Orientadores: Maria Beatriz Machado Bonacelli, Ana Maria Alves Carneiro da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:34:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenez_AnaMariaNunes_M.pdf: 2428166 bytes, checksum: 125e082b9e3e7c798def09a87474343f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A dissertação apresenta a situação atual do ensino da propriedade intelectual (PI) na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP, Brasil). O estudo identifica e discute as iniciativas de formação de estudantes em direitos da propriedade intelectual (DPIs), aliada à forma como a instituição tem contribuído para a propagação da cultura da PI e para a gestão da inovação. Para a realização do presente estudo tomou-se como referência as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI), principalmente as consideradas como exemplos de boas práticas no ensino da PI no mundo, a partir de casos de instituições, no mundo e no Brasil, que têm oferecido capacitação em PI em suas grades curriculares. Também foi realizado um amplo levantamento e análise dos cursos de graduação, pós-graduação, de extensão e os ofertados pela Inova UNICAMP que envolvem em seus programas a temática da PI e temas afins, aprofundado com entrevistas com 18 professores (50%) responsáveis por tais cursos e disciplinas na universidade. O estudo sustenta a necessidade e a urgência de se pensar em novos direcionamentos, incorporação de novos atores e de novas formas de ensino da propriedade intelectual, estendendo o tratamento da questão aos cursos não jurídicos, uma vez que se sabe que a PI tem a sua origem atrelada aos cursos de Direito. O papel que a universidade vem sendo chamada a exercer no século XXI, diante das novas exigências da era do conhecimento, também serviu de pano de fundo para a presente análise. Os resultados indicam que, embora a Lei de Inovação, de 2004, tenha instigado mais fortemente o tema da proteção do conhecimento no país, inclusive junto aos profissionais das universidades, e a UNICAMP ocupe a segunda colocação no ranking dos maiores depositantes de pedidos de patentes no Brasil, o ensino da temática na instituição apoia-se em iniciativas, na maioria das vezes, individuais, ou seja, dependentes do docente, sem currículos mínimos e coerentes entre si. Além disso, a própria aquisição de competências para o ensino da PI depende de quem está à frente das disciplinas, indicando a necessidade de uma política institucional mais sustentada e contínua, a partir de diretrizes da direção central, fundamentadas em uma política para a universidade do século XXI, visando uma verdadeira educação em propriedade intelectual na UNICAMP / Abstract: The dissertation presents the current status of the teaching of intellectual property (IP) at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP, Brazil). The study identifies and discusses initiatives for training students in intellectual property rights (IPRs), coupled with the manner he institution has contributed to the spread of the culture of IP and innovation management. To conduct the present study, it was taken as reference the recommendations of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), especially those considered as examples of good practice in the teaching of IP in the world, from cases of institutions in the world and in Brazil, which have offered training in PI in their curricula. The study supports the urgent need to think in new directions, incorporation of new actors and new forms of teaching of intellectual property, extending the treatment of the issue to non-legal courses, since it has been known that the IP has its source coupled to the courses of law. It was also carried out a comprehensive survey and analysis of undergraduate, graduate, and university extension courses offered by Inova UNICAMP which involve in their programs the issue of IP and related issues, detailed by interviews with 18 teachers (50%) responsible for such courses and subjects at the university. The role that the university has been named to play in the twenty-first century, given the new demands of the knowledge era, also served as the backdrop for this analysis. The results indicate that although the Innovation Act of 2004 has prompted more strongly the theme of protection of knowledge in the country, even with professionals from universities, and UNICAMP at the second place in the ranking of the largest depositors of patent applications in Brazil, teaching the subject at the institution relies on initiatives, in most cases, individual, ie, depending on the teacher, without any minimum and coherent curriculum. Moreover, the variety of skills to the teaching of IP depends on who in charge of the subjects, indicating the needing for a more sustained and continuing/continued institutional policy from the central leadership, based on a policy for the University of XXI century, aiming at a real education in intellectual property at UNICAMP / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestra em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Le design et la production d’un article de mode impliquent le talent et le savoir-faire du styliste. La définition de la matière première, la finalité et le produit qui incorpore le dessin ou modèle de mode sont autant d’éléments que le styliste doit prendre en compte pour réaliser une création. C’est pourquoi le processus intellectuel engagé dans l’élaboration de leurs créations se doit d’être protégé par le système juridique. Au vu de la propriété intellectuelle, de nombreux droits permettent de la protéger, comme les marques, le droit d’auteur et les dessins ou modèles industriels. La législation colombienne a opté pour le régime des dessins ou modèles industriels. L’étude conjointe du secteur de la mode en tenant compte de la création est très importante car sa définition apportera au styliste une garantie juridique quant à l’objet de protection ainsi que la portée du droit. Le dynamisme de la mode montre néanmoins que la législation actuelle est inadaptée. La thèse présente ainsi les problèmes existants et les solutions offertes par d’autres régimes juridiques pour la protéger de manière adéquate. / The design and production of a fashion item involves the talent and expertise of the designer. Along the design process, the designer has to make decisions on raw materials, end use,and the actual product to which design is to be applied. This multi-faceted intellectual process behind the fashion design must be protected by the legal system. It is important to conduct an overall study of the fashion sector taking into account the creative process in order to provide the designer with legal guarantee in regards to the object to be protected and the scope of rights. There are well known instruments that protect intellectual property such as trademarks, copyright, design patents and industrial design law. Colombia has chosen to follow the industrial design law which, given the dynamic nature of fashion, seems to be inadequate. This thesis presents the existing problems in the Colombian legal system and the solutions offered by other legal regimes to protect fashion more adequately.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une réponse à la question: Est-ce que les politiques de renforcement des droits de propriété intellectuelle telles que les TRIPS peuvent être bénéfiques aux pays en développement et leurs perspectives de rattrapage économique.?Pour répondre à cette question, on s’intéresse à la dynamique technologique sous-jacente au processus de rattrapage économique. Le premier chapitre propose une revisite empirique et analytique du modele de “catching-up and falling behind” de Verspagen (1991) qui se focalise sur l’étude du rôle des dynamiques d’innovation et d’imitation dans le processus de rattrapage économique. On trouve que même si la dynamique d’innovation est importante pour le rattrapage, la dynamique d’imitation se révèle nécessaire pour s’assurer que les pays en développement puissent développer leurs capacités qui leur permettront de prospérer. L’efficacité de la dynamique d’imitation est conditionnée par les caractéristiques du pays qui détermine sa capacité d’apprentissage (“Learning Capability”).Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la compréhension du fonctionnement des transferts de technologie entre les pays développés et les pays en développement. On s’intéresse aux mécanismes derrières les deux canaux de transferts principaux, le commerce international et les IDE, qui sont les canaux les plus étudiés dans la littérature. On déduit de ce chapitre la richesse et la complexité de ces mécanismes.Dans le troisième chapitre, on développe un modèle à base d’agents (ABM) pour représenter ces interactions Nord-Sud et leur complexité, avec une approche évolutionniste. Le modèle de base permet en particulier l’étude du mécanisme de transfert par la mobilité (locale) des travailleurs, un canal très peu étudié dans la littérature. Ceci nous permet d’étudier l’impact que les IDE peuvent avoir sur le développement et le rattrapage. On trouve que si les IDE des pays développés vers les pays en développement peuvent, sous certaines conditions, encourager les transferts de technologie et permettre ainsi le rattrapage, il y a tout de même des effets négatifs potentiels sur les industries locales, en particulier dans les pays les plus en retard.Le dernier chapitre propose une extension du modèle qui introduit les brevets et nous permet ainsi de répondre à la question principale. On observe que si les brevets permettent d’inciter les firmes du Nord à diffuser leur technologie et facilité le rattrapage, ces firmes demanderaient un e parfaite application des lois sur la propriété intellectuelle, ce qui serait trop sévère sur les firmes locales car cela bloquerait les imitations et surtout entraverait les efforts d’innovation de ces firmes, tout en procurant un bénéfice limité pour les firmes du Nord. / The objective of this thesis is to propose an answer to the question: Can intellectual property rights policies such as TRIPS be beneficial for developing countries and their catching-up process?To answer this question, we first look at the technological dynamics behind the catching-up process. The first chapter thus provides an empirical and analytical update on the catching-up and falling behind model by Verspagen (1991), which focuses on studying the role of the innovation and imitation dynamics in the catching up process. Mainly, we find that while the innovation dynamic is important for the catching-up process, the imitation dynamic is necessary to ensure that countries build solid capabilities that will enable them to prosper. The efficiency of the imitation dynamics is dependent on policy factors that make up the learning capability of firms and ensure firms succeed assimilating knowledge.The second chapter focuses on understanding the way those technological transfers from developed to developing countries can occur, we focus on studying the mechanisms behind two main channels, that is international trade and FDIs, which represent the main form of North-South interactions studied in the literature. From this chapter we conclude that there is a rich diversity of complex mechanisms.In the third chapter, we thus build an agent-based model (ABM) to represent those North-South interactions and their complexities, with an evolutionary economics approach. The model allows us to study a particular mechanism: transfers through the local labour mobility, a channel seldom discussed in the literature. This allows us to study the impact FDI may have on development and catching-up outcomes. We find that while FDI from developed countries can, under the right conditions, encourage technological transfers and thus catching up, there are potential negative effects on local industries, in particular in countries largely behind.The final chapter proposes an extension of the model that introduces patents, in order to answer the main question. We find that while patents help motivate northern firms to disclose their technology and thus facilitate development, those firms would require a perfect level of enforcement that will be too harsh on local firms, block imitations and also severely hinder the southern firms’ innovative efforts, while generating limited gains for northern firms.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore what software evaluation methods are currently available that can assist organizations and companies in procuring a software solution for some particular task or purpose for a specific type of business. The thesis is based on a real-world scenario where a company, Volvo Technology Corporation (VTEC), is in the process of selecting a new intellectual property management system for their patent department. For them to make an informed decision as to which system to choose, an evaluation of market alternatives needs to be done. First, a set of software evaluation methods and techniques are chosen for further evaluation. An organizational study, by means of interviews where questions are based on the ISO 9126-1 Software quality model, is then conducted, eliciting user opinions about the current system and what improvements a future system should have. The candidate methods are then evaluated based on the results from the organizational study and other pertinent factors in order to reach a conclusion as to which method is best suited for this selection problem. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is deemed the best choice.

L'indication Géographique, signe distinctif particulièrement spécifique, a connu au XIXème et XXème siècle, par, notamment des législations nationales éparses, des accords bilatéraux ou des conventions multilatérales, voire même l'utilisation contentieuse des moyens juridiques de lutte contre la concurrence déloyale, différents types de protection utiles mais limités. Ces derniers, appuyés par l'intervention de la Communauté Européenne, ont, néanmoins, eu le grand avantage de rendre possible l'émergence internationale, dans l'Accord ADPIC, d'une section spécifique dédiée. Ce texte issu des Accords de Marrakech instituant, en 1994, l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) reconnaît, en effet, l'Indication Géographique comme l'objet d'un droit autonome de Propriété Intellectuelle. Il lui permet de disposer d'une définition et d'un régime juridique, et surtout oblige les différents Membres de l'OMC, à le reconnaître et à le protéger. En posant un principe de liberté dans la mise en œuvre de ce dispositif nouveau qui, contrairement aux autres Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle, et en particulier aux marques, ne s'applique pas à un système préexistant, cet Accord a eu pour conséquence non pas une uniformisation, mais une certaine hétérogénéité des situations nationales. Celles-ci ont pu conduire, dans certains cas, à un métissage ou à une substitution des concepts, notamment à cause de l'intégration des Indications Géographiques dans des systèmes préexistants de Propriété Intellectuelle, comme celui des marques de certification / Geographical Indication, a particularly specific distinguishing sign, experienced throughout the XIXth and XXth centuries, under specially scattered national legislations, joint conventions or bilateral agreements, even under the contentious use of legal means to combat unfair competition, different types of useful but limited protection. These latter, supported by the intervention of the European Community, had however the advantage of contributing to make a specific dedicated section emergence possible in the Trip's agreement. This text coming from the Marrakech Agreements which established in 1994 the World Trade Organization (WTO), recognizes in fact the Geographical Indications as an independent law of Intellectual Property. It allows them to rely on a definition and a legal system, and bind the different members of the WTO to their recognition and protection. In asserting a principle of liberty in the implementation of this new system which, contrary to the other rights of Intellectual Property, and particularly of marks, does not apply to a preexisting system, this Agreement has not resulted in a uniform effect but heterogeneity of national situations. In special cases, these situations may have led to a knowledgeable mix or substitution of concepts, particularly because of the Geographical Indications integration into preexisting systems of Intellectual Property such as certification marks. Beyond the recognition of the Geographical Indication definition in these texts, the existence of two types of protection, simple and additional, has also practical consequences on these different integrations

The share of patents held by the universities reflects the strength of technological research of any nation. Despite legislative encouragement provided in most countries for universities to patent their research, academic patents form only a small volume of patents filed in any country. Universities do not seem to patent most of their research. This situation is exacerbated in the case of India, where only 0.7% of the patents during the period 2003 – 05 were owned by the universities. This concern led to the current study of probing the patenting behaviour of faculty. From extant literature, we found that most of the research in academic patenting was either at university level or national level and the conclusions were based on econometric analyses of secondary data. A major limitation of those studies was that, they assume individual characteristics as constant. The contribution of this study is to relax the above mentioned assumption and focus on studying the impact of individual characteristics of faculty on their patenting behavior. The thesis has three main objectives, namely a. To develop a model of academic patenting behavior with academic inventors as the focus. b. To deduce individual characteristics that distinguishes an academic patentee from an academic non patentee. c. To provide insightful suggestions to administrators at universities for intellectual property management policies and practices, along with talent management practices to enable patenting behavior. We modeled patenting behavior at the individual level as being influenced by demographic variables such as designation, prior industrial experience and behavioral variables, namely, attitudes towards patenting, situational awareness of support for patenting, personality traits like resilience and creative personality traits and motives like monetary, fame and prosocial motives. Initially, eight academic patentees were interviewed to arrive at individual characteristics requiring study. We combined the behavioral characteristics derived from the content analysis of the initial study with our insights from the gaps in the existing literature and designed a questionnaire. The questionnaire aimed at measuring seven behavioral variables along with collecting information on demographic details. The seven behavioral variables included in our study are creative personality traits, resilience, attitudes towards patenting, situational awareness of support for patenting, monetary motives, fame motives and prosocial motives. The main study was conducted using survey research design. We contacted 1200 faculty from Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Indian Institute of Technology Madras and Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur initially through e-mail and later in person. We used data provided by a sample of 249 faculty members for the analyses. In the sample, 115 are academic-patentees and 134 are academic-non-patentees. We attempted to determine individual characteristics that distinguish an academic-patentee from an academic-non-patentee. The results from our study indicated that in academic patentees there was a statistically significant correlation between prosocial motive and situational awareness of support patenting. While in the case of academic non patentees, there was a significant correlation between fame motive and monetary motive. Using t-test, we were able to conclude that academic patentees differed significantly (p < 0.01) from academic non patentees in their attitude towards patenting and in their situational awareness of support for patenting. We found that both the academic patentees and academic non patentees were high in resilience and did not differ from each other significantly. When we looked into differences in motives we found that academic patentees differed significantly (p < 0.01) in their prosocial and monetary motives. Both the groups were high on fame motives and did not differ significantly from each other. Based on results of chi-square tests of the 28 creative personality traits, we could conclude that academic patentees differed significantly from academic non patentees (p < 0.01) in describing themselves as unconventional and inventive. We found that our model of patenting behavior that included demographic variables like age and prior industrial experience along with behavioral variables like attitudes towards patenting, situational awareness of support for patenting and being unconventional explained maximum variance (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.48). We were able to classify 78% of the sample correctly into academic patentees and academic non patentees. The Wald criterion demonstrated that all the predictors made significant contribution to prediction. We were able to establish the importance of predictors in determining patenting behavior. We found designation as the most important predictor among those included in our study. Other things being equal, the odds of a Professor or an Associate Professor being a patentee was 5.6 times more than those of an Assistant Professor. We found the creative personality trait “unconventional” as the second most important predictor. The odds of faculty who describe themselves as “unconventional”, being a patentee was 4.5 times more than those who do not describe themselves as unconventional. The third important predictor was prior industrial experience (odds ratio: 1.9), the fourth and the fifth being situational awareness of support for patenting (odds ratio: 1.3) and attitudes towards patenting (odds ratio: 1.2), respectively. Thus to conclude, we found that both demographic and behavioral factors influence the patenting behavior. Our revised model of academic patenting indicates that two types of advantages have positive influence on academic patenting behavior at the individual level. We named them as experience advantage and psychological advantage. Experience advantage is gained as a result of increased academic experience and increased industrial experience. The psychological advantage results when an academic inventor, as an individual is “unconventional”, has positive attitude towards patenting and is aware about support available for patenting to a large extent. Based on our research, we suggest intellectual property management practices and talent management practices that are likely to increase the patenting behavior of academic inventors. Attitude towards patenting can be improved by making patenting experience more positive and by providing more assistance for patenting through the Intellectual Property Cell / Technology Transfer Office. Increasing awareness of support for patenting can be promoted by making available information on government funding agencies and industrial partners who would support in patent filing and in commercializing patents. Such information not only prevents the pile up of unutilized academic patents but also encourages the faculty to continue to engage in patenting behavior. Academic patenting behavior can also be facilitated through promoting organizational culture that encourages their members to be “unconventional”. The limitations of the study and suggested future research are also described in the thesis.

La Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des Droits sur internet (HADOPI) a reçu du législateur en 2009 la mission de discipliner les actes de contrefaçon de biens culturels sur internet. L'objectif central de la thèse est de produire un récit empirique de la genèse de cet instrument d'action publique comme expérience de gouvernement d'internet et des internautes. Bien que modeste et circonscrit, le problème posé par le téléchargement illicite va générer un débordement d'ampleur des cadrages de l'action publique, historiquement traduits par le droit de propriété littéraire et artistique. L'effet politique du numérique, conséquence déterritorialisée de la globalisation, du libéralisme et de la technologie, est de réinterroger le rapport entre souveraineté et discipline. Entre l'impasse des Mesures Techniques de Protection, les normes supra-nationales, les détournements des usagers/amateurs, la force collective des ayants droit, l'inaltérabilité du droit de propriété et les militants de la liberté d'accès à la culture, les pouvoirs publics ont dû inventer et innover pour organiser, à la manière d'un laboratoire, une action collective de fabrication d'un instrument d'action publique dont l'un des buts est d'étendre une valeur forte de l'État-nation français : la défense de l'exception culturelle. Les internautes sont-ils des hommes gouvernables ? En construisant une représentation de l'usager d'internet, en prônant l'obéissance, en modifiant les comportements par le biais de divers leviers progressifs d'incitation (de l'information à la sanction pénale) et en produisant autant de comportement de contournements et de résistance, la HADOPI produit le résultat politique d'inaugurer une tentative inédite, fragile, peu compacte mais pionnière de gouverner internet et les internautes. / The High Authority for Transmission of Creative Works and Copyright Protection on the Internet (HADOPI) was adopted in 2009 with the mission to discipline acts of intellectual property infringement on the internet. The main purpose of this thesis is to produce an empirical account of the creation of this new law (an instrument of public action as an experience of internet governance and internauts). While it is a somewhat minor public issue, illegal downloading creates a myriad of issues across the framework of public action, historically recognised as literary and artistic property rights. The political effects of the digital age, deterritorialised consequences of globalisation, liberalism and technology necessitate a rethinking of the relationship between sovereignty and discipline. The gridlock between DRM; supranational norms; the hijacking of content by users; the collective power of rights holders; the unalterable nature of intellectual property and the militants for free access to culture; the public authorities had to invent and innovate an instrument of public action. The goal of which is to extend an added value of the French nation state: the defense of the cultural exception. Are internauts governable? In constructing a representation of the internet user, through promoting obedience, and by modifying behaviour through incremental incitation (from being informed to being penalised) and by producing as much unwanted behaviour, the HADOPI has effected the political result of inaugurating the first ever attempt (albeit fragile, yet pioneering) to govern the internet and internauts.

This study presents the process of a model development for intellectual property management system created through the use of contextual tasks analysis methodology (CTA), which aims to obtain requirements for software development by using the user view. This process is demonstrated by the flowcharts described in relation to the end activities in a case study in the NIT/UFSM, specifically in the referral of requests for protection of invention (patent). It was applied a suggestible approach for requirements gathering in order to generate support for a more appropriate development of an Intellectual Property Management System (IPMS), which will contribute in the processes management of the analyzed case. Likewise, this study helped by providing data that explain the importance of the use of management tools as a way of improving the performance of the intellectual property production of organizations, demonstrating the performance of the archivist and his/her entrepreneurial and proactive profile in a multidisciplinary environment. Thus, positive results were presented through the development and dissemination of patent flowcharts and with activities structuring, which improve the efficiency of data recovery and, consequently, improve the increase of innovation capacity of the organization. / Esta pesquisa apresenta o processo de desenvolvimento de um modelo para sistema de gestão de propriedade intelectual criado através do uso de metodologia de análise contextual de tarefas (ACT), a qual visa obter requisitos para desenvolvimento de software através do uso da visão do usuário. Esse processo é demonstrado através de fluxogramas descritos referentes às atividades-fim em um estudo de caso no NIT/UFSM, especificamente no encaminhamento de pedidos de proteção de propriedade intelectual. Foi empregada a abordagem sugestionada para o levantamento de requisitos com o objetivo de gerar subsídios para o desenvolvimento mais adequado de um sistema de gestão de propriedade intelectual (SGPI), o qual servirá de contribuição para a gestão de processos do caso analisado. Da mesma forma, essa pesquisa colaborou fornecendo dados que explicitam a importância do uso de ferramentas gerenciais como forma de melhoria no desempenho da proteção da produção intelectual das organizações, demonstrando o desempenho do arquivista e seu perfil empreendedor e proativo em um ambiente multidisciplinar. Assim, apresentaram-se resultados positivos através do desenvolvimento e difusão de fluxogramas de patente e com a estruturação das atividades, melhorando a eficiência da recuperação de dados e consequentemente no aumento da capacidade de inovar da organização.

Copyright law relegates translation to a secondary, or derivative, status, which means that publishing a translation requires the permission of the rights holder of the original. This thesis argues for the timeliness of revisiting the translation right by analyzing its foundations and its implications from a transdisciplinary public policy perspective. This is done by first studying the historical and philosophical foundations of copyright law itself where the translation right is housed, revealing questionable philosophical arguments and a colonial past that has created legal path dependencies. The thesis then undertakes an examination of the foundations of the translation right specifically, dubbed “the international issue par excellence,” which confirms the same pattern observed in the development of copyright law. Given the complete absence of the translator’s perspective from all international discussions on the translation right, copyright’s view of translation is then contrasted with recent scholarship in translation theory, with a special focus on the notion of agency(-ies), exposing the incompatibility of these views on translation, and highlighting the importance of including the perspective of translation studies in policies and laws related to translation. The last part of the thesis explores the present-day realities of knowledge societies, digital technologies, and globalization, in order to identify the role of translation today and in the future, while highlighting the tremendous gaps between the have’s and the have-not’s, and the necessity of recognizing the specificities of different societies. Knowledge is the new capital of the world, and the translation right is an impediment to the key role translation can potentially play in allowing societies to participate in the cycle of its consumption and regeneration. Digital technologies are powerful enablers that have allowed those who have leveraged and embraced them, such as the open movement and prosumers of all types, to transform the nature of their interactions with their environment macro- and microstructurally. This has also been reflected in the profession of translation, where collaborative projects are constantly initiated, while the nature of the translator’s work is changing to the point where one seriously doubts whether the provisions of the century-old translation right still apply to it. The discussion on globalization focuses on language in a globalized world, power relations between linguistic communities, and means of preserving linguistic diversity and heritage. The translation right, with its questionable foundations and outdated nature, is an impediment to the potential role of translation (as representative of the public interest) in the world, and must be revisited and at least reduced to the point of constituting balanced public policy. Social development, power relations and the necessity of differentiation (or “otherness”) are running themes throughout the work, which tries to balance between theoretical discussions from various relevant disciplines and reliance on United Nations and other public policy research.

The purpose of this research was to gather information about the production, marketing and distribution of Zambian contemporary music by Zambian musicians. Very little information has been documented about the development of the Zambian music industry, particularly from the perspective of those within the industry. As a result this study attempted to add to this knowledge. To achieve this Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of ‘fields’ and ‘habitus’ were used to gain an understanding of what affects the creation of art forms such as music as well as the structures and underlying processes within the music industry. The concept of ‘fields’ usefully framed an explanation of the struggles and connections within the various fields in the industry and a view of the Zambian music industry in relation to the international industry. To gather the data necessary for this research a qualitative approach was utilised involving semistructured in-depth questionnaires from twenty-three interviewees. These interviewees were selected from various sectors of the music industry in an attempt to gain a holistic perspective of the industry in the 21st century. There were four subgroups: the artists (singers, rappers and instrumentalists), managers, radio DJs, and a miscellaneous group made up of the remaining participants, a Sounds Arcade manager, a music journalist, the National Arts Council Chairperson, a Zambia Music Copyright Protection Society (ZAMCOPS) administrator, and the then President of the Zambia Association of Musicians (ZAM). With the limited exposure to formal musical, instrumental and production training, musicians, instrumentalists, managers and studio production personnel interviewed had had to learn their craft on-the-job. This limited knowledge appears to add to the hindrance of the development of careers and the industry, particularly in terms of how to register and distribute music correctly to earn royalties and protect their intellectual property against piracy. From an institutional level piracy is being addressed more forcefully with the introduction of holograms and the tightening of policies and structures to do with the music industry.