兒童文學故事經典Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (以下簡稱Alice)創作於1865年的英國。在原著作者路易斯·卡羅爾（Lewis Carroll）筆下，故事主角愛麗絲展現了好奇勇敢、能思善辯、富有主見的兒童形象，她的漫遊奇遇詮釋了她由脆弱被動到強勢自主的形象轉變。1922年，愛麗絲藉由趙元任的Alice華文譯本第一次進入華文語境，由此展開她在華文地區（中國大陸地區、港澳台地區、新加坡和馬來西亞華人地區）迄今長達93年的旅行。旅程中，隨著譯本出現時間和地域的不同，被構建出的愛麗絲華文形象互不相同，構建這些華文形象的成人譯者亦扮演著不盡相同的角色。本研究以文學理論家愛德華·賽義德（Edward Said）的「旅行四階段」和「歷史與情境」論為基本理論框架，並融入比較文學形象學（Imagology）中「自我--他者」這一核心概念帶來的啟示，由此推導出符合「歷史與情境」且強調人為因素的關鍵概念，即由成人自我構建出的他者「兒童形象」概念。在上述理論架構引導下，本研究首先對1922--2014年間的338個Alice華文譯本的譯本特點和出現原因進行分析和闡述，勾畫出愛麗絲在四個華文地區兩段旅程五條路線的旅行全景，再以四個華文地區中的6個Alice華文譯本為個案代表，深入探討成人譯者在構建愛麗絲華語形象過程中採取的翻譯策略、方法和來自其他參與者（如出版者、繪圖師、譯序作者等等）的制約因素。論文著重闡釋譯者在目標文本形象建構中的主動和被動特性，對每個案例中的成人譯者角色做了較為全面的解析。本研究得出如下結論：（一）華文地區「兒童形象」因「時」、因「地」不同而表現形式不同，它直接影響和決定Alice華文譯本出版數量和形態等譯本特徵的形成和演變，這是愛麗絲華文旅行呈現出的主體情形；（二）在愛麗絲華文形象的具體建構過程中，因譯本創作時間和地點不同，目標文本形象會在源文本形象的兩個組成部分（即：形象側面和形象轉變）出現不同程度的改變；（三）譯者主動特性和被動特性的作用過程即為愛麗絲華文形象的構建過程；在源文本和目標文化「兒童形象」的雙重影響下，成人譯者做出了靈活度不同的個人選擇，定義了複雜和多重的譯者角色。

Orientador: Maria Lídia Lichtscheidl Maretti / Coorientador: Brigitte Monique Hervot / Banca: Antonio Roberto Esteves / Banca: Norma Wimmer / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a tradução anotada do livro Les infortunes de la vertu (1787) do Marquês de Sade (1740 - 1814), seguido de um estudo introdutório que tem o objetivo de familiarizar o leitor brasileiro com a narrativa sadiana. Sabemos que a polêmica que sempre acompanhou o Marquês de Sade era seguida pela constatação de sua originalidade que produziu, a partir de suas ideias libertinas, suas polêmicas obras. Les infortunes de la vertu se caracteriza como uma das obras emblemáticas de Sade, uma narrativa que apresenta os elementos da perversão denominada a partir do nome do autor, o sadismo. Na atividade de tradução buscamos valorizar a tendência que preconiza o sentido e o estilo original, optando pela corrente que defende a tradução estrageirizadora / Abstract: It is presented here the annotated translation of Les infortunes de la vertu (1787) of Marquis de Sade (1740 - 1814), followed by introductory study that intends to familiarize the Brazilian reader with the Sadean narrative. The controversy surrounding Marquis de Sade has always been accompanied by the realization of the originality he produced, sparked his libertine ideals and his infamous works. Les infortunes de la vertu is one of Sade's emblematic works, with a narrative that presents elements of the perversion named after the author, Sadism. During the translation, we valued the original meanings and style by opting for a foreignizing translation / Mestre

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Studien behandlar och beskriver dels hur tolkar upplever att taltolka hörande personer som använder teckenspråk, dels hur hörande personer som använder teckenspråk upplever att bli taltolkade. Två fokusgrupper fick berätta om sina erfarenheter av denna företeelse; teckenspråkstolkar i en grupp och hörande teckenspråkiga i en annan grupp. Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys identifierades fem teman med de viktigaste aspekterna i frågan. Dessa teman var: 1. Hörandes val av språk i tolkade sammanhang 2. Strategier för att hantera att bli taltolkad 3. Tolkens språkliga utmaningar 4. Ett gott samarbete är avgörande 5. CEFR – självbedömning är svårt. Genom dessa teman framkom att taltolkning av hörande är ett komplext fenomen som kräver särskild hantering. Ett väl utarbetat samarbete är en stor fördel och underlättar tolkens arbete. Det krävs också god kännedom om anledningen till att hörande ibland väljer att teckna i tolkade sammanhang. Det gör att tolken kan slappna av och koncentrera sig på tolkuppdraget. God insikt hos hörande gällande sin teckenspråkskompetens är också eftersträvansvärt. Vanan av att bli taltolkad underlättar situationen eftersom hörande då utarbetar strategier för att tåla att parallellt med den egna produktionen höra taltolkningen. / This study examines interpreters’ experiences of interpreting hearing signers into spoken language and describes the phenomenon of being the hearing person who signs in these interpreted contexts. Two focus groups were given the chance to share their stories about the situation - one group of sign language interpreters and one group of hearing signers. Through content analysis five themes were identified concerning the most important aspects. 1. Hearing persons’ choice of language in an interpreted situation 2. Strategies to manage being interpreted into spoken language 3. The interpreters’ linguistic challenges 4. Good cooperation is vital 5. CEFR- self-evaluation is hard. These themes revealed that giving voice to hearing signers is a complex phenomenon requiring special management. Well developed cooperation is an advantage and facilitates the interpreters work. Good knowledge about the reasons why hearing signers choose to sign makes it easier for the interpreters to relax and concentrate on the task. Hearing people need to have good understanding of their language proficiency as well as being accustomed to and develop strategies for managing to hear the interpreters voice over.

This diploma thesis provides a detailed description of the life and work of Ghelly Chernov, a Russian theorist and a leading figure of interpreting studies. It is the first thesis written in Czech to comprehensively cover Chernov's work. The chronologically arranged parts of the thesis systematically describe Chernov's life and findings about translation and interpreting, both theory and practice, with an emphasis on the model of probability prognosis in simultaneous interpreting. The thesis also focuses on Chernov's articles on didactics of interpreting and lexicographic publications, to which he directly contributed during his lifetime. The thesis covers the core elements of his work, describes them within the context of global interpreting studies, and recounts his life using the available resources as well as unique material provided by people who met the leading Russian interpreting theorist in person.

D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (Applied Linguistics) / Much research has focused on general strategy use during simultaneous interpreting (SI), while little research has been conducted on how interpreters’ choice of strategies relates to source text (ST) delivery speed (DS). Hence, it is unclear whether interpreters use the same strategies when confronted with fast speech, average speech, and slow speech; or, whether they use different strategies under these three conditions. This research argues that interpreters use specific strategies to cope with the different ST delivery speed during simultaneous interpreting within the Pan-African Parliament (PAP). The PAP consists of delegates from African countries with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In order to facilitate communication in this multilingual setting, the PAP has adopted six official working languages. However, the latter still do not resolve institutional communication barriers; hence the need for such services as simultaneous interpreting. The PAP is situated in Midrand, South Africa, and plays an important role in African politics. It offers SI in English and French. Nevertheless, no previous studies on simultaneous interpreting have been conducted at the PAP. Thus, through empirical research based on primary data consisting of recordings of simultaneous interpreting in French and English at the PAP, this study examines interpreters’ use of strategies. The main focus of the study is the strategies for fast, average, and slow delivery speed identified by Gile (1995), during actual interpreting at the PAP The study categorises these interpreting strategies into meaning-based (lexical dissimilarity) or form-based (lexical similarity) and indicates those that are more appropriate for each DS during SI. By differentiating the various strategies used by interpreters to deal with all three ST delivery speeds, this study creates an awareness about and clarifies how certain interpreting conditions, such as speed, affect interpreters’ coping tactics. In particular, the study demonstrates that the faster the speed, the more form-based (FB) the strategies will be; and, the slower the speed, the more interpreters will resort to meaning-based (MB) strategies. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that strategies that lead to meaning-based interpreting are more successful than the others which lead to a form-based interpreting.

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This study explores how the positioning of dialogue interpreters is shaped in mediated interaction through the combined investigation of two main units of analysis, i.e. assessments and gaze. The data used consists of a small corpus of authentic, video-recorded, mediated interactions in English and Italian. These encounters take place in pedagogical settings; in particular, the specific type of institutional talk analysed is that of mediated parent-teacher meetings, which represents uncharted territory for interpreting studies. An interdisciplinary approach encompassing conversation analysis and studies on non-verbal communication is adopted to explore how interactants orient to both verbal and non-verbal activities (mainly gaze) in the production and monitoring of each other's actions, in the initiation and maintenance of social encounters, and in the co-construction of meaning and participatory framework. As for the verbal dimension, this thesis focuses on assessments, given that evaluative talk characterises the interactions under scrutiny. In particular, some tendencies (namely upgrading and downgrading renditions) in the way interpreters handle utterances embedding evaluative assessments have been identified, explored and linked to issues of identity and epistemic authority. One of the most innovative aspects of this work lies in the exploration of how positioning is realised not only verbally, but also nonverbally, by accounting for non-verbal features in the analysis of verbal interaction. Although non-verbal features have been recognised as part and parcel of human social interaction as well as important vectors of meaning and co-ordination (e.g. Goodwin 1981; Kendon 1990), their sequential positioning in relation to the production of the ongoing flow of talk and their use by interpreters to complement/replace specific verbal features is uncharted territory for interpreting studies. Since the groundbreaking work by Lang (1976, 1978), little research has integrated gaze in the analysis of the interpreter’s (and participants) verbal output (e.g. Wadensjö 2001; Bot 2005). To enable its investigation, gaze is systematically encoded alongside specific conversational cues via the ELAN software, which interfaces audio-video input in a user-friendlyhypertextual transcription. A specific gaze-encoding system has been developed for triadic interaction, building on Rossano’s (2012) one for dyadic interaction. These symbols have been mapped onto the verbal transcript of specific sequences, with a view to investigating how gaze is used as an interactional resource in conjunction with verbal behaviour when producing such sequences. Through analysis of the actions performed via talk and gaze, the thesis investigates how displays of knowledge and epistemic authority are achieved and the impact of the interpreter’s shifting positioning on the unfolding interaction. The micro-analysis of transcripts is placed within a macro-analytical framework to explore whether interpreters work as intercultural mediators when they display an engaged behaviour and act as ratified participants. Findings show that the specific moves isolated, although trying to establish a common ground with the mothers, do not seem to contribute to participants’ empowerment and participation, thus suggesting the need for a more nuanced conceptualisation of intercultural mediation.