Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Intraoperative adverse events (IAEs) due to interprofessional miscommunication continue to occur despite implementation of surgical checklists and focused communication trainings. Much of the previous intraoperative communication research has focused on the content and quantity of interprofessional communication instead of its context and quality, and current communication interventions seem to have varying levels of engagement, effectiveness, and persistence. The purpose of this dissertation study was to explore the psychosocial processes involved during the establishment and maintenance of interprofessional communication surrounding IAEs or potential IAEs in the intraoperative environment and to identify the perceived facilitators and barriers to communication. Twenty surgical team members participated in semi-structured interviews and described their experiences with interprofessional communication during IAEs. Grounded theory methodology was used to identify the central process, Testing the Water, and two subprocesses, Reading the Room and Navigating Hierarchy. Testing the Water describes the situational nature of interprofessional communication as surgical team members navigate factors influencing the context and probable trajectories of surgical cases and the perceptions of professional rights and responsibilities within surgical teams. Participants in this study experienced Testing the Water differently based on their professional roles and tenure; findings were organized around three emerging groups identified as inexperienced nurses, experienced nurses, and surgeons. Interprofessional communication surrounding IAEs occurred for study participants in fluid, iterative phases identified as 1) Recognition, 2) Reconnaissance, 3) Rallying, 4) Reaction, and 5) Resolution. Participants recognized IAEs or potential IAEs, gathered information through reconnaissance, rallied other team members, reacted to stabilize patients, and resolved IAEs through individual or surgical team reflection. Study participants reported using strategies during communication to accomplish two psychosocial goals, preserving the flow of surgical cases, and protecting the ‘face’ of themselves and other surgical team members. Supporting these psychosocial goals through increased psychological safety for all surgical team members potentially leads to more effective, timely surgical team communication. More effective interprofessional communication facilitates the improved situational awareness, collective sensemaking, and integrated team mental models that are critical to coordinated responses to IAEs. The findings of this study suggest practical implications to increase the effectiveness of interprofessional communication in the intraoperative environment.

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Introdução: O estudo propõe analisar o trabalho do enfermeiro na atenção básica de saúde, no contexto das relações entre trabalhadores da equipe de saúde da família e do núcleo de apoio à saúde da família (NASF), para conhecer como se dá a participação do enfermeiro na promoção de ações interprofissionais. Objetivos: Identificar as ações interprofissionais nas quais o enfermeiro participa e analisar as concepções dos profissionais de saúde das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) sobre a participação do enfermeiro nas ações interprofissionais e sobre o trabalho em equipe. Método: Estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa realizado em uma UBS da região sul do município de São Paulo. Coleta de dados através de observação direta do trabalho das equipes e entrevista com base na técnica de incidente crítico, com 15 profissionais de uma Equipe de Saúde da Família, Saúde Bucal e NASF. Na análise utilizou-se análise temática e triangulação. Resultados: Foram identificados oito tipos de ações interprofissionais nas quais o enfermeiro participa: consulta compartilhada, consulta de enfermagem que se desdobra em consulta compartilhada, atendimento compartilhado, espaço de troca e oportunidades de articulação, discussão de dúvidas, coordenação do cuidado, encaminhamentos pela enfermeira para outros profissionais e encaminhamentos de outros profissionais para a enfermeira. Os resultados mostraram o predomínio de consultas compartilhadas com médico e profissionais do NASF e que o conjunto das ações interprofissionais são orientadas por duas lógicas distintas: lógica das necessidades de saúde do usuário e lógica de agilizar o atendimento, ou a combinação de ambas. Independentemente da orientação da ação, foram identificadas duas abordagens também distintas: biomédica ou atenção integral à saúde. Conclusão: As ações interprofissionais observadas evidenciam características de trabalho em equipe integrado e prática colaborativa, destacando-se a atuação da enfermeira como agente de distribuição e convergência de informações e sua participação na ação interprofissional, em especial relacionada à prática clínica. Nas ações interprofissionais orientadas pela lógica das necessidades de saúde, houve o predomínio da abordagem pautada na busca da integralidade e nas ações interprofissionais voltadas à lógica de agilizar o atendimento, predominou a abordagem biomédica, com foco na doença e aspectos a ela relacionados. As ações desenvolvidas em conjunto entre enfermeira e profissionais do NASF, evidenciam a atuação deste como recurso de matriciamento e de apoio técnico-pedagógico, pois tanto representa a extensão da abordagem das necessidades de saúde de usuários, como educação permanente dos envolvidos / Introduction: In this study we propose to analyze the work of the basic healthcare nurse in the context of the relationship between workers of the family healthcare team and the support nucleus of the family healthcare (NASF -- núcleo de apoio à saúde da família) to acknowledge how the participation of the nurse in the promotion of interprofessional actions occurs. Objective: Identify the interprofessional actions where the nurse takes part and analyze the ideas of the healthcare professionals of the healthcare basic units (UBS -- unidades básicas de saúde) on nurse participation in interprofessional actions and in teamwork. Method: Case study with a qualitative approach conducted in a UBS of the southern area of the municipality of São Paulo. Data collection through direct observation of the work of the teams, and interviews based on the critical incidents technique, with 15 professionals of a Family Health Team, Buccal Health, and NASF. For the analysis, thematic analysis and triangulation were applied. Results: Eight types of interprofessional actions where the nurse takes part were identified: Shared visits, nurse visits that turns into a shared visit, shared care, a space for exchanges and articulation opportunities, discussion of issues, care coordination, referrals by the nurse to other professionals, and referrals of the other professionals to the nurse. The results have shown the predominance of shared visits with physicians and NASF professionals, and that the whole of interprofessional actions are guided by two different reasoning: Reasoning of the health needs of the user, and reasoning of speeding up the care, or a combination of both. Regardless of the action guidance, two approaches, also different, were identified: Biomedical or integral healthcare. Conclusion: The interprofessional actions observed point to integrated teamwork and collaborative practice characteristics, with the nurse action standing out as an agent of information delivery and convergence, and their participation in the interprofessional action, mainly in relation with the clinical practice. The interprofessional actions guided by the reasoning of health needs have shown the predominance of the approach ruled by the search of integrality, and in the interprofessional actions, directed by the reasoning of speeding up care, biomedical approach has prevailed, with focus on disease and their related aspects. The actions developed together by nurses and NASF professionals, point to its action as a matrix and technical and pedagogical support resource, for they represent the extension of the approach of health needs of the user as well as the permanent education of the involved

Introdução: O estudo propõe analisar o trabalho do enfermeiro na atenção básica de saúde, no contexto das relações entre trabalhadores da equipe de saúde da família e do núcleo de apoio à saúde da família (NASF), para conhecer como se dá a participação do enfermeiro na promoção de ações interprofissionais. Objetivos: Identificar as ações interprofissionais nas quais o enfermeiro participa e analisar as concepções dos profissionais de saúde das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) sobre a participação do enfermeiro nas ações interprofissionais e sobre o trabalho em equipe. Método: Estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa realizado em uma UBS da região sul do município de São Paulo. Coleta de dados através de observação direta do trabalho das equipes e entrevista com base na técnica de incidente crítico, com 15 profissionais de uma Equipe de Saúde da Família, Saúde Bucal e NASF. Na análise utilizou-se análise temática e triangulação. Resultados: Foram identificados oito tipos de ações interprofissionais nas quais o enfermeiro participa: consulta compartilhada, consulta de enfermagem que se desdobra em consulta compartilhada, atendimento compartilhado, espaço de troca e oportunidades de articulação, discussão de dúvidas, coordenação do cuidado, encaminhamentos pela enfermeira para outros profissionais e encaminhamentos de outros profissionais para a enfermeira. Os resultados mostraram o predomínio de consultas compartilhadas com médico e profissionais do NASF e que o conjunto das ações interprofissionais são orientadas por duas lógicas distintas: lógica das necessidades de saúde do usuário e lógica de agilizar o atendimento, ou a combinação de ambas. Independentemente da orientação da ação, foram identificadas duas abordagens também distintas: biomédica ou atenção integral à saúde. Conclusão: As ações interprofissionais observadas evidenciam características de trabalho em equipe integrado e prática colaborativa, destacando-se a atuação da enfermeira como agente de distribuição e convergência de informações e sua participação na ação interprofissional, em especial relacionada à prática clínica. Nas ações interprofissionais orientadas pela lógica das necessidades de saúde, houve o predomínio da abordagem pautada na busca da integralidade e nas ações interprofissionais voltadas à lógica de agilizar o atendimento, predominou a abordagem biomédica, com foco na doença e aspectos a ela relacionados. As ações desenvolvidas em conjunto entre enfermeira e profissionais do NASF, evidenciam a atuação deste como recurso de matriciamento e de apoio técnico-pedagógico, pois tanto representa a extensão da abordagem das necessidades de saúde de usuários, como educação permanente dos envolvidos / Introduction: In this study we propose to analyze the work of the basic healthcare nurse in the context of the relationship between workers of the family healthcare team and the support nucleus of the family healthcare (NASF -- núcleo de apoio à saúde da família) to acknowledge how the participation of the nurse in the promotion of interprofessional actions occurs. Objective: Identify the interprofessional actions where the nurse takes part and analyze the ideas of the healthcare professionals of the healthcare basic units (UBS -- unidades básicas de saúde) on nurse participation in interprofessional actions and in teamwork. Method: Case study with a qualitative approach conducted in a UBS of the southern area of the municipality of São Paulo. Data collection through direct observation of the work of the teams, and interviews based on the critical incidents technique, with 15 professionals of a Family Health Team, Buccal Health, and NASF. For the analysis, thematic analysis and triangulation were applied. Results: Eight types of interprofessional actions where the nurse takes part were identified: Shared visits, nurse visits that turns into a shared visit, shared care, a space for exchanges and articulation opportunities, discussion of issues, care coordination, referrals by the nurse to other professionals, and referrals of the other professionals to the nurse. The results have shown the predominance of shared visits with physicians and NASF professionals, and that the whole of interprofessional actions are guided by two different reasoning: Reasoning of the health needs of the user, and reasoning of speeding up the care, or a combination of both. Regardless of the action guidance, two approaches, also different, were identified: Biomedical or integral healthcare. Conclusion: The interprofessional actions observed point to integrated teamwork and collaborative practice characteristics, with the nurse action standing out as an agent of information delivery and convergence, and their participation in the interprofessional action, mainly in relation with the clinical practice. The interprofessional actions guided by the reasoning of health needs have shown the predominance of the approach ruled by the search of integrality, and in the interprofessional actions, directed by the reasoning of speeding up care, biomedical approach has prevailed, with focus on disease and their related aspects. The actions developed together by nurses and NASF professionals, point to its action as a matrix and technical and pedagogical support resource, for they represent the extension of the approach of health needs of the user as well as the permanent education of the involved

Interprofessional education (IPE) is essential for enhancing students’ critical thinking skills and ability to integrate other professionals’ knowledge to ensure mutual respect and shared values for patient-centered care. The needs of medically underserved populations (MUPs) to receive behavioral health and nutritional care integrated with primary care services are significant. This research highlights the data outcomes from six offerings of a graduate IPE course on integrated health care. Funding from a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Behavioral Health Workforce and Education Training (BHWET) grant provided stipends for graduate social work and school counseling students in their final year of field working with MUPs in integrated care settings. Findings indicate significant increases in integrated care knowledge from pre- to post-course. Students reported appreciating the social justice framework of the course including food security and access to care. Students suggest that the course be required of all, not just stipend recipients. This project is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under Behavioral Health Workforce Education and Training Program Grant No. M01HP313900100. This information or content and conclusions are those of the authors and should not be construed as the official position or policy of, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government.

La collaboration entre les professionnels de la santé s’avère être nécessaire pour faire face au vieillissement de la population, à la prévalence des maladies chroniques et à la pénurie de personnel chez certaines professions de la santé (OMS, 2010). De plus, pour favoriser une collaboration optimale et offrir des soins de qualité, des équipes choisissent désormais d’adopter une approche de soins en partenariat patient où la collaboration interprofessionnelle se déroule en valorisant les savoirs expérientiels du patient à l’égard de la vie avec la maladie et en l’intégrant dans l’équipe de soins. L’Université de Montréal (UdeM) offre une formation à l’éducation à la collaboration interprofessionnelle (EIP) visant à enseigner des compétences de la pratique collaborative en sciences de la santé et en sciences psychosociales en partenariat avec le patient. L’EIP est confrontée à divers défis, entre autres, de logistique, de communication et de cloisonnement des professions. Pour surmonter ces obstacles, l’UdeM s’est donc tournée vers le numérique afin de permettre à des équipes interprofessionnelles d’étudiants de collaborer en ligne et en présentiel. Cette étude s’intéresse donc à décrire comment les étudiants réunis en équipe interprofessionnelle collaborent dans le contexte du cours hybride de Collaboration en sciences de la santé (CSS) en partenariat avec le patient offert par l’UdeM. Nous décrivons comment les étudiants collaborent en ligne et en présentiel et nous identifions les compétences du référentiel de compétences mobilisées. Notre étude propose un cadre conceptuel basé sur l’apprentissage collaboratif en mode hybride (en ligne et en présentiel) de l’EIP composé 1) du modèle de Chiocchio, Grenier, O’Neill, Savaria et Willms (2012) permettant de décrire comment les équipes d’étudiants mobilisent les dimensions de la collaboration (communication, synchronisation, coordination implicite et explicite); 2) du référentiel de compétences de la pratique collaborative et de partenariat patient en santé et services sociaux (Direction collaboration partenariat patient [DCPP] et Comité interfacultaire opérationnel l’Université de Montréal [CIO-UdeM], 2016) et 3) de la typologie du travail interprofessionnel de Xyrichis, Reeves, Zwarenstein (2018). 18 Notre étude emploie une méthodologie mixte convergente. Nous avons mené cette étude auprès d’une cohorte de 1435 étudiants de deuxième année de baccalauréat dans le cadre du cours CSS2900 provenant de treize programmes à l’UdeM. Ce cours se divise en trois volets: 1) formation en ligne 2) activité intraprogramme, 3) atelier interprofessionnel en présentiel coanimé par un professionnel de la santé et un patient formateur. Premièrement, nous avons analysé le Journal de bord collaboratif (JBC) de douze équipes interprofessionnelles d’étudiants (n=60), soit un corpus de cette cohorte. Deuxièmement, nous avons partagé un questionnaire La collaboration en équipes interprofessionnelles à la cohorte à la fin du cours et celui-ci a été répondu par 321 participants. Les résultats indiquent que les participants de l’étude ont majoritairement et similairement mobilisé les dimensions de la collaboration. La communication et la coordination seraient tributaires de la synchronisation lorsque la collaboration se déroule en ligne. L’usage des médias sociaux et d’un outil d’écriture collaborative en ligne auraient favorisé la collaboration en mode hybride. En présentiel, le patient partenaire coanimateur a soutenu des équipes pour faire le point sur leurs apprentissages et ainsi développer des compétences du référentiel du cours CSS2900. Le contexte de l’étude en mode hybride permet aux équipes de collaborer sur une longue période, à la manière d’une classe inversée (figure 29). Ceci favoriserait le développement des compétences du référentiel (DCPP et CIO-UdeM) et le décloisonnement des professions. Les contextes d’apprentissage où les pratiques des compétences effectives ont été mobilisées semblent se rapprocher du réseautage interprofessionnel et de la collaboration consultative de la typologie de Xyrichis et coll. (2018). / Collaboration among health professionals is required to contend with population aging, the prevalence of chronic illnesses, and staff shortages in certain health professions (WHO, 2010). As well, to foster optimal collaboration and provide good quality of care, some teams are now adopting a patient partnership approach in which the patient’s experiential knowledge of living with illness is valued as part of the interprofessional collaboration and the patient is integrated into the healthcare team. The Université de Montréal (UdeM) offers a program in interprofessional collaboration education (IPE) geared towards teaching the competencies required for collaborative practice in both health sciences and psychosocial sciences in partnership with patients. The IPE is confronted with a variety of challenges related to logistics, communication, and the compartmentalization of professions, among others. To overcome these obstacles, the UdeM has turned to digital technology to help interprofessional teams of students to collaborate online and in person. This study focused on describing how students in interprofessional teams collaborate in the hybrid course entitled Health Sciences Collaboration in Partnership with Patients, offered by the UdeM. We describe how students collaborate online and in the classroom, and we identify the competencies in the competency framework used. Our study proposes a conceptual framework based on the IPE’s hybrid (online and in person) collaborative learning model, which we constructed using: 1) the model of Chiocchio, Grenier, O’Neill, Savaria, and Willms (2012), to describe how the student teams collaborate and used dimensions of collaboration (communication, synchronisation, explicit and implicit coordination) ; 2) the competency framework for collaborative practice and patient partnership in health and social services (Direction collaboration et partenariat patient [DCPP] and Comité interfacultaire opérationnel de formation à la collaboration, l’Université de Montréal [CIO-UdeM], 2016); and 3) the interprofessional work typology of Xyrichis, Reeves, and Zwarenstein (2018). Our study used a convergent mixed methodology. We conducted this study with a cohort of 1,435 second-year undergraduate students in course CSS2900 coming from 13 20 different UdeM programs. This course is divided in three parts: 1) online training 2) intra- program activity, 3) interprofessional workshop coanimated by a health professional and patient-partner facilitator in classroom. First, we analyzed the online collaboration journal (OCJ) of 12 interprofessional student teams (n = 60). Second, we distributed a questionnaire on Collaboration in Interprofessional Teams to the entire cohort at the end of the course, to which 321 participants responded. The results show that the majority of study participants used the dimensions of collaboration in a similar manner online and in person. Communication and coordination were dependent on synchronization when collaboration occurred online. The use of both social media and an online collaborative writing tool fostered collaboration in hybrid mode. In the classroom, the patient-partner co-facilitator supported the teams as they reviewed their learning (coordination) and, in this way, developed the competencies of the framework for course CSS2900. Under the hybrid study model, the teams were able to collaborate over an extended period, similar to a flipped classroom approach (Figure 29). This fostered development of the framework competencies (DCPP and CIO-UdeM) and helped break down professional boundaries. The learning contexts in which effective competency practices were mobilized appeared analogous to the interprofessional networking and consultative collaboration categories in the typology of Xyrichis et al. (2018).