Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meirelles_pg_dr_ilha.pdf: 1411977 bytes, checksum: 5e98833e6663281a5679d9c3fdce408f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O sucesso nos programas de melhoramento genético de milho depende da identificação de genitores com boa capacidade de combinação para a produção de híbridos e também da conservação da variabilidade genética do germoplasma. Os marcadores moleculares são ferramentas da genética molecular, muito empregados em avaliações de diversidade e distância genética, uma vez que possibilitam a identificação de variações diretamente nos genótipos. A maioria dos trabalhos que utilizam a distância genética para predição de híbridos simples tem sido conduzida com germoplasmas de clima temperado. Entretanto, os germoplasmas tropicais normalmente apresentam maior variabilidade genética, o que gera dificuldades na alocação de suas linhagens em grupos heteróticos bem definidos, baseando-se apenas na divergência de caracteres fenotípicos. Assim o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar, por meio de marcadores microssatélites, a diversidade genética em 40 linhagens de milho, oriundas dos compostos Dentado e Flintisa. Objetivou-se também, comparar o sistema de predição dos híbridos simples interpopulacionais por meio das distâncias genéticas estimadas a partir de marcadores microssatélites com a predição por meio da capacidade geral de combinação das linhagens, obtida por meio de um dialelo parcial circulante. Foram genotipados 18 locos microssatélites em 20 linhagens do composto Dentado e 20 linhagens do composto Flintisa. Verificou-se ocorrência de diversidade genética nos dois grupos de linhagens, sendo polimórficos todos os 18 locos SSR, com um total de 117 alelos. O número de alelos por loco variou de 3 (phi059) a 13 (phi299852), com média de 6,5. A heterozigosidade esperada variou de 0,51 a 0,85, com média de 0,70, enquanto que a heterozigosidade observada variou de 0,00 a 0,16, com média de 0,06. Todos os locos apresentaram desvios significativos do Equilíbrio... / The success in the maize breeding programs depends on the identification of inbred lines with good combining ability for hybrids production and also on the conservation of germplasm genetic variability. The molecular markers are tools of the molecular genetics, largely used in diversity and genetic distance evaluations, that make possible the identification of variations directly in the genotypes. Most of the works that use the genetic distance for single-cross hybrid prediction has been made with temperate germplasms. However, the tropical germplasms usually present larger genetic variability, what generates difficulties in the allocation of their inbred lines in well defined heterotic groups, just basing on the divergence of phenotypic traits. Like this the present work aimed at to evaluate, through microsatellite markers, the genetic diversity in 40 maize inbred lines derived from the Dentado and Flintisa composites. It was also aimed at to compare the system of interpopulational single-cross hybrids prediction through the estimated genetic distances from microsatellite markers with the prediction through the general combining ability of the inbred lines, obtained through a partial circulant diallel. Were genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 20 inbred lines of Dentado composite and 20 lines of Flintisa composite. Genetic diversity was verified in the two groups of inbred lines, being polymorphic all the 18 SSR loci, with a total of 117 alleles. The alleles number per locus varied from 3 (phi059) to 13 (phi299852), with average of 6.5. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.51 to 0.85, with average of 0.70, while the observed heterozygosity varied from 0.00 to 0.16, with average of 0.06. All the loci presented significative deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, for excess of homozygotes, with fixation indexes varying from 0.83 to 1.00, confirming the maximum inbreeding level... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La dystocie représente une des causes principales de la mortalité maternelle et fœtale lors de l’accouchement. Une relation trop étroite entre les dimensions maternelles et fœtales résultent souvent en une césarienne d’urgence. Les manuels obstétricaux actuels proposent qu’une forme gynoïde de la cavité obstétricale est normale car elle favorise une descente fœtale sans difficulté lors de la parturition parce qu’elle est arrondie. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’étude de la variation inter-populationnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique chez trois populations génétiquement différentes pour tester si ces populations ont toutes une forme gynoïde ou si elles sont variables morphologiquement. Les cavités pelviennes analysées sont constituées de 59 bassins d’Américaines d’origine européenne, 74 bassins d’Américaines d’origine africaine et 19 bassins de Sadlermiuts. Vingt points anatomiques sur la cavité pelvienne ont été digitalisés à partir du bassin articulé pour permettre une visualisation tridimensionnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique. Une analyse Procrustes suivie d’une analyse en composantes principales ont été faites pour faire ressortir les composantes qui permettent de faire des distinctions entre les trois populations. L’existence d’une relation d’une part entre la taille et/ou la masse et d’autre part la morphologie du canal obstétrique a aussi été explorée. Résultats : La morphologie qui décrit les Sadlermiuts est la forme platypelloïde, soit un diamètre médio-latéral plus grand que le diamètre antéro-postérieur, et ce à tous les détroits. Les Américaines africaines présentent une morphologie qui tend vers une forme gynoïde aux détroits supérieur et moyen, et les Américaines européennes démontrent une morphologie intermédiaire entre les formes gynoïde et androïde au détroit supérieur. Seule la taille du bassin (taille centroïde) est corrélée à des changements de la forme du canal obstétrique pour les détroits supérieur et moyen. Discussion: La forme gynoïde n’est pas représentative de la cavité obstétricale chez les trois populations. Il est possible que la forme platypelloïde des Sadlermiuts soit une conséquence de comportements induisant des changements morphologiques lors du développement squelettique. D’autres études sont requises pour évaluer cette hypothèse. / Dystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Resumo: O sucesso nos programas de melhoramento genético de milho depende da identificação de genitores com boa capacidade de combinação para a produção de híbridos e também da conservação da variabilidade genética do germoplasma. Os marcadores moleculares são ferramentas da genética molecular, muito empregados em avaliações de diversidade e distância genética, uma vez que possibilitam a identificação de variações diretamente nos genótipos. A maioria dos trabalhos que utilizam a distância genética para predição de híbridos simples tem sido conduzida com germoplasmas de clima temperado. Entretanto, os germoplasmas tropicais normalmente apresentam maior variabilidade genética, o que gera dificuldades na alocação de suas linhagens em grupos heteróticos bem definidos, baseando-se apenas na divergência de caracteres fenotípicos. Assim o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar, por meio de marcadores microssatélites, a diversidade genética em 40 linhagens de milho, oriundas dos compostos Dentado e Flintisa. Objetivou-se também, comparar o sistema de predição dos híbridos simples interpopulacionais por meio das distâncias genéticas estimadas a partir de marcadores microssatélites com a predição por meio da capacidade geral de combinação das linhagens, obtida por meio de um dialelo parcial circulante. Foram genotipados 18 locos microssatélites em 20 linhagens do composto Dentado e 20 linhagens do composto Flintisa. Verificou-se ocorrência de diversidade genética nos dois grupos de linhagens, sendo polimórficos todos os 18 locos SSR, com um total de 117 alelos. O número de alelos por loco variou de 3 (phi059) a 13 (phi299852), com média de 6,5. A heterozigosidade esperada variou de 0,51 a 0,85, com média de 0,70, enquanto que a heterozigosidade observada variou de 0,00 a 0,16, com média de 0,06. Todos os locos apresentaram desvios significativos do Equilíbrio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The success in the maize breeding programs depends on the identification of inbred lines with good combining ability for hybrids production and also on the conservation of germplasm genetic variability. The molecular markers are tools of the molecular genetics, largely used in diversity and genetic distance evaluations, that make possible the identification of variations directly in the genotypes. Most of the works that use the genetic distance for single-cross hybrid prediction has been made with temperate germplasms. However, the tropical germplasms usually present larger genetic variability, what generates difficulties in the allocation of their inbred lines in well defined heterotic groups, just basing on the divergence of phenotypic traits. Like this the present work aimed at to evaluate, through microsatellite markers, the genetic diversity in 40 maize inbred lines derived from the Dentado and Flintisa composites. It was also aimed at to compare the system of interpopulational single-cross hybrids prediction through the estimated genetic distances from microsatellite markers with the prediction through the general combining ability of the inbred lines, obtained through a partial circulant diallel. Were genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 20 inbred lines of Dentado composite and 20 lines of Flintisa composite. Genetic diversity was verified in the two groups of inbred lines, being polymorphic all the 18 SSR loci, with a total of 117 alleles. The alleles number per locus varied from 3 (phi059) to 13 (phi299852), with average of 6.5. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.51 to 0.85, with average of 0.70, while the observed heterozygosity varied from 0.00 to 0.16, with average of 0.06. All the loci presented significative deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, for excess of homozygotes, with fixation indexes varying from 0.83 to 1.00, confirming the maximum inbreeding level... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Coorientador: João Antonio da Costa Andrade / Banca: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas / Banca: Pedro Cesar dos Santos / Banca: Pedro Mário de Araújo / Banca: Janete Apparecida Desidério Sena / Doutor

La dystocie représente une des causes principales de la mortalité maternelle et fœtale lors de l’accouchement. Une relation trop étroite entre les dimensions maternelles et fœtales résultent souvent en une césarienne d’urgence. Les manuels obstétricaux actuels proposent qu’une forme gynoïde de la cavité obstétricale est normale car elle favorise une descente fœtale sans difficulté lors de la parturition parce qu’elle est arrondie. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’étude de la variation inter-populationnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique chez trois populations génétiquement différentes pour tester si ces populations ont toutes une forme gynoïde ou si elles sont variables morphologiquement. Les cavités pelviennes analysées sont constituées de 59 bassins d’Américaines d’origine européenne, 74 bassins d’Américaines d’origine africaine et 19 bassins de Sadlermiuts. Vingt points anatomiques sur la cavité pelvienne ont été digitalisés à partir du bassin articulé pour permettre une visualisation tridimensionnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique. Une analyse Procrustes suivie d’une analyse en composantes principales ont été faites pour faire ressortir les composantes qui permettent de faire des distinctions entre les trois populations. L’existence d’une relation d’une part entre la taille et/ou la masse et d’autre part la morphologie du canal obstétrique a aussi été explorée. Résultats : La morphologie qui décrit les Sadlermiuts est la forme platypelloïde, soit un diamètre médio-latéral plus grand que le diamètre antéro-postérieur, et ce à tous les détroits. Les Américaines africaines présentent une morphologie qui tend vers une forme gynoïde aux détroits supérieur et moyen, et les Américaines européennes démontrent une morphologie intermédiaire entre les formes gynoïde et androïde au détroit supérieur. Seule la taille du bassin (taille centroïde) est corrélée à des changements de la forme du canal obstétrique pour les détroits supérieur et moyen. Discussion: La forme gynoïde n’est pas représentative de la cavité obstétricale chez les trois populations. Il est possible que la forme platypelloïde des Sadlermiuts soit une conséquence de comportements induisant des changements morphologiques lors du développement squelettique. D’autres études sont requises pour évaluer cette hypothèse. / Dystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.