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The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a hardy exotic species that have established sporadically distributed feral populations throughout North America. In one shallow seasonally anoxic pond goldfish formed a large stunted population of 15-17,000 ind ha$ sp{-1}$, with 53% being small young of the year. Goldfish were predominantly benthic herbivores with little diet overlap with resident red-spotted newts (Notapthalmus v. viredescens). Thus in relatively simple systems lacking fish predators goldfish can be very successful. However in systems with a complex native fish community, goldfish have had less success in colonizing. This could be related to an inability of goldfish to cope with native predators. / Tests for assortative shoaling between brown and gold coloured morphs showed that gold coloured fish exhibited no colour based assortive shoaling, while brown fish showed slight but significant colour preferences for like-coloured fish. This level of shoaling preference did not improve after visual exposure or interaction with native predators, indicating that goldfish showed limited behaviourial responses to predators, and that they were unable to modify their response to a predation threat. Further trials allowing goldfish to interact with either pike (Esox lucius) or bass (Ambloplites rupestris), in both single species groups of predator-naive goldfish, and mixed species conditions of goldfish with predator-experience minnows, showed that goldfish did not alter their behaviour in the presence of minnows (Pimephales notatus) when the predators were not present. However, with the predators present goldfish altered their activities to a more minnow-like pattern and showed a significant improvement in anti-predator behaviour. This improved behaviour continued by goldfish when they were retested on their own, indicating that the goldfish were reacting to the predator and not the minnows. Goldfish colonization may therefore be limited not so much by predation or competition from native cyprinids, but more by the absence/presence of a suitable, native, predator-experienced fish from which to copy the appropriate anti-predator behaviours.

To provide a background for this study, an attempt has been made to correlate the facts known about Playford's life and work. The examination of the treatise has two main objectives: 1. to give an exposition of the material presented by Playford (which includes not only theory of music with examples, but also instructions on singing and on playing the viol and the violin, as well as a number of musical compositions); and 2. wherever possible, to discover the sources used by Playford in writing the treatise.

Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worldwide movement of biota is of substantial concern for the conservation of biodiversity. The movement of species takes place at three different scales. These are translocations of indigenous species within their natural distribution ranges, the translocation of species outside their natural distribution ranges within geopolitical boundaries (i.e. extralimital introductions) and the translocation of species outside geopolitical boundaries and their natural distribution ranges (i.e. extraregional introductions). Ungulates are extensively translocated at each of these scales and each scale of translocation is expected to have different impacts on biodiversity. Ungulates are translocated for conservation purposes such as reintroducing species to places where they have previously gone extinct and to mitigate inbreeding in small, isolated populations. Ungulates are also extensively translocated for economic and recreational reasons, such as for sport hunting. Translocations for sport hunting include indigenous, extralimital and extraregional species. Concerns for translocations of indigenous species are largely for the loss of genetic diversity through the mixing of genetically distinct populations, and concerns for extralimital and extraregional translocations are for impacts on indigenous biodiversity such as through herbivory, competition, hybridization and disease transmission. This thesis investigates the extent of ungulate introductions globally and at a finer resolution in South Africa. It investigates the pathways, drivers and impacts of ungulate introductions and it also investigates the use of surrogates for genetic distinctiveness for advising the translocation of indigenous ungulates. The study finds that ungulate translocations have been extensive and have lead to the homogenization of ungulate assemblages in countries globally and at a quarter-degree grid-cell resolution in South Africa. Zoos were identified as a potential introduction pathway for extraregional ungulates globally and in South Africa extraregional introductions have made ungulate assemblages more different; whereas large numbers of extralimital introductions have made ungulate assemblages more similar. The homogenization of ungulate species in South Africa has increased with time, due to increased numbers of translocations, particularly of extralimital species. In South Africa translocations have most recently been made to high-income areas with high human population density and high livestock density; whereas in the 1960s ungulates were introduced to areas species poor for indigenous ungulates and marginal for livestock. In South Africa, long distance translocations of indigenous species extralimitally has resulted in extensive range expansions of a magnitude greater than predicted range changes as a result of predicted climate change. When the use of surrogates of genetic distinctiveness for advising translocations was investigated for Africa, the East African rift valley was found to be important in delineating genetic distinctiveness and translocations across this feature should be prevented. Major rivers in Africa also showed potential for delineating genetic distinctiveness in ungulates, but relevant phylogeographic data are needed to confirm this. Sufficient evidence for the impacts of non-indigenous ungulates on biodiversity both in South Africa and globally is lacking despite substantial concern for their impacts. It is suggested that to demonstrate the impacts of non-indigenous ungulates exclosure and enclosure experiments should be used and population declines in indigenous species should be shown. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskuiwing van plante en diere wêreldwyd lei tot groot kommer in gevolge die bewaring van biodiversiteit. Verskuiwings vind op drie skale plaas, naamlik, die verskuiwing van inheemse spesies binne hulle natuurlike verspreidingsgebied, die verskuiwing van spesies buite hul natuurlike verspreidingsgebied maar binne landsgrense (d.w.s. buite limiet verskuiwings), en die verskuiwing van spesies buite hul natuurlike verspreidingsgebied en buite landsgrense (d.w.s. buite grondgebied verskuiwings). Grootskaalse verskuiwing van hoefdiere vind op al drie skale plaas. Verskuiwing op elk van die skale sal na verwagting biodiversiteit verskillend beïnvloed. Hoefdiere word ook vir bewaringsdoeleindes verskuif, bv. die herbevolking van ‘n gebied waar die spesies uitgesterf het, asook om genetiese probleme wat gepaardgaan met klein bevolkingsgroottes te vermy. Hoefdiere word ook verskuif vir ekonomiese- en ontspannings redes, o.a. vir sportjag, en sluit verskuiwings op al drie skale in. Kommer oor verskuiwings binne ‘n spesies se verspreidingsgebied rus hoofsaaklik op die verlies van genetiese diversiteit a.g.v. die vermenging van vorig genetiese eiensoortige bevolkings, terwyl op die ander twee skale kommer hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die impakte van kompetisie, interteling, predasie, herbivoor effek, en die verspreiding van parasiete op inheemse biodiversiteit. Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die omvang van hoefdier verskuiwings globaal asook in Suid Afrika. Die verskuiwingsweë, oorsake en impakte van verskuiwings word hier ondersoek, asook die maatstawwe van genetiese eiensoortigheid om advies oor verskuiwings te verskaf. Die bevindings toon op ekstensiewe verskuiwing van hoefdiere wat eenvormigheid van hoefdier spesiesamestellings wêreldwyd bevorder het, sowel as op ‘n kwartgraad skaal in Suid Afrika. Dieretuine is geïdentifiseer as ‘n potensiële bron van buite grondgebied verskuiwings. In Suid Afrika het buite grondgebied verskuiwings hoefdier spesiesamestellings minder eenvormig gemaak, terwyl buite limiet verskuiwings hoefdier samestellings binne Suid Afrika meer eenvormig gemaak het. Eenvormigheid in hoefdier spesiesamestellings het met tyd in Suid Afrika toegeneem as gevolg van ‘n toename in veral buite limiet verskuiwings. In Suid Afrika is verskuiwings mees onlangs na hoë-inkomste gebiede met hoë menslike bevolkingsen veëdigthede gemaak. In die sestiger jare is hoefdiere egter verskuif na gebiede waar min inheemse hoefdiere voorgekom het en wat marginaal was vir veëboerdery. In Suid Afrika het langafstand buite limiet verskuiwings versoorsaak dat die verspreidingsgebiede van sekere hoefdier spesies groter is as wat die geval sal wees met voorspelde klimaatsveranderinge. Waneer surogaat inligting gebruik word om genetiese verskille tussen bevolkings te identifiseer om verskuiwings te adviseer, word die Oos Afrika Rift vallei geïdentifiseer as ‘n belangrike breuk tussen bevolkings. Verskuiwings oor die vallei moet verkieslik nie plaasvind nie. Groot riviere in Afrika speel ‘n soortgelyke rol, maar verdere genetiese inligting is nodig om dit te bevestig. Alhoewel kommer oor die impak van verskuiwings groot en teoreties verdedigbaar is, bestaan daar te min konkrete bewyse vir die impakte in Suid Afrika. Daar word voorgestel dat manipuleringseksperimente uitgevoer moet word om impakte te demonstreer, en dat aandag veral gegee moet word aan die demonstrasie van impakte op inheemse spesies.

This paper looks at the history of WBAP while examining how programming has changed from 1922-2014 and how WBAPs audience helped shape programming at the station. This paper reveals four formatting changes throughout the stations history and provides in-depth statistical analysis of how WBAPs audience changed during the stations 90 plus years of existence.

O Beach Tennis é uma variante do Tênis de Campo nascido na Itália durante a década de 1970 e combina características de vários outros esportes. Inicialmente, era apenas uma atividade de lazer praticada nas praias. Em 1996 ganha seu primeiro conjunto de regras e passa a ser praticado como esporte. No ano de 2008 chega ao Brasil e rapidamente começa a ser difundido, primeiro pelo litoral e na sequência para o interior do país. É neste contexto que este trabalho analisou a introdução e o desenvolvimento do Beach Tennis na cidade de Araraquara sob o ponto de vista de seis participantes deste processo. A pesquisa foi de caráter qualitativo pautada na Teoria Fundamentada como método escolhido. Este fenômeno representa um recorte da introdução e do desenvolvimento do Beach Tennis no Brasil, justificando por isso a construção de um estudo de natureza exploratória que aprofunde a nossa compreensão e que possa ser referencial teórico para estudos futuros sobre a modalidade. Foram encontradas duas grandes categorias, a categoria do Acesso e a categoria da Motivação, e que juntas, formam o eixo central que permitiu a ocorrência do fenômeno estudado. Os depoentes entendem que a modalidade tornou-se parte integrante do seu cotidiano e também de seus familiares, sendo esses praticantes ou não, e que pela prática do Beach Tennis eles têm obtido uma melhor qualidade de vida, que uma nova cultura esportiva pode ser aceita e inserida progressivamente e que todo este fenômeno tende a continuar se depender da vontade deles. Os depoentes também entendem que o fenômeno depende do esforço dos agentes facilitadores, que por sua vez, são dependentes da ocorrência de situações favoráveis. / The Beach Tennis is a variant of the Tennis born in Italy during the decade of 70 and it mixes characteristics of several other sports. Initially it was just a leisure activity practiced on the beaches. In 1996 won it´s first set of rules and started to be practiced as a sport. In 2008, it arrives in Brazil and soon begins to be spread, first by the coast and then to the interior of the country. It is in this context that this work analyzed the introduction and development of Beach Tennis in the city of Araraquara from the point of view of six participants of this process. The research was of qualitative character based on the Grounded Theory as chosen method. Two major categories were found, the \"Access\" category and the \"Motivation\" category and together they formed the central axis that allowed the occurrence of the phenomenon studied. This phenomenon represents a cut in the introduction and development of Beach Tennis in Brazil, justifying the construction of an exploratory study that deepens our understanding and that can be a theoretical reference for future studies on the modality. The deponents understand that the modality has become an integral part of their daily life and also of their families, regardless of whether they are practicing or not, and that by practicing Beach Tennis they have obtained a better quality of life, that a new sports culture can be accepted and progressively inserted and that all this phenomenon tends to continue if it depends on their will. The deponents also understand that the phenomenon depends on the effort of the facilitating agents, who are dependent on the occurrence of favorable situations.

O Beach Tennis é uma variante do Tênis de Campo nascido na Itália durante a década de 1970 e combina características de vários outros esportes. Inicialmente, era apenas uma atividade de lazer praticada nas praias. Em 1996 ganha seu primeiro conjunto de regras e passa a ser praticado como esporte. No ano de 2008 chega ao Brasil e rapidamente começa a ser difundido, primeiro pelo litoral e na sequência para o interior do país. É neste contexto que este trabalho analisou a introdução e o desenvolvimento do Beach Tennis na cidade de Araraquara sob o ponto de vista de seis participantes deste processo. A pesquisa foi de caráter qualitativo pautada na Teoria Fundamentada como método escolhido. Este fenômeno representa um recorte da introdução e do desenvolvimento do Beach Tennis no Brasil, justificando por isso a construção de um estudo de natureza exploratória que aprofunde a nossa compreensão e que possa ser referencial teórico para estudos futuros sobre a modalidade. Foram encontradas duas grandes categorias, a categoria do Acesso e a categoria da Motivação, e que juntas, formam o eixo central que permitiu a ocorrência do fenômeno estudado. Os depoentes entendem que a modalidade tornou-se parte integrante do seu cotidiano e também de seus familiares, sendo esses praticantes ou não, e que pela prática do Beach Tennis eles têm obtido uma melhor qualidade de vida, que uma nova cultura esportiva pode ser aceita e inserida progressivamente e que todo este fenômeno tende a continuar se depender da vontade deles. Os depoentes também entendem que o fenômeno depende do esforço dos agentes facilitadores, que por sua vez, são dependentes da ocorrência de situações favoráveis. / The Beach Tennis is a variant of the Tennis born in Italy during the decade of 70 and it mixes characteristics of several other sports. Initially it was just a leisure activity practiced on the beaches. In 1996 won it´s first set of rules and started to be practiced as a sport. In 2008, it arrives in Brazil and soon begins to be spread, first by the coast and then to the interior of the country. It is in this context that this work analyzed the introduction and development of Beach Tennis in the city of Araraquara from the point of view of six participants of this process. The research was of qualitative character based on the Grounded Theory as chosen method. Two major categories were found, the \"Access\" category and the \"Motivation\" category and together they formed the central axis that allowed the occurrence of the phenomenon studied. This phenomenon represents a cut in the introduction and development of Beach Tennis in Brazil, justifying the construction of an exploratory study that deepens our understanding and that can be a theoretical reference for future studies on the modality. The deponents understand that the modality has become an integral part of their daily life and also of their families, regardless of whether they are practicing or not, and that by practicing Beach Tennis they have obtained a better quality of life, that a new sports culture can be accepted and progressively inserted and that all this phenomenon tends to continue if it depends on their will. The deponents also understand that the phenomenon depends on the effort of the facilitating agents, who are dependent on the occurrence of favorable situations.

In recent years, the entertainment industry has begun to announce the release dates of many of their movies years in advance. This leads one to believe that movie studios are not taking into account the quality of a movie when a studio decides its release date. This paper will be an analysis in whether there is a difference in seasonality between different qualities of movies. If a studio announces the release date before filming even begins, it is clear that they do not know, and therefore cannot properly consider, the quality of the movie when they make its release date public. I will use films that make over a million dollars at the box office from 2000-2016 to examine the seasonality of good, average, and bad movies. My models will control for variables that were found to be significant in previous research. These include budget, MPAA rating, genre, and Oscar nominations. I will prove that there is a difference in seasonality between all three of these qualities groups. This will show that the Hollywood is now dismissing a key component in the difficult decision process that is movie release dates.

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