Masters Research Report presented in partial fulfilment of degree of Master in Translation (Option: Interpreting) at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Academic year: 2016 / The focus of the present study is church interpreting, which is commonly used in multilingual church environments and is usually performed by untrained, non-professional individuals, usually members of the congregation, who perceive interpreting as a voluntary community service. This study has been undertaken at the Mosaïek Church in Fairland, Johannesburg, an interdenominational Christian church. It is often assumed that anyone who speaks more than one language can be an interpreter; therefore, interpreting is not generally regarded as a profession by laypersons. However, research in interpreting studies demonstrates that interpreting demands skills, beyond bilingualism, that generally confer in interpreters the ability to convey messages. As a result, this study aims to fill the research gap in church interpreting studies, specifically in South Africa, to develop a training programme for church interpreters at Mosaïek Church and raise awareness about the profession. The researcher has recorded professional and non-professional interpreters’ rendition of a recorded sermon, keeping as closely to a real-life situation as possible. The recordings have been transcribed and analysed to determine the coping strategies used by each participant, in order to create a training programme for this specific church’s non-professional interpreters. / MT 2018

A translation research project submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in translation. Johannesburg November 1993 / The study focuses on the role of publishing strategies and the function of translation with specific reference to the German translation of Dalene Matthee's Fiela's Child The hypothetical scheme of Lambert and Van Gorp, which aims to show which relations play part in the production and shaping of translation as well as Fairclough serve as a basic guideline for the analysis of any genre-type shifts between high popular and trivial literature, with the hypothesis being that the publishing house has an influence on a genre-type shift taking place between high popular and trivial literature. The role of the German publishing house, namely the BasteiLubbe Verlag and its policies, are studied in this context. In addition, the relevance theoretical notion of processing efforts (Gutt) are applied to the text with regard to the German readership, / GR2017

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

No description available.

Wong Suzanne Shu-Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-136). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter PART ONE --- Translation Process: A Metaphorical Mapping Approach / Chapter Chapter One --- James Holmes' Two-Map Two-Plane Text-Rank Translation Process Model / Chapter 1.1 --- Process-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Text maps and information continuums --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Translator's poetics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Gideon Toury's cultural-semiotic approach to translating --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Metaphor and Translation / Chapter 2.1 --- Metaphor and translation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Metaphor: from linguistic anomaly to cognitive assimilation --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- l. A. Richards: interaction and connection --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Paul Ricoeur: innovation and rapprochement --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Cognitive linguistics: metaphorical mappings --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Cognitive matrix and polysystem --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Analogy and correspondence --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Hermeneutics: fore-knowledge and fusion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor / Chapter 3.1 --- Metaphor comprehension and production --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Brief history and major theorists --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Max Black --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- George Lakoff --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Mark Turner and Gilles fauconnier --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- The structure of thought --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- From text to concept --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cross-domain mapping --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conceptual blending --- p.56 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter Four --- An Elaborated Translation Process Model / Chapter 4.1 --- Purpose of the model --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- The serial and structural planes in text processing - diachronic image and synchronic models --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Text maps and information continuums - the linguistic, literary and socio-cultural dimensions" --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Correspondence and counterparts 一 the blended target-text map --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- Translator's poetics 一 factors affecting mapping and blending --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.73 / Chapter PART TWO --- Translation Description: Map Analysis of Complex Metaphors / Chapter Chapter Five --- Translation-Descriptive Process: a Map Analysis Approach / Chapter 5.1 --- James Holmes' model of the translation-descriptive process --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- Translation description of complex metaphors from a map analysis approach --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3 --- The translation and translatability of metaphors --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Peter Newmark 一 the criss-crossed area of sense --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Raymond van den Broeck - information structuration in literary texts --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4 --- The resonance of the whole of language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Map analysis: the scope of metaphor --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Case Study: English translations of the xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊）metaphor in the Zhuangzi / Chapter 6.1 --- Tao and metaphor: The Zhuangzi and its language --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2 --- The scope of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor in the Zhuangzi --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The metaphorical structuration of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The meaning foci of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- "The overarching metaphor, main meaning focus and central mappings of xiaoyaoyou" --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3 --- Translations of the xiaoyaoyou metaphor --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- You (遊） --- p.109 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Cheng (乘)and other riding-related words --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Xiaoyao (逍遙） --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Xiaoyaoyou (逍遙遊） --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- "Linguistic, literary and socio-cultural mappings from source to target" --- p.125 / Chapter 6.5 --- Observations: hermeneutic sensitivity --- p.127 / Conclusion --- p.130 / Bibliography --- p.133 / Appendix 1 --- p.137

Keywords. Simultaneous Interpreting; Compression; Strategy; Chinese (Cantonese)-English / Studying compression has both theoretical and practical implications for quality assessment in interpreting, interpreter training and interpreting practice. It could also provide us with concrete and palpable signs of the interpreting process. The findings of the study may also be applied to other language pairs, to the translation of subtitles, and to sign language interpreting. The research provides us with a new perspective to the objective assessment of some phenomena in SI, such as omissions, substitutions, deletions and simplifications. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the use of compression strategy in simultaneous interpreting (SI) with reference to the language combination of Chinese (Cantonese) and English. The study uses concepts in linguistics, such as the Economy Principle, pragmatics, such as the Cooperative Principle and translation theories, such as Chernov's (1987/2004) categories of compression, Levy's (1967) MiniMax Principle, Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), Skopos Theory, and "the Theory of Sense." The thesis addresses the following questions: (1) To what extent professional simultaneous interpreters resort to compression as a strategy in Chinese and English SI? (2) Is compression intrinsic to the process of SI and universal for all language combinations? If so, are Chernov's categories of compression applicable to Chinese and English SI? (3) What are the causes and factors of compression in SI? How factors such as contexts and situations, textual inferences and syntactic differences in the two language systems affect interpreters' use of compression as a strategy in SI? / The study concludes that interpreters use compression as a linguistic coping strategy to match with the speakers' delivery speed in the specific discourse environments and contexts of SI under temporal constraints. Compression is also a "labour-saving device" to cope with the cognitive load in the extreme conditions by simultaneous interpreters. It is also a stylistic device to achieve brevity and clarity for the target text, and an effective communicative device to realize the communicative act which benefits the addressees. Compression is found to be intrinsic to the process of SI which could be argued as a universal phenomenon and a universal strategy for all language combinations. / This research uses the quantitative and qualitative methods. It adopts a corpus-based approach, embracing discourse analysis, DTS, participant observation and simple statistics. This is achieved through compiling a parallel corpus of the performance of professional simultaneous interpreters in three meetings of Hong Kong Legislative Council (LegCo) in which the renderings are made from Cantonese into English, i.e. from A Language to B Language. It is found that compression occurs in 60% of the whole discourse in all the three meetings and compressions are used mainly as a linguistic coping strategy in specific situations and temporal constraints due to linguistic redundancy in human languages and specific characteristics of the spoken language. All of Chernov's categories of compression are found in Chinese (Cantonese) and English SI, such as syllabic compression, lexical compression, syntactic compression, semantic compression and situational compression. Pragmatic compression is also found in the data. The main factors of compression are linguistic redundancy of languages, specific characteristics of the spoken language, speech contexts and situations, different syntactic structures of Chinese and English, and interpreters' manipulation with delivery speed under stringent temporal constraints in the process of SI. Professional skills and experiences of individual interpreters and their delivery speed have also affected their use of compression in SI. / Wang, Yongqiu. / Adviser: Chan Sin-wai. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2019. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-320). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

周晶. / "2011年9月". / "2011 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-214). / Abstract and table of contents in Chinese and English. / Zhou Jing. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 前言 --- p.iii / 目錄 --- p.iv / 圖表目錄 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 緖論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 文本界定 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究方法 --- p.6 / Chapter 第二章 --- 原文背景和基本内容的考量 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- 原文作者和她的《喜福會》 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- 原文的文學主旨 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 母女關係 --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 移民種族身份 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 文化衝突 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- 原文中表述的中西方文化概念 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《喜福會》的中譯本及相關研究 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- 《喜福會》的多重中譯本 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- 翻譯中的“本土化´ح和“外族化´ح現象 --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Venuti (1995/2008, 1998 a-c)的理論" --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Venuti承上啟下的角色 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 造成“本土化´ح與“外族化´ح現象的原因 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 --- p.48 / Chapter 第四章 --- 文本描寫的理論框架 --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- 基本原則 --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- 原文的描寫規範 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 界定文學主旨 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- 母女關係 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- 移民種族身份 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- 文化衝突 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- 小結 --- p.62 / Chapter 4. 2. 2 --- 界定本源文化概念 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- 譯文的描寫規範 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 翻譯策略的兩種含義 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- “本土化´ح或“外族化´ح的翻譯策略 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- 現有的研究 --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- 本研究的描寫規範 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- 結語 --- p.95 / Chapter 第五章 --- 對應文本的例子分析 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1 --- 文學主旨的例子 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 母女關係 --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 移民種族身份 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- 文化衝突 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2 --- 本源文化概念的例子 --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 源語文化概念 --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 譯語文化概念 --- p.125 / Chapter 5.3 --- 結語 --- p.129 / Chapter 第六章 --- 語料庫及描寫數據 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.1 --- 雙語平行文本語料庫 --- p.130 / Chapter 6.2 --- 有關翻譯策略分佈比率的說明 --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3 --- 翻譯策略在個別譯本中分佈 --- p.141 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 于譯本 --- p.141 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 田譯本 --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- 吳譯本 --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- 程譯本…… --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- 多重譯本的比較 --- p.153 / Chapter 6.4 --- 翻譯策略在四個譯本中的整體分佈 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.5 --- 誤差測定 --- p.161 / Chapter 6.6 --- 結語 --- p.164 / Chapter 第七章 --- 從翻譯的認知過程看翻譯策略的分佈 --- p.166 / Chapter 7.1 --- 翻譯認知過程的有關研究 --- p.167 / Chapter 7.2 --- 雙語處理過程的經濟原則 --- p.173 / Chapter 7.3 --- 理論框架的延伸 --- p.181 / Chapter 7.4 --- 對《喜福會》中譯本中翻譯策略分佈的解讀 --- p.184 / Chapter 7.5 --- 結語 --- p.187 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.189 / 參考文獻 --- p.197 / 英文目錄 --- p.215

劉熙賢. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1997. / 參考文獻 (leaves 95-97). / Liu Xixian. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)-- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1997. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 95-97). / Chapter 第一章 --- 麥肯泰爾的德性理論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- 德性與實踐 --- p.4 / Chapter 3. --- 敘述：行爲的歷史性格 --- p.7 / Chapter 4. --- 傳統文化的傳貽 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二章 --- 傳統與相對主義 --- p.14 / Chapter 1. --- 《誰之公正？何種理性？》的理論架構 --- p.14 / Chapter 2. --- 傳統與創建傳統的三個階段 --- p.16 / Chapter 3. --- 傳統與相對主義 --- p.20 / Chapter 4. --- 相對主義 --- p.24 / Chapter 5. --- 「知識論危機」 --- p.26 / Chapter 6. --- 批評 --- p.31 / Chapter 第三章 --- 可譯性與跨文化翻譯 --- p.38 / Chapter 1. --- 小引 --- p.38 / Chapter 2. --- 爲何討論翻譯理論？ --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- 翻譯正名 --- p.45 / Chapter 4. --- 譯事之難 --- p.47 / Chapter 5. --- 本土與異文化：近代翻譯理論的啓示 --- p.54 / Chapter 6. --- 從名詞的翻譯論不可譯之因由 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從相對主義到可譯性 --- p.67 / Chapter 1. --- 「最難駁的相對主義」 --- p.67 / Chapter 2. --- 三種「不可翻譯性」 --- p.71 / Chapter 3. --- 文化沙文主義 --- p.75 / Chapter 4. --- 整理與批評 --- p.78 / Chapter 5. --- 結論 --- p.90 / 參考書目 --- p.95

盧慧欣. / "2001年8月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 142-152) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 8 yue" / Lu Huixin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 142-152) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章： --- 翻譯的透明度 / Chapter 1.1 --- 「透明度」釋義 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- 讀者與翻譯的透明度 --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- 文努迪與赫曼斯論翻譯的「透明度」 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 隱形的譯者´ؤ´ؤ文努迪 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 不透明的翻譯行爲´ؤ´ؤ赫曼斯 --- p.22 / Chapter 第二章： --- 字幕翻譯的透明度 / Chapter 2.1 --- 電影翻譯的形式 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- 字幕與配音的出現 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- 字幕翻譯的透明度 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 配音的透明度 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- 香港的電影翻譯發展由「解話佬」到字幕翻譯 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三章： --- 漢語書面語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 3.1 --- 詞義闡釋 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- 粤語與規範漢語的分歧一香港口語與書面語的割裂 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- 漢語書面語字幕的透明度 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 口語訊息的歪曲 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 人物形象及語言特色的劃一 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 語域的限制 --- p.58 / Chapter 第四章： --- 粤語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 4.1 --- 粤語書寫語的應用 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2 --- 外語電影的粤語字幕翻譯 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 發展槪況 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 分類 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 應用特點 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- 《玩謝麥高維治》的粤語字幕 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 粤語字幕與電影人物的話語特徵 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 粤語語音與電影對白的聲音效果 --- p.111 / Chapter 第五章： --- 香港觀眾與粤語字幕的透明度 / Chapter 5.1 --- 電影討論區的觀眾意見 --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- 觀眾意向問卷調查 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.3 --- 商業系統中的觀眾因素 --- p.128 / 總結 / 粤語字幕的透明度 --- p.131 / 粤語字幕的限制與發展空間 --- p.132 / 附錄一：電影討論區觀眾意見表列 --- p.137 / 附錄二 ：字幕翻譯問卷調查受訪者資料 --- p.141 / 參考書目 --- p.142