de uma finalidade de tratamento que não passa pelos ideais. Trazer reconhecidamente tal estrutura, pelo próprio analista, nesta relação de continuidade e articulação da psicanálise em intensão e em extensão é tido como uma condição fundamental para um analista praticar a sua especificidade no contexto institucional / The increase in the consumption of psychoactive substances has been widespread as a social problem and one of the 20 most important public health problems in the world. It takes a critical and contextualized reflection on this, retaking the issue of drug use as the effect of a speech. Different areas of knowledge have been called in this scenario. Among these, we highlight the one of the psychoanalysis that sustains a praxis from a specific policy. What work have psychoanalysts been producing in this scenario? What are the challenges and possibilities in this context? The objective of this research was to investigate the work methods that have been proposed by psychoanalysts in alcohol and drug addiction treatment institutions. It is a research in psychoanalysis, through the following procedures: i) a systematic review of the literature; ii) use of the technique of semi-structured interviews with psychoanalysts working in institutions. The support of an analytical clinic beyond the walls of the practice and psychoanalytic institutions has been, since Freud, an increasingly recurrent choice of analysts. Among the challenges, how to continue a work that is not built under the aegis of normativity, universalization, the eradication of the symptom, in the relationship with the team, in an institution that has just these principles as a supporting base? How to work out of par, without this meaning out of a bond in the institution? From the literature, it was possible to extract that, although in the Lacanian logic, psychoanalysis in intension and extension are in a Moebian continuity, the texts presented a kind of rupture. If, on the one hand, from the methodological point of view, in the clinic with the patient user of alcohol and drugs there was a vast and rich theoretical construction; On the other, there was a certain silencing or an exacerbated evidence in terms of the difficulties of the analyst\'s work in relation to other knowledge. One of the conclusions of this research is that the analyst\'s work in relation to other discourses can be taken not only in terms of difficulty but as the cause of analytical work. For this, it was important to consider the relation that the analyst establishes with his own knowledge, with another discourse and what he decides to do from there. One of the contributions of this research is the formalization of a possible modality of construction of the analyst\'s place in relation to other discourses, using the Lacanian notions of politics, strategy, and tactics as reading operators. Entering the institutional scenario does not guarantee a place for the analyst, it takes a commitment to build it every time. Construction that implies an ethic operated by an act and a tie specific modality, in function of a purpose of treatment that does not pass through the ideals. Bringing such a structure, admittedly by the analyst himself, into this relationship of continuity and articulation of psychoanalysis in intensity and extent is seen as a fundamental condition for an analyst to practice his specificity in the institutional context

[pt] A escravidão foi uma das principais instituições utilizadas pelos países europeus para consolidar a colonização da América. O presente trabalho verifica se há associação entre a intensidade em escravidão e a desigualdade. Para tanto, utilizamos uma base de dados que compila informações sobre o desembarque de escravos e fazemos uma regressão desta com medidas de desigualdade contemporâneas. O resultado é robusto a diferentes especificações e mostra que uma das principais variáveis que explica a desigualdade atual é a ocorrência de escravidão no passado. / [en] Slavery was one of the main institutions used by Europeans in the process of colonization of the Americas. This work tries to verify the correlation between slavery and inequality. For this purpose, we use a database that compiles information about slaves´ arrivals and make a regression of this with contemporaneous inequality measures. The result is robust to different specifications and shows that one of the main variables that can explain inequality today is slavery in the past.

The Royal Institution is generally thought of as an institution devoted solely to scientific research and the Popular exposition of science. In the mid-nineteenth century however it had a wider range of objectives and activities, and should be considered within the framework of the organisation of learning and culture as a whole of which science was still an integral part. In the 1840s it acted as an authority on practical science; it provided both specialised scientific education and what was then termed useful knowledge; it supported experimental scientific research; and it was a literary and philosophical society of an eighteenth-century type, devoted to the cultivation of humane learning in general. As the unity of learning disintegratedv the R. I. was forced to reassess its activities and decide which ought to be its most important function. Formal educative activities were reluctantly abandoned. Prom the early 1850s and more enthusiastically in the 1860s, scientific research was recognized to be its prime function, At the same time its management passed for the first time into the hands of scientific men and any possibility of support from outside interests warded off by a new insistence that research at the Institution must be purely disinterested and independent. Paradoxically however, its nonscientific activities received greater attention than ever before, which may be linked to changes in the Institutionts membership and to ideas of cultivated entertainment. These developments made the 1860s not only a "golden age" of success and popularity, but the decisive decade in fixing the activities and ethos of the Institution for the next hundred years.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux francs-tireurs des industries de la création et à la tension paradoxale de l’injonction à l’originalité qu’ils incarnent. Nous nous interrogeons notamment sur l’origine de leur singularité, la question de leur formation et leur positionnement au sein d’une profession. La partie empirique de notre travail repose sur l’analyse d’une population de designers issus de l’ENSCI, une école de création industrielle qui revendique un esprit de franc-tireur. A travers l’analyse de 40 entretiens, nous analysons leur processus de singularisation, la délégation organisationnelle que manifeste l’école et le positionnement élitiste des designers de l’ENSCI. Notre contribution principale porte sur la nature institutionnalisée de la figure du franc-tireur qui nous permet de poser un regard nouveau sur la relation entre institution et hétérogénéité. / No English summary available.