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European Studies as a mainstream field needs evaluation of how its structured, and what ontological, epistemological, and methodological approaches it takes. Through a theoretical framework consolidated mainly by Spivak and Said with a post-colonial lens on the European Studies Program, where it uses positional superiority, Subject-Constitution and Object-Formation concepts, theorizing “The Other” using anthropological writings and psychoanalysis, and use destructive representation to investigate the positionality of “The Other” or its effective absence, this dissertation investigate and analyze four core courses of European Studies Program at Malmö University to address the knowledge about, and the representation of, “The Other” within the program’s curriculum. It concludes that because of its origin as a field of study and the dominant group that reproduces the knowledge about it, “The Other” is better measured through its effective absence, even if it has been always present. It further questions knowledge production about and from “The Jungle” and how a serious shift is possible; this shift does not start by recognizing the absence, but rather, as a first step, by the will to acknowledge it.

Climate change is described as the world's most complicated economic problem as it is a global issue and affects every part of the world. The most vulnerable countries to climate change are the least developed countries, which Tanzania is a part of. Tanzania is dependent on their natural resources, as their economic base has its foundation in natural resources. Over 80% of Tanzania’s population are employed in agriculture and the agriculture sector accounts for 56% of their GDP. The management of natural resources is therefore crucial for the country's future as over 80% of its inhabitants' livelihood is within the agriculture sector. A shortage of natural resources puts Tanzania in a vulnerable position of a conflict around natural resources. For that reason it is important that countries like Tanzania have adaptation strategies that help to navigate them through climate change. This thesis investigates how sustainable Tanzania’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is, based on the conceptual framework Sustainable adaptation through a qualitative content analysis. By identifying what adaptation projects are sustainable and not, Tanzania can implement more effective adaptation strategies. The result showed that several of the adaptation projects failed to incorporate all four principles of Sustainable adaptation, however one project showed that it had successfully integrated all four principles.

Since the late 19th century, Sweden has developed from a peasant society to a successfulwelfare state based on security and equality for its citizens. Swedish citizens assume elderlycare as a matter of course and are unaware that elderly care is complex to manage. Elderlycare is staff intensive and time consuming, which makes it expensive. It is essential to have awell-functioning leadership in elderly care as society faces future demographic challengeswhere the working population is forced to support an increasing group of elderly people. Thequestion that arises is whether the leadership of elderly care is built to manage a growingwelfare state.The purpose of the study is to investigate unit managers in elderly care and to identifysimilarities and differences in leadership styles between two Swedish municipalities. Thestudy also examines how unit managers are affected by organizational governance whenleading their employees. The study is based on a qualitative method with semi-structuredinterviews for data collection. The interviews were conducted with a total of six experiencedunit managers from two different municipalities in order to take different perspectives intoaccount. The ambition with the analysis is to create an understanding of elderly care andidentify similarities and differences between the informants’ practical experiences andtheoretical aspects.The results of the study indicate that there are similarities and differences between theinformants’ experiences. The common picture is that there is a freedom for the unit managersto govern and organize their unit. There is an agreement that it is important to contribute withan open and respectful organizational culture. Despite the fact that the studied municipalitieshave different guidelines regarding leadership styles, it appears that all informants apply asituation-adapted leadership but describe their leadership as trust-based.

The main objective of this project is to investigate the costs and environmental impacts generated at the use phase of the machine tools. Machine tools are essential elements for the manufacturing sector. Cost estimation model has been developed based on previous studies. The cost model has 6 main groups: Energy, consumables, resources, waste, space and labour costs parameters. The importance of the use phase in the whole life cycle is underlined. This is related to the high energy consumptions of the machine. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the electricity consumption, developing an accurate model with a life cycle view: Apart from cutting energy, auxiliary machinery and stand-by situations has been defined in this model. The environmental impact analysis has been divided into material, use, disposal and transport categories, with special focus on consumables (cutting fluids, filters, cutting tools and lubricant oil) and energy consumption for the using phase. A LCA analysis in EcoScan software has been carried out with a real example: The FS-8000 milling machine. The analysis has confirmed that impacts related to the high electricity consumption during using phase are the most important burdens with almost 70% of the total impact. This is follow by hazardous oil disposal (13.9%), cutting tools (7.7%) and transport (6.6%). Last, a sensitivity study for environmental impacts has been conducted. The correlations between parameters have revealed that although the impact ranking determined from the EcoScan analysis is appropriate, there are some deviations when parameter variability is taken into account. Therefore, the report suggest conducting a sensitivity study along with the LCA for more precise results. / www.ima.kth.se

The intention of this Masters thesis is to analyze the worst-case scenario approach and in doing so gather, summarize and analyze all available relevant information. The current project is limited to purely theoretical research. Due to a lack of order in information regarding this approach it has become very important to systematize information concerning worst-case scenarios. A couple of interesting alternative approaches and opinions concerning content and usefulness of worst-case scenarios were found during the data collection phase. The ‘Likelier but less catastrophic’ scenario approach is one such example which has raised a number of new questions. Some unexpected difficulties have also arisen; for example, we have failed to find a single specific definition for what is considered to be a worst-case scenario. Discussion within the scientific world centers on two competing approaches, qualitative and quantitative. Both can and should be applied for worst-case scenarios, however most contemporary researchers tend to overestimate the value of qualitative approaches. It is unclear which one suits our purposes, but it seems that both are needed for a thorough description of any scenario. This explains our introduction of a semi-quantitative approach. One chapter of this thesis is dedicated to the study of safety legislation in countries all over the world, indicating that authorities in the United States appear to make the greatest effort to implement worst-case scenario approach in practice, while the legislation of European countries lacks clear definition of worst-case scenarios. People need different types of information about the potential harm to their locales in case of serious accidents. The information should differ in quantity and content depending on the recipient. For example, technical details of scenarios are of little or no interest to the majority of the population. Moreover they can become a source of danger in case of misuse by terrorists. This is where the public’s “right to know” becomes secondary to safety and privacy requirements. During work on this Masters thesis a large-scale accident in Buncefield took place. Reports of the investigation committee have become a valuable source of data, and a valuable addition to the Analysis of Safety (Seveso) Reports of three Swedish companies. These reports, as well as information from other sources, have served as a basis for a list of recommendations to companies preparing to analyze potential hazards / www.ima.kth.se

This Master Thesis “Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment procedure for thecoastal zone development in Lithuania and Sweden” was done in the Master’s Programme inSustainable Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). The process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the most important steps inthe coastal planning process. It is a procedure designed to identify the potential consequencesfor nature and the environment arising from development. This information is then used bydecision makers to assess whether or in what form proposed activities should go forward. The main aim of this report was to compare Environmental Impact Assessment procedurefrom legal and practical point of view in Lithuania and Sweden. Public participation in EIAprocedure was an important issue to analyse, compare and discuss between two countries. To be able to do this, a lot of factors were taken into consideration and were described anddiscussed in this Thesis Work. General characteristics of the regions, harbours, environmentalmanagement systems were important issues to make analysis more clear and informative. Two EIA reports from Klaipeda, by one from Loudden and Bergs harbours was used as casestudies to describe and compare EIA process in Lithuania and Sweden in practice. Thequestionnaire for Lithuanian stakeholders revealed their familiarity, knowledge and opinionsabout Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment tools. Alsosome recommendations for improvements of EIA as it’s related to the costal zonemanagement and suggestions for further studies were done. / www.ima.kth.se / Coastman

This Master Thesis “Overview of legal framework and territorial planning process for costalzone management” was done in the Master’s Programme in Sustainable Technology at theRoyal Institute of Technology.Cities in coastal areas and islands in particular have a special interest due to the particular rolethey may acquire as growth poles and gates to their hinterland in a broader process of spatial integration but also as centers of growing economic activities such as tourism, transport andfishing. Furthermore, they are also important as areas, which face increasing pressures from amultitude of actors for development with diverse interests. As a consequence their planning should be seen in the context of broader spatial strategies.Planning is an important tool for the integrated coastal zone management, but in order to beeffective it should be accompanied with a variety of policy instruments, put in timely action,developed in a strategic manner with a long term vision and take into consideration the interconnections across spatial levels.The study focused on the legal framework and territorial planning legislations analysis and comparison between two countries in the Baltic Sea region: Sweden and Lithuania. The main attentions was paid for the coastal zone management framework as they are on the increasing pressure through anthropogenic activities, such as building of new roads, hotels, private summer houses and so on. In this case, the study analyzes two harbors – relocation ofLoudden Port in Stockholm, Sweden and expansion of Klaipeda State Seaport in Klaipeda,Lithuania. In both cases the situation is complicated and involves social, economical, cultural aspects.Many different stakeholders with different interest are involved in planning process. It was overviewed the obstacles and the legislations failings concerning territorial planning andpublic participation in it, because despite big efforts to improve the integrated coastal zonemanagement, still exist barriers such as bureaucratic inertia, opposition to changes, conflicts coming from multiple interests, overlapping of local, regional and national competencies anddifficulties of cooperation among different bodies.The Thesis work was also concentrated on public participation in territorial planning process.Both countries differ in cultural social, economical, historical aspects. Consequently, theplanning and participatory processes are different in each country. In order to reveal better the existing situation concerning Klaipeda State Seaport expansion, there were questioned different stakeholders involved in this process. / www.ima.kth.se

This report is a presentation of the work realised during an internship at the consultancy division of Thales Security Systems from September 2005 to June 2006. Thales Security Systems is part of Thales, an international group in defence, aeronautics, etc. The work realised consisted in the creation of a new risk assessment methodology for a commercial offer called HELP, standing for Human, Environmental, Logical and Physical security. As a basis for the work, 5 existing risk assessment methodologies were studied, summed up and analysed: - Integrated security risk assessment: a methodology created by Thales Security Systems but not used because of its complexity - Ebios: a whole risk assessment methodology created by the French government - Marion: more or less an audit questionnaire - Audit questionnaire ISO 17799: an audit questionnaire created by Thales Security Systems - A confidential methodology: a methodology of another company with interesting concepts So as to complete this first work, many interviews were realised with specialists in risk assessment and strategy: - Counter-admiral Girard who insisted on the preliminary task of the definition of the mission and its limits, the return of experience as well as on the security frame of mind - Guy Dubois for the maintenance of the security level year after year - Thomas Lebouc for the tools used to apply the methodology - Gérard Pesch regarding the commercial offer - Yves le Dauphin for the human issues Afterwards, the different advantages and drawbacks of the studied methodologies have been studied so as to determine the essential characteristics that were necessary to have in the new methodology The new methodology has thus been created taking into account all these advantages, drawbacks and pieces of advice. The new methodology is a five step methodology: - Definition of the mission and its limits: determination of the objectives of the mission and its perimeter - General analysis of the system: study of the system in its environment - Risk analysis: determination of the threats, assets and Vulnerabilities - Protection standards: determination of the protection measures to implement - Budget, action plans and implementation So as to apply the methodology, several tools have been created. They are necessary for the good running of the methodology as they help to show results in a clear way. These tools are for example, a risk analysis board, a vulnerability audit questionnaire, diagrams, or protection standard sheets. / www.ima.kth.se

The focus of this study was to develop energy futures under different growthconditions in Nepal for 2050 and describes how the sustainable energy supply can bemade by using backcasting method to develop scenarios.The major distinguishingcharacteristic of backcasting analysis is a concern, not with what futures are likely tohappen, but with how desirable futures can be attained. It involves workingbackwards from a particular desirable future end-point to the present in order todetermine the physical feasibility of the futures and what policy measures would berequired to reach that point. Typically backcasting is applied on long-term complexissues, involving many aspects of society as well as technological innovations andchange. Furthermore in the long run, though, discontinuities are likely to occur andshould even be deliberately sought in some cases. Under these circumstances abackcasting approach is an interesting alternative. With these reasons, this studyuses the same method to develop scenarios. The future pictures developed bybackcasting approach are self-fulfilling, this study concludes two of three futurepictures are satisfying the aim of the study. There are three scenarios namely, the high growth (HG), the medium growth (MG)and the business as usual (BAU) scenario developed in this study for year 2050.These scenarios are developed on the basis of future population and economicgrowth. The HG scenario considers highest economic growth rate of 9% while MGand BAU scenario considers the growth rate of 6% and 4% respectively. The BAUand MG scenario with 809, 1460 million GJ of energy demand respectively, meet theaim of the study (i.e. to meet the future energy demand by renewable energyresources in sustainable manner) while the HG scenario with energy demand of4300 million GJ unable to meet its energy demand by sustainable energy resources available in the country. The energy crisis in Nepal is a major challenge for the current and future growth ofthe country. The aim of the study is to describe how to establish the sustainableenergy system under different growth scenarios, Nepal may have by 2050.The urgentneeds in Nepal’s energy sector are ; to reduce the country’s energy dependency, touse the resources efficiently and in a sustainable way and to provide the modern energy system on equitable basis. These needs can only be fulfilled with thesustainable use of renewable energy resources, which is sufficient in the country.The scenarios developed in the study are describing how these resources fulfillingthe future energy demand and how the demand can be reduced with the applicationof appropriate technology. The gap of energy use significantly varies across the different strata of population;the study eliminates this gap by allocating energy on equitable basis. Nepal has oneof the lowest per-capita energy consumptions in the world; to know the level of per-capita energy consumption, this study estimates the same for each scenariosdeveloped in this study. Several measures and technologies and their potential are presented in the study (todecrease the energy use or shifting into renewable energy fuels) and these measuresare a reality today or will be in the near future. For example the use of efficientcooking stove saves the fuelwood, passive building design reduces the heating andlighting requirements, and these technologies are already in practice. Thesemeasures have to be adopted in order to meet the demand by sustainable energysupply. Further these measures are fulfilling the objective of providing the cleanenergy to all. In all scenario the energy demand have been projected, afterward final(reduced) energy demand calculated by considering measures and technologies forreduction in energy use. This study primarily considers the measures andtechnologies to reduce the energy demand in residential sector, which is the highestenergy consuming sector. Based on the final demand the sustainable energy supplyhas been proposed for all scenarios. The scenarios are presented with three possiblealternatives for economic and population growth. The energy demand and supplysituation in each scenario tells whether the sustainable energy supply is possible ornot. Rather than comparison, these scenarios present the energy supply and demandsituation under the conditions they developed. The three scenarios developed in this study are not exhausting the possible solutionsfor sustainable energy supply in Nepal. The technologies and measures and thefutures are not evaluated from the cost perspective. This means the study does notestimates, how much investment is required to realise these pictures hence it doesn’tanswer whether they are feasible from cost perspective or even desirable. The study also leaves out other perspectives like emissions reductions, earning through cleandevelopment mechanism (CDM) etc. The purpose to present different energy-futures of Nepal is to encourage andstimulate stakeholders, policymakers and the citizens to take an active interest and tostart making the changes needed that leads to sustainable energy society. The energy-futures show that together with the economic and population growth, theenergy use in future will increase as well. This is the reason for highest energydemand in the scenario which considers highest economic growth and this demandcannot be fulfilled by the renewable energy sources unless the technologicalbreakthrough in future. So high growth scenario does not satisfy the aim of the study;however rest of the two scenarios are well in line with the aim and objectives of the study. The path to the presented energy-futures; the final step in the backcasting approachhas been left out in this study. The reason is due to, that requires further analysis ofthe energy-futures from several other perspectives as well as analysis over decisionmaking and planning processes and involvement of different stakeholders. Howeverthe presented energy-futures may in some cases indicate what type of measures anddecisions that needs to be taken and what kind of investments are needed. The aim of the study is not to present the most probable energy future but the energyfutures that satisfy the objective of establishing the sustainable energy system inNepal. The renewable energy resources and the related technologies are mainlyconsidered to fulfill the future energy demand, which is the aim of the study. Finally,this study involves high degree of uncertainty due to fact that future is unknown and the uncertainty in collected data, calculations and assumptions made. / Division Industrial Ecologywww.kth.se/itm/indecowww.ima.kth.se