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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Processamento e interpreta??o de dados 2D e 3D de GPR :aplica??es no imageamento de fei??es k?rsticas e estruturas de dissolu??o no campo de petr?leo de Fazenda Bel?m-CE

Xavier Neto, Pedro 05 May 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroXN_ate_cap4.pdf: 4119464 bytes, checksum: afcae765da030e3171f973a2422290fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-05 / In Fazenda Bel?m oil field (Potiguar Basin, Cear? State, Brazil) occur frequently sinkholes and sudden terrain collapses associated to an unconsolidated sedimentary cap covering the Janda?ra karst. This research was carried out in order to understand the mechanisms of generation of these collapses. The main tool used was Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). This work is developed twofold: one aspect concerns methodology improvements in GPR data processing whilst another aspect concerns the geological study of the Janda?ra karst. This second aspect was strongly supported both by the analysis of outcropping karst structures (in another regions of Potiguar Basin) and by the interpretation of radargrams from the subsurface karst in Fazenda Bel?m. It was designed and tested an adequate flux to process GPR data which was adapted from an usual flux to process seismic data. The changes were introduced to take into account important differences between GPR and Reflection Seismic methods, in particular: poor coupling between source and ground, mixed phase of the wavelet, low signal-to-noise ratio, monochannel acquisition, and high influence of wave propagation effects, notably dispersion. High frequency components of the GPR pulse suffer more pronounced effects of attenuation than low frequency components resulting in resolution losses in radargrams. In Fazenda Bel?m, there is a stronger need of an suitable flux to process GPR data because both the presence of a very high level of aerial events and the complexity of the imaged subsurface karst structures. The key point of the processing flux was an improvement in the correction of the attenuation effects on the GPR pulse based on their influence on the amplitude and phase spectra of GPR signals. In low and moderate losses dielectric media the propagated signal suffers significant changes only in its amplitude spectrum; that is, the phase spectrum of the propagated signal remains practically unaltered for the usual travel time ranges. Based on this fact, it is shown using real data that the judicious application of the well known tools of time gain and spectral balancing can efficiently correct the attenuation effects. The proposed approach can be applied in heterogeneous media and it does not require the precise knowledge of the attenuation parameters of the media. As an additional benefit, the judicious application of spectral balancing promotes a partial deconvolution of the data without changing its phase. In other words, the spectral balancing acts in a similar way to a zero phase deconvolution. In GPR data the resolution increase obtained with spectral balancing is greater than those obtained with spike and predictive deconvolutions. The evolution of the Janda?ra karst in Potiguar Basin is associated to at least three events of subaerial exposition of the carbonatic plataform during the Turonian, Santonian, and Campanian. In Fazenda Bel?m region, during the mid Miocene, the Janda?ra karst was covered by continental siliciclastic sediments. These sediments partially filled the void space associated to the dissolution structures and fractures. Therefore, the development of the karst in this region was attenuated in comparison to other places in Potiguar Basin where this karst is exposed. In Fazenda Bel?m, the generation of sinkholes and terrain collapses are controlled mainly by: (i) the presence of an unconsolidated sedimentary cap which is thick enough to cover completely the karst but with sediment volume lower than the available space associated to the dissolution structures in the karst; (ii) the existence of important structural of SW-NE and NW-SE alignments which promote a localized increase in the hydraulic connectivity allowing the channeling of underground water, thus facilitating the carbonatic dissolution; and (iii) the existence of a hydraulic barrier to the groundwater flow, associated to the A?u-4 Unity. The terrain collapse mechanisms in Fazenda Bel?m occur according to the following temporal evolution. The meteoric water infiltrates through the unconsolidated sedimentary cap and promotes its remobilization to the void space associated with the dissolution structures in Janda?ra Formation. This remobilization is initiated at the base of the sedimentary cap where the flow increases its abrasion due to a change from laminar to turbulent flow regime when the underground water flow reaches the open karst structures. The remobilized sediments progressively fill from bottom to top the void karst space. So, the void space is continuously migrated upwards ultimately reaching the surface and causing the sudden observed terrain collapses. This phenomenon is particularly active during the raining season, when the water table that normally is located in the karst may be temporarily located in the unconsolidated sedimentary cap / Esta tese apresenta resultados da pesquisa realizada no campo de petr?leo de Fazenda Bel?m-CE (Bacia Potiguar), com o objetivo de entender os mecanismos de gera??o de colapsos de terreno associados ? exist?ncia de um substrato carbon?tico intensamente fraturado e karstificado da Forma??o Janda?ra. A principal ferramenta utilizada foi o imageamento do karst soterrado com GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar). Dois eixos tem?ticos de pesquisa foram desenvolvidos: um eixo de natureza geof?sica, que consistiu no desenvolvimento de metodologias de processamento de dados de GPR, e um eixo de natureza geol?gica, que consistiu do estudo do karst Janda?ra e dos fatores condicionantes da sua evolu??o. Este segundo eixo foi fortemente apoiado no estudo de estruturas k?rsticas aflorantes e na interpreta??o de radargramas do karst soterrado. Um fluxo de processamento adequado para tratar dados de GPR ? proposto a partir da adapta??o de um fluxo usual de processamento s?smico. As principais modifica??es introduzidas est?o associadas com diferen?as fundamentais existentes entre GPR e S?smica, notadamente: pior condi??o de acoplamento entre fonte e solo, fase da wavelet (que ? mista, no GPR), grande n?vel de ru?do (inclusive a?reo), aquisi??o monocanal e maior import?ncia dos efeitos de propaga??o (principalmente dispers?o) na onda eletromagn?tica. A necessidade de um processamento adequado foi ainda mais premente em Fazenda Bel?m devido ? forte presen?a de ru?do a?reo, por se tratar de uma ?rea industrial, e grande complexidade das fei??es k?rsticas soterradas. A etapa chave do fluxo de processamento ? a corre??o dos efeitos de propaga??o. Em meios diel?tricos de perda baixa a moderada, verificou-se que a propaga??o do pulso de GPR impacta fortemente o seu espectro de amplitude, mas provoca muito pouca altera??o no seu espectro de fase. P?de-se assim corrigir os efeitos da propaga??o com uma aplica??o judiciosa de ganhos e balanceamento espectral. Os ganhos foram utilizados para recuperar a perda de amplitude e o balanceamento espectral, para recuperar as componentes da faixa superior de freq??ncia, que s?o mais fortemente afetadas pelos efeitos da propaga??o. Apesar da n?o estacionaridade do sinal do GPR, o balanceamento espectral promove um aumento de resolu??o, o que qualifica esta t?cnica como um bom substituto dos algoritmos de deconvolu??o, garantindo repetitividade e independ?ncia do meio geol?gico. A karstifica??o da plataforma carbon?tica Janda?ra est? associada a, pelo menos, tr?s eventos de exposi??o sub-a?rea relacionadas ?s discord?ncias do Turoniano, Santoniano e Campaniano. Em Fazenda Bel?m, a partir do Mioceno M?dio, o karst Janda?ra foi soterrado por sedimentos silicicl?sticos continentais. Este soterramento preencheu parte das cavidades de dissolu??o e fraturas e, assim, o desenvolvimento do processo de karstifica??o foi bastante atenuado, em compara??o com outros locais da Bacia Potiguar, onde o karst Janda?ra est? exposto. Nas condi??es vigentes em Fazenda Bel?m, identificou-se que os principais fatores condicionantes do surgimento das dolinas e do colapso de terreno s?o: (i) exist?ncia de uma cobertura inconsolidada espessa o suficiente para encobrir o calc?rio, por?m delgada o suficiente para que o seu volume possa ser acomodado nos espa?os vazios dessas estruturas; (ii) ocorr?ncia da interse??o de lineamentos estruturais SW-NE e NW-SE, que promovem um aumento localizado da condutividade hidr?ulica e condicionam a canaliza??o do fluxo hidr?ulico subterr?neo, facilitando a dissolu??o dos carbonatos; e (iii) exist?ncia de uma barreira hidr?ulica vertical, associada ? Unidade A?u-4, que condiciona a circula??o da ?gua subterr?nea a ser predominantemente lateral. Os colapsos de terreno em Fazenda Bel?m seguem o seguinte processo de evolu??o temporal. O fluxo de ?gua se infiltra atrav?s da cobertura sedimentar inconsolidada e promove sua mobiliza??o para o espa?o vazio das estruturas de dissolu??o na Forma??o Janda?ra. Este efeito ? iniciado na base da cobertura sedimentar, onde o fluxo aumenta o seu poder de abras?o, devido ? mudan?a brusca do regime laminar para o regime turbulento, ao entrar no karst. O material remobilizado vai preenchendo, as cavidades intra-acamamento e geram espa?o, de forma remontante, na cobertura sedimentar acima situada, que vai se afinando at? o ponto de colapso, quando ent?o ocorrem as dolinas. Este fen?meno ? especialmente ativo durante a esta??o chuvosa, quando o n?vel est?tico da ?gua, que normalmente est? situado dentro do calc?rio, pode estar temporariamente localizado dentro da cobertura sedimentar

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